Browsing by Author "Morris, Michael D."
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Item Exercise Alters Mineral and Matrix Composition in the Absence of Adding New Bone(2008-12) Kohn, David H.; Sahar, Nadder D.; Wallace, Joseph M.; Golcuk, Kurtulus; Morris, Michael D.The mechanical properties of bone are dictated by its amount, distribution and ‘quality’. The composition of the mineral and matrix phases is integral to defining ‘bone quality’. Exercise can potentially increase resistance to fracture, yet the effects of exercise on skeletal fragility, and how alterations in fragility are modulated by the amount, distribution and composition of bone, are unknown. In this investigation, the effects of exercise on the size, composition, mechanical properties and damage resistance of bones from mice of various ages, background strains and genetic makeup were assessed, as a means of testing the hypothesis that mechanical loading can improve skeletal fragility via compositional alterations. C57BL/6 mice (4-month-old males) ran on a treadmill for 21 days. Tibiae from exercised and control mice were analyzed for cross-sectional geometry, mechanical properties, microdamage and composition. Exercise significantly increased strength without increasing cross-sectional properties, suggesting that mechanical stimulation led to changes in the bone matrix, and these changes led to the improvements in mechanical properties. Consistent with this interpretation, the mineral/matrix ratio was significantly increased in exercised bones. The number of fatigue-induced microcracks was significantly lower in exercised bones, providing evidence that exercise modulates fatigue resistance. The ratio of nonreducible/reducible cross-links mirrored the damage data. Similar trends (exercise induced increases in mechanical properties without increases in cross-sectional properties, but with compositional changes) were also observed in 2-month-old biglycan-deficient and wild-type mice bred on a C57BL/6x129 genetic background.Item Inbred Strain-Specific Effects of Exercise in Wild Type and Biglycan Deficient Mice(2010-04) Wallace, Joseph M.; Golcuk, Kurtulus; Morris, Michael D.; Kohn, David H.; Darling, Eric M.Biglycan (bgn)-deficient mice (KO) have defective osteoblasts which lead to changes in the amount and quality of bone. Altered tissue strength in C57BL6/129 (B6;129) KO mice, a property which is independent of tissue quantity, suggests that deficiencies in tissue quality are responsible. However, the response to bgn-deficiency is inbred strain-specific. Mechanical loading influences bone matrix quality in addition to any increase in bone mass or change in bone formation activity. Since many diseases influence the mechanical integrity of bone through altered tissue quality, loading may be a way to prevent and treat extracellular matrix deficiencies. C3H/He (C3H) mice consistently have a less vigorous response to mechanical loading vs. other inbred strains. It was therefore hypothesized that the bones from both wild type (WT) and KO B6;129 mice would be more responsive to exercise than the bones from C3H mice. To test these hypotheses at 11 weeks of age, following 21 consecutive days of exercise, we investigated cross-sectional geometry, mechanical properties, and tissue composition in the tibiae of male mice bred on B6;129 and C3H backgrounds. This study demonstrated inbred strain-specific compositional and mechanical changes following exercise in WT and KO mice, and showed evidence of genotype-specific changes in bone in response to loading in a gene disruption model. This study further shows that exercise can influence bone tissue composition and/or mechanical integrity without changes in bone geometry. Together, these data suggest that exercise may represent a possible means to alter tissue quality and mechanical deficiencies caused by many diseases of bone.Item Inbred Strain-Specific Response to Biglycan Deficiency in the Cortical Bone of C57BL6/129 and C3H/He Mice(2009-06) Wallace, Joseph M.; Golcuk, Kurtulus; Morris, Michael D.; Kohn, David H.Inbred strain-specific differences in mice exist in bone cross-sectional geometry, mechanical properties, and indices of bone formation. Inbred strain-specific responses to external stimuli also exist, but the role of background strain in response to genetic deletion is not fully understood. Biglycan (bgn) deficiency impacts bone through negative regulation of osteoblasts, resulting in extracellular matrix alterations and decreased mechanical properties. Because osteoblasts from C3H/He (C3H) mice are inherently more active versus osteoblasts from other inbred strains, and the bones of C3H mice are less responsive to other insults, it was hypothesized that C3H mice would be relatively more resistant to changes associated with bgn deficiency compared with C57BL6/129 (B6;129) mice. Changes in mRNA expression, tissue composition, mineral density, bone formation rate, cross-sectional geometry, and mechanical properties were studied at 8 and 11 wk of age in the tibias of male wildtype and bgn-deficient mice bred on B6;129 and C3H background strains. Bgn deficiency altered collagen cross-linking and gene expression and the amount and composition of mineral in vivo. In bgn's absence, changes in collagen were independent of mouse strain. Bgn-deficiency increased the amount of mineral in both strains, but changes in mineral composition, cross-sectional geometry, and mechanical properties were dependent on genetic background. Bgn deficiency influenced the amount and composition of bone in mice from both strains at 8 wk, but C3H mice were better able to maintain properties close to wildtype (WT) levels. By 11 wk, most properties from C3H knockout (KO) bones were equal to or greater than WT levels, whereas phenotypic differences persisted in B6;129 KO mice. This is the first study into mouse strain-specific changes in a small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene disruption model in properties across the bone hierarchy and is also one of the first to relate these changes to mechanical competence. This study supports the importance of genetic factors in determining the response to a gene deletion and defines biglycan's importance to collagen and mineral composition in vivo.Item Ultrastructural elastic deformation of cortical bone tissue probed by NIR Raman spectroscopy(2004-07) Finney, William F; Morris, Michael D.; Wallace, Joseph M.; Kohn, David H.Raman spectroscopy is used as a probe of ultrastructural (molecular) changes in both the mineral and matrix (protein and glycoprotein, predominantly type I collagen) components of murine cortical bone as it responds to loading in the elastic regime. At the ultrastructural level, crystal structure and protein secondary structure distort as the tissue is loaded. These structural changes are followed as perturbations to tissue spectra. We load tissue in a custom-made dynamic mechanical tester that fits on the stage of a Raman microprobe and can accept hydrated tissue specimens. As the specimen is loaded in tension and/or compression, the shifts in mineral P-O4v 1 and relative band heights in the Amide III band envelope are followed with the microprobe. Average load is measured using a load cell while the tissue is loaded under displacement control. Changes occur in both the mineral and matrix components of bone as a response to elastic deformation. We propose that the mineral apatitic crystal lattice is deformed by movement of calcium and other ions. The matrix is proposed to respond by deformation of the collagen backbone. Raman microspectroscopy shows that bone mineral is not a passive contributor to tissue strength. The mineral active response to loading may function as a local energy storage and dissipation mechanism, thus helping to protect tissue from catastrophic damage.