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Browsing by Author "Nainu, Firzan"
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Item Global emerging Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: Impacts, challenges and strategies(Elsevier, 2023) Dhama, Kuldeep; Nainu, Firzan; Frediansyah, Andri; Yatoo, Mohd Iqbal; Mohapatra, Ranjan K.; Chakraborty, Sandip; Zhou, Hao; Islam, Md Rabiul; Mamada, Sukamto S.; Kusuma, Hendrix Indra; Rabaan, Ali A.; Alhumaid, Saad; Al Mutair, Abbas; Iqhrammullah, Muhammad; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Al Mohaini, Mohammed; Alsalman, Abdulkhaliq J.; Tuli, Hardeep Singh; Chakraborty, Chiranjib; Harapan, Harapan; Medicine, School of MedicineNewly emerging variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are continuously posing high global public health concerns and panic resulting in waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Depending on the extent of genomic variations, mutations and adaptation, few of the variants gain the ability to spread quickly across many countries, acquire higher virulency and ability to cause severe disease, morbidity and mortality. These variants have been implicated in lessening the efficacy of the current COVID-19 vaccines and immunotherapies resulting in break-through viral infections in vaccinated individuals and recovered patients. Altogether, these could hinder the protective herd immunity to be achieved through the ongoing progressive COVID-19 vaccination. Currently, the only variant of interest of SARS-CoV-2 is Omicron that was first identified in South Africa. In this review, we present the overview on the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with a special focus on the Omicron variant, its lineages and hybrid variants. We discuss the hypotheses of the origin, genetic change and underlying molecular mechanism behind higher transmissibility and immune escape of Omicron variant. Major concerns related to Omicron including the efficacy of the current available immunotherapeutics and vaccines, transmissibility, disease severity, and mortality are discussed. In the last part, challenges and strategies to counter Omicron variant, its lineages and hybrid variants amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic are presented.Item New-onset and relapsed liver diseases following COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review(BMC, 2022-10-13) Alhumaid, Saad; Al Mutair, Abbas; Rabaan, Ali A.; ALShakhs, Fatemah M.; Choudhary, Om Prakash; Yong, Shin Jie; Nainu, Firzan; Khan, Amjad; Muhammad, Javed; Alhelal, Fadil; Al Khamees, Mohammed Hussain; Alsouaib, Hussain Ahmed; Al Majhad, Ahmed Salman; Al-Tarfi, Hassan Redha; ALyasin, Ali Hussain; Alatiyyah, Yaqoub Yousef; Alsultan, Ali Ahmed; Alessa, Mohammed Essa; Alessa, Mustafa Essa; Alissa, Mohammed Ahmed; Alsayegh, Emad Hassan; Alshakhs, Hassan N.; Al Samaeel, Haidar Abdullah; AlShayeb, Rugayah Ahmed; Alnami, Dalal Ahmed; Alhassan, Hussain Ali; Alabdullah, Abdulaziz Abdullah; Alhmed, Ayat Hussain; AlDera, Faisal Hussain; Hajissa, Khalid; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Al-Omari, Awad; Medicine, School of MedicineBackground: Liver diseases post-COVID-19 vaccination is extremely rare but can occur. A growing body of evidence has indicated that portal vein thrombosis, autoimmune hepatitis, raised liver enzymes and liver injuries, etc., may be potential consequence of COVID-19 vaccines. Objectives: To describe the results of a systematic review for new-onset and relapsed liver disease following COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: For this systematic review, we searched Proquest, Medline, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, Wiley online library, Scopus and Nature through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses PRISMA guideline for studies on the incidence of new onset or relapsed liver diseases post-COVID-19 vaccination, published from December 1, 2020 to July 31, 2022, with English language restriction. Results: Two hundred seventy-five cases from one hundred and eighteen articles were included in the qualitative synthesis of this systematic review. Autoimmune hepatitis (138 cases) was the most frequent pathology observed post-COVID-19 vaccination, followed by portal vein thrombosis (52 cases), raised liver enzymes (26 cases) and liver injury (21 cases). Other cases include splanchnic vein thrombosis, acute cellular rejection of the liver, jaundice, hepatomegaly, acute hepatic failure and hepatic porphyria. Mortality was reported in any of the included cases for acute hepatic failure (n = 4, 50%), portal vein thrombosis (n = 25, 48.1%), splanchnic vein thrombosis (n = 6, 42.8%), jaundice (n = 1, 12.5%), raised liver enzymes (n = 2, 7.7%), and autoimmune hepatitis (n = 3, 2.2%). Most patients were easily treated without any serious complications, recovered and did not require long-term hepatic therapy. Conclusion: Reported evidence of liver diseases post-COIVD-19 vaccination should not discourage vaccination against this worldwide pandemic. The number of reported cases is relatively very small in relation to the hundreds of millions of vaccinations that have occurred and the protective benefits offered by COVID-19 vaccination far outweigh the risks.