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Item Active Virtual Reality Games Reduce Pain Sensitivity in Young, Healthy Adults(Frontiers, 2021-11) Evans, Eric; Naugle, Keith E.; Ovispo, Alex; Kaleth, Anthony S.; Arnold, Brent; Naugle, Kelly M.; Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesSeparately, both physical activity and virtual reality can attenuate pain sensitivity in healthy adults. What is unknown is whether virtual reality combined with physical activity (active virtual reality) could have a greater hypoalgesic effect compared to non-active virtual reality distraction (passive virtual reality engagement). Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether playing physically active virtual reality games exert a greater hypoalgesic effect than a non-active virtual reality game. Methods: Participants (n = 36) played three different active virtual reality games (Beat Saber, Holopoint, and Hot Squat) and one non-active virtual reality game (Relax Walk) for 15 min on four different visits. During gameplay, participants wore accelerometers on the thigh, wrist, and waist to measure movement intensity and quantity. Pressure pain thresholds were measured on the forearm and thigh immediately prior to gameplay (pretest) and immediately following each gaming bout (posttest). Results: Analysis of the accelerometer data indicated that Hot Squat elicited greater whole-body and lower body moderate to vigorous physical activity compared to the other games. The ANOVA revealed an overall hypoalgesic effect of the virtual reality games on the forearm, regardless of game type. Results also showed a significant hypoalgesic effect on the thigh following gameplay for Hot Squat, Holopoint, and Relax Walk VR. The magnitude of pain reduction was significantly greater during Hot Squat compared to the other games. Conclusion: Virtual reality gameplay exerted a hypoalgesic effect on experimental pressure pain. Additionally, the data provided evidence of a potential enhanced hypoalgesic effect of physically active virtual reality compared to non-active VR on pressure pain sensitivity.Item Beetroot supplementation in women enjoying exercise together (BEE SWEET): Rationale, design and methods(Elsevier, 2020-03-21) Baranauskas, Marissa N.; Altherr, Cody A.; Gruber, Allison H.; Coggan, Andrew R.; Raglin, John S.; Gupta, Samir K.; Carter, Stephen J.; Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesBackground: Postmenopausal women exhibit higher rates of disability and cardiovascular disease (CVD) with aging compared to men. Whereas habitual exercise training is a known strategy to enhance physiologic function in men and premenopausal women, exercise-related adaptations are often modest in postmenopausal women. We propose dietary nitrate (beetroot juice) administered prior to exercise training may be a feasible approach to improve mobility and cardio-metabolic health outcomes in postmenopausal women. Methods: Our randomized, placebo-controlled study aims to determine preliminary effects sizes for changes in functional mobility and endothelium-dependent vasodilation across three study arms: exercise only (EX), exercise + placebo (EX + PL), and exercise + beetroot (EX + BR). Thirty-six postmenopausal women are recruited in small cohorts wherein group exercise is implemented to facilitate social support and adherence to an 8-week training progression. Participants are randomized to one of three study arms (n = 12 per group) following baseline assessments. Post-intervention assessments are used to determine pre-post changes in outcome measures including distance covered during a 6 min walk test, walking economy, muscle speed and power, and endothelial-dependent vasodilation as determined by flow-mediated dilation. Measures of feasibility include recruitment, retention, adherence to exercise prescription, perceived exercise session difficulty, and adverse event rates. Discussion: Evidence-based, translational strategies are needed to optimize exercise training-related adaptations in postmenopausal women. Findings will inform larger randomized clinical trials to determine if pre-exercise consumption of beetroot juice is an efficacious strategy to promote mobility and attenuate CVD disease risk.Item A Case Study in ePortfolio Implementation: A Department-Wide Perspective(2019) Fallowfield, Stephen M.; Urtel, Mark; Swinford, Rachel; Angermeier, Lisa; Plopper, Allison S.; Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesThis case study documents the trials and tribulations over a 3-year span of one academic department in implementing the ePortfolio as a high-impact practice to its undergraduate students. Failures and successes will be introduced with the resulting lessons learned applied to our current efforts. Pivotal instances that allowed the project partners to gain clarity about the design and implementation of an ePortfolio will be expressed to better understand our journey. The root of our collaborative efforts was based on the product versus process conversation around ePortfolios. Once our mindset shifted, we were able to embrace a more student-centered process ePortfolio that is threaded throughout our curriculum and not sporadically addressed as an add-on assignment.Item A Constant Balancing Act: Delivering Sustainable University Instructional Physical Activity Programs(Human Kinetics, 