Browsing by Author "Morris, Debra"

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    The 2022 Global Philanthropy Environment Index United Kingdom
    (IU Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, 2022-03-30) Morris, Debra
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    Aberrations in Incentive Learning and Responding to Heroin in Male Rats After Adolescent or Adult Chronic Binge-Like Alcohol Exposure
    (Wiley, 2020-06) Galaj, Ewa; Barrera, Eddy; Morris, Debra; Ma, Yao-Ying; Ranaldi, Robert; Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine
    Background and purpose: Binge drinking is a serious problem among adolescents and young adults despite its adverse consequences on the brain and behavior. One area that remains poorly understood concerns the impact of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure on incentive learning. Methods: Here, we examined the effects of CIE exposure during different developmental stages on conditioned approach and conditioned reward learning in rats experiencing acute or protracted withdrawal from alcohol. Two or 21 days after adolescent or adult CIE exposure, male rats were exposed to pairings of a light stimulus (CS) and food pellets for 3 consecutive daily sessions (30 CS-food pellet pairings per session). This was followed by conditioned approach testing measuring responses (food trough head entries) to the CS-only presentations and by conditioned reward testing measuring responses on a lever producing the CS and on another producing a tone. We then measured behavioral sensitization to repeated injections of heroin (2 mg/kg/d for 9 days). Results: Adolescent and adult alcohol-treated rats showed significantly impaired conditioned reward learning regardless of withdrawal period (acute or prolonged). We found no evidence of changes to conditioned approach learning after adolescent or adult exposure to CIE. Finally, in addition to producing long-term impairments in incentive learning, CIE exposure enhanced locomotor activity in response to heroin and had no effect on behavioral sensitization to heroin regardless of age and withdrawal period. Conclusions: Our work sets a framework for identifying CIE-induced alterations in incentive learning and inducing susceptibility to subsequent opioid effects.
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    Country Report 2018: United Kingdom
    (2018) Morris, Debra
    Individuals may act collectively through unregistered groups and may pursue any legal purposes. Charities (a defined sub-set of POs) can only pursue a charitable purpose, which does not include political purposes. They are generally free from legal impediments from the State. Charity law and regulation is now devolved (for purposes other than taxation) in Scotland and Northern Ireland, so there are different (but similar) legal and administrative regimes.