Browsing by Author "Gilligan, MaryAnn C."
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Item Healthcare at the Crossroads: The Need to Shapean Organizational Culture of Humanistic Teaching and Practice(SpringerLink, 2018-07) Rider, Elizabeth A.; Gilligan, MaryAnn C.; Osterberg, Lars G.; Litzelman, Debra K.; Plews-Ogan, Margaret; Weil, Amy B.; Dunne, Dana W.; Hafler, Janet P.; May, Natalie B.; Derse, Arthur R.; Frankel, Richard M.; Branch, William T., Jr.; Medicine, School of MedicineBACKGROUND: Changes in the organization of medical practice have impeded humanistic practice and resulted in widespread physician burnout and dissatisfaction. OBJECTIVE: To identify organizational factors that promote or inhibit humanistic practice of medicine by faculty physicians. DESIGN: From January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2016, faculty from eight US medical schools were asked to write reflectively on two open-ended questions regarding institutional-level motivators and impediments to humanistic practice and teaching within their organizations. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty eight of the 92 (74%) study participants who received the survey provided written responses. All subjects who were sent the survey had participated in a year-long small-group faculty development program to enhance humanistic practice and teaching. As humanistic leaders, subjects should have insights into motivating and inhibiting factors. APPROACH: Participants' responses were analyzed using the constant comparative method. KEY RESULTS: Motivators included an organizational culture that enhances humanism, which we judged to be the overarching theme. Related themes included leadership supportive of humanistic practice, responsibility to role model humanism, organized activities that promote humanism, and practice structures that facilitate humanism. Impediments included top down organizational culture that inhibits humanism, along with related themes of non-supportive leadership, time and bureaucratic pressures, and non-facilitative practice structures. CONCLUSIONS: While healthcare has evolved rapidly, efforts to counteract the negative effects of changes in organizational and practice environments have largely focused on cultivating humanistic attributes in individuals. Our findings suggest that change at the organizational level is at least equally important. Physicians in our study described the characteristics of an organizational culture that supports and embraces humanism. We offer suggestions for organizational change that keep humanistic and compassionate patient care as its central focus.Item How Physicians Draw Satisfaction and Overcome Barriers in their Practices: “It Sustains Me”(Elsevier, 2017) Branch, William T., Jr.; Weil, Amy B.; Gilligan, MaryAnn C.; Litzelman, Debra K.; Hafler, Janet P.; Plews-Ogan, Margaret; Rider, Elizabeth A.; Osterberg, Lars G.; Dunne, Dana; Derse, Arthur R.; Pittman, J. Richard; Frankel, Richard M.; Department of Medicine, IU School of MedicineObjective Major reorganizations of medical practice today challenge physicians’ ability to deliver compassionate care. We sought to understand how physicians who completed an intensive faculty development program in medical humanism sustain their humanistic practices. Methods Program completers from 8 U.S. medical schools wrote reflections in answer to two open-ended questions addressing their personal motivations and the barriers that impeded their humanistic practice and teaching. Reflections were qualitatively analyzed using the constant comparative method. Results Sixty-eight physicians (74% response rate) submitted reflections. Motivating factors included: 1) identification with humanistic values; 2) providing care that they or their family would want; 3) connecting to patients; 4) passing on values through role modelling; 5) being in the moment. Inhibiting factors included: 1) time, 2) stress, 3) culture, and 4) episodic burnout. Conclusions Determination to live by one’s values, embedded within a strong professional identity, allowed study participants to alleviate, but not resolve, the barriers. Collaborative action to address organizational impediments was endorsed but found to be lacking. Practice implications Fostering fully mature professional development among physicians will require new skills and opportunities that reinforce time-honored values while simultaneously partnering with others to nurture, sustain and improve patient care by addressing system issues.Item A Multi-Institutional Longitudinal Faculty Development Program in Humanism Supports the Professional Development of Faculty Teachers(Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2017-12) Branch, William T.; Frankel, Richard M.; Hafler, Janet P.; Weil, Amy B.; Gilligan, MaryAnn C.; Litzelman, Debra K.; Plews-Ogan, Margaret; Rider, Elizabeth A.; Osterberg, Lars G.; Dunne, Dana; May, Natalie B.; Derse, Arthur R.; Medicine, School of MedicineSupplemental Digital Content is available in the text., The authors describe the first 11 academic years (2005–2006 through 2016–2017) of a longitudinal, small-group faculty development program for strengthening humanistic teaching and role modeling at 30 U.S. and Canadian medical schools that continues today. During the yearlong program, small groups of participating faculty met twice monthly with a local facilitator for exercises in humanistic teaching, role modeling, and related topics that combined narrative reflection with skills training using experiential learning techniques. The program focused on the professional development of its participants. Thirty schools participated; 993 faculty, including some residents, completed the program., In evaluations, participating faculty at 13 of the schools scored significantly more positively as rated by learners on all dimensions of medical humanism than did matched controls. Qualitative analyses from several cohorts suggest many participants had progressed to more advanced stages of professional identity formation after completing the program. Strong engagement and attendance by faculty participants as well as the multimodal evaluation suggest that the program may serve as a model for others. Recently, most schools adopting the program have offered the curriculum annually to two or more groups of faculty participants to create sufficient numbers of trained faculty to positively influence humanistic teaching at the institution., The authors discuss the program’s learning theory, outline its curriculum, reflect on the program’s accomplishments and plans for the future, and state how faculty trained in such programs could lead institutional initiatives and foster positive change in humanistic professional development at all levels of medical education.Item Views of institutional leaders on maintaining humanism in today’s practice(Elsevier, 2019) Gilligan, MaryAnn C.; Osterberg, Lars G.; Rider, Elizabeth A.; Derse, Arthur R.; Weil, Amy B.; Litzelman, Debra K.; Dunne, Dana W.; Hafler, Janet P.; Plews-Ogan, Margaret; Frankel, Richard M.; Branch, William T., Jr.; Medicine, School of MedicineObjective To explore leadership perspectives on how to maintain high quality efficient care that is also person-centered and humanistic. Methods The authors interviewed and collected narrative transcripts from a convenience sample of 32 institutional healthcare leaders at seven U.S. medical schools. The institutional leaders were asked to identify factors that either promoted or inhibited humanistic practice. A subset of authors used the constant comparative method to perform qualitative analysis of the interview transcripts. They reached thematic saturation by consensus on the major themes and illustrative examples after six conference calls. Results Institutional healthcare leaders supported vision statements, policies, organized educational and faculty development programs, role modeling including their own, and recognition of informal acts of kindness to promote and maintain humanistic patient-care. These measures were described individually rather than as components of a coordinated plan. Few healthcare leaders mentioned plans for organizational or systems changes to promote humanistic clinician-patient relationships. Conclusions Institutional leaders assisted clinicians in dealing with stressful practices in beneficial ways but fell short of envisaging systems approaches that improve practice organization to encourage humanistic care.