2020-11) Brock, Sheri J.; Beaudoin, Christina; Urtel, Mark G.; Hicks, Lisa L.; Russell, Jared A.; Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesThe goal of university instructional physical activity programs (IPAPs) is to provide quality instruction through best practices to encourage college students to lead healthy and physically active lifestyles. As IPAPs have continued to decline due to enrollment and budgetary concerns, the importance of quality and sustainability has become particularly paramount. Furthermore, it is imperative to the existence of IPAPs that we strive to learn and share with each other in order to independently survive, but more essentially to flourish collectively, as we are better together. In our varied experience, while some IPAPs face unique challenges, many obstacles are common, regardless of institution size and composition. This paper will offer the perspectives of four strikingly different colleges and universities in their quest to navigate challenges in delivery, maintain and support quality instruction, and advocate for IPAPs.Item Consumption of Diet Soda Sweetened with Sucralose and Acesulfame‐Potassium Alters Inflammatory Transcriptome Pathways in Females with Overweight and Obesity(Wiley, 2020-06) Sylvetsky, Allison C.; Sen, Sabyasachi; Merkel, Patrick; Dore, Fiona; Stern, David B.; Henry, Curtis J.; Cai, Hongyi; Walter, Peter J.; Crandall, Keith A.; Rother, Kristina I.; Hubal, Monica J.; Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesSCOPE: Low-calorie sweetener (LCS) consumption is associated with metabolic disease in observational studies. However, physiologic mechanisms underlying LCS-induced metabolic impairments in humans are unclear. This study is aimed at identifying molecular pathways in adipose impacted by LCSs. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seven females with overweight or obesity, who did not report LCS use, consumed 12 ounces of diet soda containing sucralose and acesulfame-potassium (Ace-K) three times daily for 8 weeks. A subcutaneous adipose biopsy from the left abdomen and a fasting blood sample were collected at baseline and post-intervention. Global gene expression were assessed using RNA-sequencing followed by functional pathway analysis. No differences in circulating metabolic or inflammatory biomarkers were observed. However, ANOVA detected 828 differentially expressed annotated genes after diet soda consumption (p < 0.05), including transcripts for inflammatory cytokines. Fifty-eight of 140 canonical pathways represented in pathway analyses regulated inflammation, and several key upstream regulators of inflammation (e.g., TNF-alpha) were also represented. CONCLUSION: Consumption of diet soda with sucralose and Ace-K alters inflammatory transcriptomic pathways (e.g., NF-κB signaling) in subcutaneous adipose tissue but does not significantly alter circulating biomarkers. Findings highlight the need to examine molecular and metabolic effects of LCS exposure in a larger randomized control trial for a longer duration.Item CourseNetworking: How a Social Media Platform Can Connect Us in a Crisis(IUScholarworks Journals, 2021-04-09) Scherzinger, Lamia Nuseibeh; Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesThese are statements taken directly from my students this semester. How was I able to have my students open up so intimately and honestly? I use CourseNetworking, an academic social networking platform that can be integrated into Canvas, and have done so for years. I first started using it as a chance to get to know my students more since I never get to meet them face-to-face, often posting what we did over the weekend, our favorite TV shows and books, and discuss topics from the classroom that have popped up in everyday life. Then the pandemic hit and my students’ lives were turned upside down. Some were forced to move out of their campus housing, many lost their jobs, and all them had their classes go completely online. Campus leadership constantly worries how this pandemic might be affecting our students. We are told to reach out and let the students know we are here for them. We are encouraged to have frequent communication with them. And with CourseNetworking, this was already in place in my classes at the beginning of the semester. I have been able to reach out to my students each week and ask them how they are doing, and they are able to share with others how much their lives have changed. And thanks to a social media platform, my students and I are scared together, we are overwhelmed together, and we are alone together. But we are together.Item Creating Authentic Assessments Through Controversy(IUScholarWorks, 2022-12-21) Scherzinger, Lamia Nuseibeh; Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesWe are surrounded by controversy—politics, religion, diets, and even science are all up for debate in our 24/7 world of social media and the internet. With this controversy comes a lot of misinformation and competition with what our students might otherwise be learning in our classrooms. I know this intimately, since I teach fitness and nutrition courses, two topics widely addressed by internet “experts” who continually contradict what I teach in my class. Whereas some may say this makes an instructor’s job more difficult, I have decided to rise to the challenge and use controversy to enhance my students’ learning. By