Browsing by Author "Karyadi, Kenny"

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    E-cigarettes: A novel measure for the expectancies of e-cigarette use as directly compared to cigarette use
    (Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2015-04-17) Hershberger, Alexandra; Karyadi, Kenny; Cyders, Melissa
    Background: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) were created as an alternative to cigarettes and approximate the look and experience of smoking a cigarette (American Cancer Society, 2014). E-cigs are often marketed as having fewer health risks as compared to cigarettes (Grana & Ling, 2014) and individuals anecdotally report choosing to use e-cigs because they are safer than traditional cigarettes. However, no research has directly compared expectations individuals have about e-cigs and traditional cigarettes. Having positive expectations about e-cigs makes it more likely an individual will choose e-cigs over traditional cigarettes. The present study created a novel measure, the Electronic Cigarette Questionnaire (ECQ), to directly compare e-cig and cigarette expectations. Method: Undergraduate students enrolled in an Introduction to Psychology course voluntarily completed an online survey containing the ECQ and other demographic questions as part of a larger study. Participants received course credit for study completion. Results: Two hundred ninety-one students (mean age=20, SD=4.05, 71.2% white, 75.3% female, 8.3% e-cig users) completed the ECQ and other measures. The reliability of the scale was high (Cronbach’s alpha=0.93). An exploratory factor analysis using Promax rotation found three factors (eigenvalue>1, supported by scree plot): health related expectancies (e.g. “Electronic cigarettes are less harmful to the user’s health than traditional cigarettes”; 6 items; Cronbach’s alpha=0.93), craving and withdrawal related expectancies (e.g. “Electronic cigarettes are more enjoyable to use than traditional cigarettes”; 6 items; Cronbach’s alpha=0.90), and general use behavior expectancies (e.g. “Electronic cigarettes are less addictive than traditional cigarettes”; 5 items; Cronbach’s alpha=0.82). Correlation between all three scales were significant (p<.01; Health x General Use, r=0.562; Health x Craving, r=0.515; General Use x Craving, r=0.585). Frequency of e-cig use (never, a few times a month, a few times a week, at least once a day, 10 or more times per day) was related to higher positive expectations towards e-cigs as compared to cigarettes, F(4, 287)=3.7, p=0.01. Conclusions: Individuals directly compare e-cigs and cigarettes on health-related, craving and withdrawal, and general use expectations. Although cross-sectional, this data suggests the viability of a causal model in which more positive expectations about e-cigs as compared to cigarettes likely influences one’s choice to choose e-cigs over traditional cigarettes and leads to more frequent ecig use. Future studies should investigate how these expectations affect later e-cig use and how e-cig advertisements, which often claim that e-cigs are better for your health than cigarettes (Huang et al., 2014; Paek et al., 2014) without strong empirical data to support these claims, can change expectations and subsequent e-cig use. The relationship between the ECQ and e-cig use frequency suggest that this is a valid measure of expectancies towards e-cigs as compared to cigs.
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    The effects of alcohol odor cues on food and alcohol attentional bias, cravings, and consumption
    (2015-07-08) Karyadi, Kenny; Cyders, Melissa A.; Stewart, Jesse; Mosher, Catherine Esther; Grahame, Nicholas J.
    In order to elucidate the role of classical conditioning in food and alcohol co-consumption, the present study examined: (1) the effects of alcohol odor cues on alcohol and food cravings and attentional bias (bias in selective attention toward either food or alcohol pictures relative to neutral pictures); and (2) the role of alcohol odor cue elicited cravings and attentional biases on subsequent consumption. Participants (n = 77; mean age = 30.84, SD = 9.46; 51.9% female, 83.1% Caucasian) first completed the lab portion of the study. In this portion, they were exposed to alcohol and neutral odorants, after which their food and alcohol cravings and attentional bias were assessed. Participants then received an online survey the next day, on which they reported their level of food and alcohol consumption following the lab portion of the study. Using repeated measures analysis of covariance, alcohol odor cues were differentially effective in increasing food and alcohol attentional bias and cravings (Fs= 0.06 to 2.72, ps= 0.03 to 0.81). Using logistic and multiple regressions, alcohol odor cue elicited alcohol attentional bias, food attentional bias, and food cravings were associated with later alcohol consumption, but not with later food consumption or concurrent consumption (βs = -0.28 to 0.48, ps = 0.02 to 0.99; Exp(B)s = 0.95 to 1.83, ps = 0.33 to 0.91). Overall, alcohol odor cues can become conditioned stimuli that elicit conditioned food-related and alcohol-related responses, both of which persist long enough to motivate later alcohol consumption; however, these conditioned responses might not persist long enough to motivate later food or concurrent consumption. These findings serve as a first step in clarifying the role of classical conditioning in concurrent consumption. In particular, they suggest that additional empirical investigations are needed to: (1) clarify the classical conditioning mechanisms underlying concurrent consumption; and (2) examine whether interventions targeting classical conditioning mechanisms are effective for reducing alcohol use.
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    Negative urgency and ventromedial prefrontal cortex responses to alcohol cues: FMRI evidence of emotion-based impulsivity
    (Wiley Blackwell (Blackwell Publishing), 2014-02) Cyders, Melissa A.; Dzemidzic, Mario; Eiler, William J.; Coskunpinar, Ayca; Karyadi, Kenny; Kareken, David A.; Department of Psychology, IU School of Science
    BACKGROUND: Recent research has highlighted the role of emotion-based impulsivity (negative and positive urgency personality traits) for alcohol use and abuse, but has yet to examine how these personality traits interact with the brain's motivational systems. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we tested whether urgency traits and mood induction affected medial prefrontal responses to alcohol odors (AcO). METHODS: Twenty-seven social drinkers (mean age = 25.2, 14 males) had 6 fMRI scans while viewing negative, neutral, or positive mood images (3 mood conditions) during intermittent exposure to AcO and appetitive control (AppCo) aromas. RESULTS: Voxel-wise analyses (p < 0.001) confirmed [AcO > AppCo] activation throughout medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) regions. Extracted from a priori mPFC and vmPFC regions and analyzed in Odor (AcO, AppCo) × Mood factorial models, AcO activation was greater than AppCo in left vmPFC (p < 0.001), left mPFC (p = 0.002), and right vmPFC (p = 0.01) regions. Mood did not interact significantly with activation, but the covariate of trait negative urgency accounted for significant variance in left vmPFC (p = 0.01) and right vmPFC (p = 0.01) [AcO > AppCo] activation. Negative urgency also mediated the relationship between vmPFC activation and both (i) subjective craving and (ii) problematic drinking. CONCLUSIONS: The trait of negative urgency is associated with neural responses to alcohol cues in the vmPFC, a region involved in reward value and emotion-guided decision-making. This suggests that negative urgency might alter subjective craving and brain regions involved in coding reward value.