Browsing by Author "Garner, La Forrest Dean, 1933-"
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Item The application of antibiotics and other drugs to infected dental pulps of monkeys(1970) Epstein, David Weiss, 1941-; Van Huysen, Grant; Whitten, Jack; Garner, La Forrest Dean, 1933-The pulps of 112 permanent teeth of monkeys were surgically exposed and left open to the oral environment for 25 to 27 hours. Then one-third of the exposed, infected pulps were capped with a paste of calcium hydroxide and tap water; one-third were treated with an antibiotic paste compased of erythromycin estolate 10 per cent, streptomycin sulfate 10 per cent, and starch q.s. as the vehicle; and one-third were treated with a paste of zinc oxide powder, one drop of eugenol and one drop of formocresol. The teeth were extracted after one and two years post-operative intervals and were microscopically evaluated. The calcium hydroxide treated teeth had the highest percentage of satisfactory pulpal responses (91.6 per cent). The antibiotic treated teeth were considered to have had satisfactory pulpal responses in 87.5 per cent and the zinc oxide, eugenol and formocresol treated teeth showed satisfactory pulpal response in only 58.0 per cent of the teeth treated with this paste. After two years, several of the antibiotic teeth were considered to have had a satisfactory pulp response even though the calcific bridges were incomplete. The histologic findings were encouraging with calcium hydroxide and the antibiotic paste and warrant clinical investigations.Item A Cephalometric study of velar stretch in 8 and 10-year old children(1974) Mourino, Arthur P.; Roche, James R.; Katz, Simon, 1920-1987; Bixler, David; Garner, La Forrest Dean, 1933-This investigation examined the prevalence, relative magnitude, and selected components of velar stretch in normal-speaking 8 and 10-year-old children. For twenty 8-year-old and twenty 10-year-old children, lateral cephalometric films were obtained under three conditions: (1) subject at rest, (2) subject sustaining the vowel /u/, and (3) subject sustaining the voiceless fricative /s/. The cephalometric films were traced on acetate paper and specific radiographic measurements were made to describe important facets of velar stretch in children. Data were obtained on the resting length of the soft palate, the antero-posterior depth of the pharynx, and the prevalence of velopharyngeal closure and/or the degree of velopharyngeal opening observed during selected speech utterances in normal-speaking 8 and 10-year-old children. Such information is expected to be useful to dentists, speech pathologists, and physicians who use lateral headplates to assess velopharyngeal adequacy. Velar stretch per se was not observed in all 40 normal-speaking children. During the production of /u/, 36 children (90%) exhibited velar stretch; for /s/, 32 children (80%) manifested stretch. Paired- comparison t-test results showed that the length of the soft palate measured during speech was significantly greater than its resting length in both 8 and 10-year-old children. Moreover, significantly more total velar stretch was found during the production of the vowel /u/ than during the production of the consonant /s/ in both 8 and 10-year-old children. Although there was a significant increase in the length of the entire soft palate during the functional activities of speech, no significant increase in the anterior portion of the soft palate was associated with speech. Analysis of variance techniques showed that 10-year-old children exhibited significantly greater velar stretch during both /u/ and /s/ utterances than did 8-year-old children. In addition, 10-year-old children exhibited significantly greater velar height and greater velar length characteristics during both /u/ and /s/ utterances than did 8-year-old. children. Correlation procedures were used to examine the relationships between velar stretch and other commonly employed cephalometric measures. These analyses indicated that although velar stretch was significantly correlated with a number of commonly employed cephalometric measures, the amount of velar stretch was not well predicted by any single cephalometric measure used in this research.Item A comparison of maxillary arch form between groups of cerebral palsied and normal children(1971) Dummett, Clifton Orrin, Jr.; Gish, Charles W., 1923-; McDonald, Ralph E., 1920-; Roche, James R., 1924-; Shafer, William G.; Garner, La Forrest Dean, 1933-The purpose of this study was to compare the maxillary dental arch form and palatal vault form between 98 cerebral palsied and 76 normal children. All subjects were divided into three categories based on their dental eruption. The cerebral palsy subjects were further divided into the regional classifications of diplegia, paraplegia, hemiplegia, and quadriplegia, and the descriptive classifications of spasticity, athetosis, and mixed. The maxillary dental arch form was described by an index number which reflected intercuspid width, intermolar width, anterior-posterior length, and degree of divergence of the posterior segments. The palatal vault form v1as described by the angle of divergence of the palatal walls at an established reference point from a cross-sectional view. All measurements were made from study models and Xerox photocopies of study model cross-sections. In addition, those occlusal discrepancies that were thought to influence arch form, i.e., posterior unilateral and bilateral crossbite, anterior crossbite, anterior open bite, and posterior dental asymmetry were tabulated. Statistical analysis of the results revealed no significant difference in maxillary dental arch form between the cerebral palsied and normal children. The same held true for palatal vault