Browsing by Author "Murphy, Robert C."

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    Chemotherapeutic agents subvert tumor immunity by generating agonists of platelet-activating factor
    (American Association for Cancer Research, 2014-12-01) Sahu, Ravi P.; Ocana, Jesus A.; Harrison, Kathleen A.; Ferracini, Matheus; Touloukian, Christopher E.; Al-Hassani, Mohammed; Sun, Louis; Loesch, Mathew; Murphy, Robert C.; Althouse, Sandra K.; Perkins, Susan M.; Speicher, Paul J.; Tyler, Douglas S.; Konger, Raymond L.; Travers, Jeffrey B.; Department of Dermatology, IU School of Medicine
    Oxidative stress suppresses host immunity by generating oxidized lipid agonists of the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R). Because many classical chemotherapeutic drugs induce reactive oxygen species (ROS), we investigated whether these drugs might subvert host immunity by activating PAF-R. Here, we show that PAF-R agonists are produced in melanoma cells by chemotherapy that is administered in vitro, in vivo, or in human subjects. Structural characterization of the PAF-R agonists induced revealed multiple oxidized glycerophosphocholines that are generated nonenzymatically. In a murine model of melanoma, chemotherapeutic administration could augment tumor growth by a PAF-R-dependent process that could be blocked by treatment with antioxidants or COX-2 inhibitors or by depletion of regulatory T cells. Our findings reveal how PAF-R agonists induced by chemotherapy treatment can promote treatment failure. Furthermore, they offer new insights into how to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy by blocking its heretofore unknown impact on PAF-R activation.
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    Enhanced Platelet-activating Factor synthesis facilitates acute and delayed effects of ethanol intoxicated thermal burn injury
    (Elsevier, 2018) Harrison, Kathleen A.; Romer, Eric; Weyerbacher, Jonathan; Ocana, Jesus A.; Sahu, Ravi P.; Murphy, Robert C.; Kelly, Lisa E.; Smith, Townsend A.; Rapp, Christine M.; Borchers, Christina; Cool, David R.; Li, Gengxin; Simman, Richard; Travers, Jeffrey B.; Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine
    Thermal burn injuries in patients alcohol intoxicated result in greater morbidity and mortality. Murine models combining ethanol and localized thermal burn injury reproduce the systemic toxicity seen in human subjects, which consists of both acute systemic cytokine production with multiple organ dysfunction, as well as a delayed systemic immunosuppression. However, the exact mechanisms for these acute and delayed effects are unclear. These studies sought to define the role of the lipid mediator Platelet-activating factor (PAF) in the acute and delayed effects of intoxicated burn injury. Combining ethanol and thermal burn injury resulted in increased enzymatic PAF generation in a keratinocyte cell line in vitro, human skin explants ex vivo, as well as in murine skin in vivo. Further, the acute increase in inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, and the systemic immunosuppressive effects of intoxicated thermal burn injury, were suppressed in mice lacking PAF receptors. Together, these studies provide a potential mechanism and novel treatment strategies for the augmented toxicity and immunosuppressive effects of thermal burn injury in the setting of acute ethanol exposure, which involves the pleotropic lipid mediator PAF.
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    Radiation therapy generates platelet-activating factor agonists
    (Impact Journals, 2016-04-12) Sahu, Ravi P.; Harrison, Kathleen A.; Weyerbacher, Jonathan; Murphy, Robert C.; Konger, Raymond L.; Garrett, Joy Elizabeth; Chin-Sinex, Helen Jan; Johnston II., Michael Edward; Dynlacht, Joseph R.; Mendonca, Marc; McMullen, Kevin; Li, Gengxin; Spandau, Dan F.; Travers, Jeffrey B.; Department of Dermatology, IU School of Medicine
    Pro-oxidative stressors can suppress host immunity due to their ability to generate oxidized lipid agonists of the platelet-activating factor-receptor (PAF-R). As radiation therapy also induces reactive oxygen species, the present studies were designed to define whether ionizing radiation could generate PAF-R agonists and if these lipids could subvert host immunity. We demonstrate that radiation exposure of multiple tumor cell lines in-vitro, tumors in-vivo, and human subjects undergoing radiation therapy for skin tumors all generate PAF-R agonists. Structural characterization of radiation-induced PAF-R agonistic activity revealed PAF and multiple oxidized glycerophosphocholines that are produced non-enzymatically. In a murine melanoma tumor model, irradiation of one tumor augmented the growth of the other (non-treated) tumor in a PAF-R-dependent process blocked by a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. These results indicate a novel pathway by which PAF-R agonists produced as a byproduct of radiation therapy could result in tumor treatment failure, and offer important insights into potential therapeutic strategies that could improve the overall antitumor effectiveness of radiation therapy regimens.
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    Topical photodynamic therapy induces systemic immunosuppression via generation of platelet-activating factor receptor ligands
    (Nature Publishing Group, 2015-01) Ferracini, Matheus; Sahu, Ravi P.; Harrison, Kathleen A.; Waeiss, Robert A.; Murphy, Robert C.; Jancar, Sonia; Konger, Raymond L.; Travers, Jeffrey B.; Department of Dermatology, IU School of Medicine