using an assortment of technologies and platforms—web searches, Twitter, TikTok, and more—I have been able to move beyond the classroom to engage my students in real-world problems, a strategy that results in more authentic assessments.Item Design Thinking as a Strategic Planning Tool for Adapted Physical Activity Programs within a University Setting(Sagamore, 2018-11-08) Larken Marra, Rebecca; Stanton-Nichols, Kathleen; Hong, Youngbok; Gottschild, Kim; Pirzadeh, Iman; Stamatis, Stephany; Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesAs a community-campus partnership, the adapted physical activity programs at Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis used design thinking as a method for strategic planning to assist in expanding and developing community-based programming. In partnering with the Design thinking graduate program at Herron School of Art and Design, the Adapted Physical Activity Clinics collaborated on the participatory research project using the design thinking process framework over 16 weeks. By the end of the strategic planning process, the programs determined a sustainable mission and vision. Design thinking also revealed the benefits that the programs and their future opportunities hold, not only to the families served, but also to undergraduate students participating in service learning.Item Dietary nitrate‐induced increases in human muscle power: high versus low responders(Wiley, 2018-01-25) Coggan, Andrew R.; Broadstreet, Seth R.; Mikhalkova, Deana; Bole, Indra; Leibowitz, Joshua L.; Kadkhodayan, Ana; Park, Soo; Thomas, Deepak P.; Thies, Dakkota; Peterson, Linda R.; Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesMaximal neuromuscular power is an important determinant of athletic performance and also quality of life, independence, and perhaps even mortality in patient populations. We have shown that dietary nitrate (NO 3 −), a source of nitric oxide (NO), improves muscle power in some, but not all, subjects. The present investigation was designed to identify factors contributing to this interindividual variability. Healthy men (n = 13) and women (n = 7) 22–79 year of age and weighing 52.1–114.9 kg were studied using a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover design. Subjects were tested 2 h after ingesting beetroot juice (BRJ) either containing or devoid of 12.3 ± 0.8 mmol of NO 3 −. Plasma NO 3 − and nitrite (NO 2 −) were measured as indicators of NO bioavailability and maximal knee extensor speed (V max), power (P max), and fatigability were determined via isokinetic dynamometry. On average, dietary NO 3 − increased (P < 0.05) P max by 4.4 ± 8.1%. Individual changes, however, ranged from −9.6 to +26.8%. This interindividual variability was not significantly correlated with age, body mass (inverse of NO 3 − dose per kg), body mass index (surrogate for body composition) or placebo trial V max or fatigue index (in vivo indicators of muscle fiber type distribution). In contrast, the relative increase in Pmax was significantly correlated (r = 0.60; P < 0.01) with the relative increase in plasma NO 2 − concentration. In multivariable analysis female sex also tended (P = 0.08) to be associated with a greater increase in Pmax. We conclude that the magnitude of the dietary NO 3 −‐induced increase in muscle power is dependent upon the magnitude of the resulting increase in plasma NO 2 − and possibly female sex.Item Dose–Response Effect of Dietary Nitrate on Muscle Contractility and Blood Pressure in Older Subjects: A Pilot Study(Oxford University Press, 2021) Gallardo, Edgar J.; Gray, Derrick A.; Hoffman, Richard L.; Yates, Brandon A.; Moorthi, Ranjani N.; Coggan, Andrew R; Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesWe have recently demonstrated that dietary nitrate, a source of nitric oxide (NO) via the nitrate → nitrite → NO enterosalivary pathway, can improve muscle contractility in healthy older men and women. Nitrate ingestion has also been shown to reduce blood pressure in some, but not all, studies of older individuals. However, the optimal dose for eliciting these beneficial effects is unknown. A pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was therefore performed to determine the effects of ingesting 3.3 mL/kg of concentrated beetroot juice containing 0, 200, or 400 µmol/kg of nitrate in 9 healthy older subjects (mean age 70 ± 1 years). Maximal knee extensor power (Pmax) and speed (Vmax) were measured ~2.5 hours after nitrate ingestion using isokinetic dynamometry. Blood pressure was monitored periodically throughout each study. Pmax (in W/kg) was higher (p < .05) after the lower dose (3.9 ± 0.4) compared to the placebo (3.7 ± 0.4) or higher dose (3.7 ± 0.4). Vmax (in rad/s) also tended to be higher (p = .08) after the lower dose (11.9 ± 0.7) compared to the placebo (10.8 ± 0.8) or higher dose (11.2 ± 0.8). Eight out of 9 subjects achieved a higher Pmax and Vmax after the lower versus the higher dose. These dose-related changes in muscle contractility generally paralleled changes in breath NO levels. No significant changes were found in systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial blood pressure. A lower dose of nitrate increases muscle speed and power in healthy older individuals, but these improvements are lost at a higher dose. Blood pressure, on the other hand, is not reduced even with a higher dose.