Browsing by Author "Lai, Patrick T.S."

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    Integrating Disparate Electronic Data Sources to Identify and Analyze Spatial Chlamydia Health Disparities
    (2019) Lai, Patrick T.S.; Jones, Josette; Wu, Huanmei; Wilson, Jeffrey S.; Dixon, Brian E.
    Many social determinants of health are not routinely captured or are absent from inclusion from these electronic health records inhibiting research being done to analyze vulnerable populations and measuring health disparities within the population. Research in disease health disparities will involve collecting and integrating data from different data sources to identify underlying factors of disease and to utilize data analytics.
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    Measuring and Visualizing Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Inequality: An Informatics Approach Using Geographical Information Systems
    (University of Illinois at Chicago, 2019-09-19) Lai, Patrick T.S.; Wilson, Jeffrey S.; Wu, Huanmei; Jones, Josette; Dixon, Brian E.; Geography, School of Liberal Arts
    Background: Health inequality measurements are vital in understanding disease patterns in identifying high-risk patients and implementing effective intervention programs to treat and manage sexually transmitted diseases. Objectives: To measure and identify inequalities among chlamydia and gonorrhea rates using Gini coefficient measurements and spatial visualization mapping from geographical information systems. Additionally, we seek to examine trends of disease rate distribution longitudinally over a ten-year period for an urbanized county. Methods: Chlamydia and gonorrhea data from January 2005 to December 2014 were collected from the Indiana Network for Patient Care, a health information exchange system that gathers patient data from electronic health records. The Gini coefficient was used to calculate the magnitude of inequality in disease rates. Spatial visualization mapping and decile categorization of disease rates were conducted to identify locations where high and low rates of disease persisted and to visualize differences in inequality. A multiple comparisons ANOVA test was conducted to determine if Gini coefficient values were statistically different between townships and time periods during the study. Results: Our analyses show that chlamydia and gonorrhea rates are not evenly distributed. Inequalities in disease rates existed for different areas of the county with higher disease rates occurring near the center of the county. Inequality in gonorrhea rates were higher than chlamydia rates. Disease rates were statistically different when geographical locations or townships were compared to each other (p < 0.0001) but not for different years or time periods (p = 0.5152). Conclusion: The ability to use Gini coefficients combined with spatial visualization techniques presented a valuable opportunity to analyze information from health information systems in investigating health inequalities. Knowledge from this study can benefit and improve health quality, delivery of services, and intervention programs while managing healthcare costs.
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    Timeliness of Chlamydia Laboratory and Provider Reports: A Modern Perspective
    (Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2015-04-17) Lai, Patrick T.S.; Johns, Janae E.; Kirbiyik, Uzay; Dixon, Brian E.
    Timeliness of reports sent by laboratories and providers is a continuous challenge for disease surveillance and management. Public health organizations often collect communicable disease reports with various degrees of timeliness raising the concern about the delay in patient information received. Timely reports are beneficial to accurately evaluate community health needs and investigate disease outbreaks. According to Indiana state law, chlamydia reports are required to be sent to public health within 3 days after a positive test result confirmation. Therefore, laboratories and providers must be accountable and comply with regulation to ensure accurate data quality of disease assessment. The objective of this research study is to analyze the time delay between a chlamydia positive test diagnosis and when a laboratory and/or a provider send a report to a local public health department. A sample of 2,428 chlamydia laboratory and provider reports were collected during the period from May 2012 through July 2012 from a local health department serving the Indianapolis area. Due to absence of test confirmation dates, dates that a report is sent to public health, and other missing data, only 1,752 reports were included in this study. The time delay was calculated by determining the difference between when the initial report is sent to public health following positive confirmatory test by the laboratory. Reports were differentiated as either a laboratory report or a provider report coming directly from a clinician or a hospital setting. Statistical analyses and frequency tables were conducted using SAS 9.4. Table 1 displays the counts of chlamydia laboratory and provider reports according to the time delay in days, the percentage of reports sent to public health within 3 days, and the summary statistics for the two types of reports with a graphical representation shown in Figure 1. There is a clear lag between a lab test and when a provider report is sent to public health. Negative binomial regression result was highly significant with p < 0.001. This study shows the importance of continuing to examine the timeliness of disease reporting from both laboratory and provider settings. Most lab reports are received electronically and comply with state law. However, reports from providers tend to be fax-based and received later than the 72 hours desired by health officials. Given greater adoption electronic health records, it might be possible to further enhance disease surveillance through more timely provider-based reporting, which could also reduce the volume of missing data from provider reports like observed with ELR. Future research should examine EHR capacity and clinical workflows to improve provider-based reporting processes.