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Browsing by Author "Gruenewald, Jeff"
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Item American jihadi terrorism: A comparison of homicides and unsuccessful plots(Taylor & Francis, 2016) Gruenewald, Jeff; Klein, Brent R.; Freilich, Joshua D.; Chermak, Steven; School of Public and Environmental AffairsWhile the number of American jihadi terrorist attacks remains relatively rare, terrorist plots thwarted by law enforcement have increased since September 11, 2001. Although these law enforcement blocks of would-be terrorists are considered counterterrorism triumphs by the FBI, human rights and civil liberty watch groups have conversely suggested that those who plan for attacks alongside government informants and undercover agents may be unique and essentially dissimilar from terrorists. Underlying this debate is the empirical question of how planned yet unsuccessful attacks and their plotters compare to successful terrorist homicides and their perpetrators. The current study addresses this question by comparatively examining jihadi terrorist homicides and unsuccessful plots occurring in part or wholly on U.S. soil between 1990 and 2014. Data for this study come from the U.S. Extremist Crime Database (ECDB), an open-source database with information on terrorism and extremist crimes. Based on these data, descriptive statistics are provided for several incident, offender, and target variables across three jihadi terrorist violence categories, including homicides, plots with specified targets, and plots with non-specific targets. We find several important differences across categories of terrorist violence, suggesting that unsuccessful plotters and their intended crimes vary from their more successful terrorist counterparts.Item Do Targeted Killings Increase or Decrease Terrorism?(Wiley, 2017-02) Gruenewald, Jeff; School of Public and Environmental AffairsItem Ideologically motivated far-right extremists have killed close to 500 people since 1990 – and 10 percent were targeted based on religion(The Conversation US, Inc., 2018-10-31) Gruenewald, Jeff; Parkin, William; School of Public and Environmental AffairsItem Lest we forget: a historical analysis of police line of duty deaths in Indianapolis(Taylor & Francis, 2017) Hipple, Natalie Kroovand; Gruenewald, Jeff; Gonsler, John; School of Public and Environmental AffairsPrevious studies on police line of duty deaths are limited by their heavy reliance on traditional data. While the FBI’s Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) data have undoubtedly advanced what we know about violence against police, placing line of duty deaths in their social and historical context poses challenges. Further, only a select number of variables are available for event-level analyses from traditional data sources. In this study, we utilise data culled from several open-source materials to present a comprehensive analysis of police line of duty deaths in Indianapolis, Indiana from 1880 to 2014. Descriptive findings for several incident, victim, and offender-level variables are presented, while placing fatal attacks on police within their sociohistorical and situational contexts. Two themes emerging from open-source data are also used to make sense of our descriptive findings. The first theme captures shifting circumstances from public to private line of duty deaths, while the second theme suggests how advancing technologies have been used to benefit police work while also introducing new risks to officer safety.Item A Mixed-Method Analysis of Fatal Attacks on Police by Far-Right Extremists(Sage, 2016-06) Gruenewald, Jeff; Dooley, Kiefer Michael G.; Suttmoeller, Michael J.; Chermak, Steven M.; Freilich, Joshua D.; School of Public and Environmental AffairsSeveral recent high-profile homicides of police officers have brought increased attention to issues of far-right extremist violence in the United States. We still, however, know very little about why (and how) certain encounters between far-right extremists and police result in violence. To fill this research gap, we conduct a mixed-method analysis of far-right antipolice homicides based on quantitative and qualitative data from the U.S. Extremist Crime Database. We begin by categorizing cases based on key aspects of homicide storylines. We then comparatively analyze attributes of event precursor, transaction, and aftermath stages across four storyline categories. Finally, a case study is purposively selected to follow-up on each storyline category to better capture the nuances of fluid homicide processes. Our findings have important implications for identifying triggering events, escalation factors, and other situated sets of conditions and circumstances that contribute to deadly outcomes for police officers.Item Restorativeness, Procedural Justice, and Defiance as Long-term Predictors of Re-Offending of Participants in Family Group Conferences(Sage, 2015-11) Hipple, Natalie Kroovand; Gruenewald, Jeff; McGarrell, Edmund F.; School of Public and Environmental AffairsThis study extends Hipple and colleagues’ variation analysis by examining how varying degrees of restorative justice, procedural justice, and defiance in family group conference (FGC) processes and outcomes affect long-term juvenile recidivism measures in one large Midwestern U.S. city. The current study uses two data sets from the Indianapolis Juvenile Restorative Justice Experiment that include conference observations, juvenile histories, and adult criminal histories to examine how variations in FGC elements shape juvenile recidivism outcomes in a long-term follow-up period. Findings reveal that the greater fidelity of FGCs to the theoretical foundations of restorativeness and procedural justice, the better outcomes in the long term as measured by future offending. Specifically, offense type and conference restorativeness influenced the probability of recidivism in the long term. Results are consistent with the theoretical predictions of reintegrative shaming and procedural justice theories, providing further support that FGCs are a viable youth justice program option.Item The Orlando shooting: exploring the link between hate crimes and terrorism(The Conversation US, Inc., 2016-06-15) Freilich, Joshua D.; Gruenewald, Jeff; Chermak, Steven; Parkin, William; School of Public and Environmental AffairsItem Threats of violent Islamist and far-right extremism: What does the research say?(The Conversation US, Inc., 2017-02-21) Parkin, William; Klein, Brent; Gruenewald, Jeff; Freilich, Joshua D.; Chermak, Steven; School of Public and Environmental Affairs