form. Significant differences did occur between primary, mixed, and permanent dentitions for both cerebral palsied and non-handicapped groups. The results suggest that the neuromuscular handicap has little effect on the form of the maxillary dental arch. On the basis of this study, it appears that there is no particular type of maxillary arch form that is peculiar to cerebral palsy.Item A composite resin versus an amalgam: a study of certain properties and the design and initiation of a clinical investigation(1971) Avery, David Roger; Gilmore, H. William (Homer William); Van Huysen, Grant; Garner, La Forrest Dean, 1933-Certain properties of a representative composite material were evaluated by in vitro testing and compared to those of other types of restorative materials. A clinical study designed to evaluate the performance of the composite material as compared to amalgam for Class II restorations was initiated and one-year results are reported. Laboratory tests for abrasion resistance, hardness, marginal leakage, strength, color stability, staining characteristics, solubility, and water sorption were conducted. The clinical study is still in progress but the results after one year indicated that the composite resin test restorations, as well as the amalgam control restorations, were generally satisfactory. In overall clinical performance neither material was superior to the other. The amalgam restorations received a superior rating for anatomic form while the composite restorations were superior in terms of marginal adaptation. No clinical evidence of recurrent caries, associated with any of the restorations, was detected. Surface discoloration was a significant finding on the composite restorations, but it was confined to proximal areas and may be related to the difficulty of cleaning these areas with a toothbrush. No conclusions can yet be made regarding the long-term clinical performance of the composite resin used in this investigation as a Class II restorative material.Item Continued apical development of pulpless permanent teeth following endontic therapy(1968) Camp, Joe Henderson, 1939-; Van Huysen, Grant; Garner, La Forrest Dean, 1933-; Norman, Richard Daviess, 1927-; Gish, Charles W., 1923-; McDonald, Ralph E., 1920-This was a histologic study of continued apical development in the pulpless permanent teeth of dogs. The vital pulps were exposed to the oral fluids for one week. The root canals were filled with either calcium hydroxide and camphorated parachlorophenol (CMCP) or calcium hydroxide and distilled water. A vital dye, Procion red was injected to demonstrate the formation of calcified tissue. After four months, the animals were sacrificed. Decalcified semi-serial sections were studied. In 31 of 61 pulpless permanent teeth, with incompletely developed roots, continued apical development occurred. Apical calcified tissue resembling cementum was observed in 55 per cent of the specimens treated with calcium hydroxide and CMCP and in 42 per cent of those, with calcium hydroxide and distilled water. Complete closure of the apical foramen was observed in 29 and 11 per cent of the specimens respectively. Inflammation of the periapical tissues was present in 48 per cent of the calcium hydroxide and CMCP group and in 79 per cent of the other group. A significant association was found between the degree of inflammation and apical closure, (P<.001) for the calcium hydroxide-CMCP group, (P<.005) for the calcium hydroxide-distilled water group. The results suggest that calcium hydroxide and CMCP was superior to calcium hydroxide and distilled water and that the addition of CMCP to the paste reduced inflammation. Procion dye was shown to be an effective in vivo dental hard tissue marker.Item Dental defects and rubella embryopathy: a clinical study of fifty children(1968) Musselman, Robert Jay; Standish, S. Miles, 1923-2003; Gish, Charles W., 1923-; Garner, La Forrest Dean, 1933-; Cunningham, Donald M.; McDonald, Ralph E., 1920-This study reports the results of the clinical examination of fifty 2 1/2 year old children with congenital defects attributed to infection with prenatal rubella. The results were compared with the results of the clinical examination of fifty normal 2 to 3 year old children. The children with congenital defects attributed to in utero rubella infection had a significantly lower (p<.005) weight at birth and at 2 1/2 years of age. These findings, along with the type and distribution of congenital defects, are in agreement with other reports of children with confirmed rubella embryopathy. The fifty children with rubella embryopathy had a significantly (p<.005) higher incidence of dental defects. Of the rubella children studied, 90 per cent had enamel hypoplasia, 78 per cent had tapered teeth, and 18 per cent had notched anterior teeth. Among the normal children studied, 26 per cent had enamel hypoplasia, 18 per cent had tapered teeth, and none had notched teeth. No other dentofacial abnormalities other than a cleft of the lip and palate in one rubella child were found.Item Effect of a stable 30 per cent stannous fluoride solution on recurrent caries around amalgam restorations(1968) Alexander, William Everett, 1938-; Swartz, Marjorie L.; Garner, La Forrest Dean, 1933-; Shafer, William G.This was a study to evaluate the effectiveness of a stable 30 per cent stannous fluoride solution on recurrent caries around the margins of amalgam restorations. Two hundred ninety deciduous and permanent teeth were restored in 34 children, ages six to nine years. Cavity preparations were treated with either stable 30 per cent stannous fluoride solution or a placebo solution (double blind technique) prior to the placement of amalgam restorations. A comprehensive coded system was used to record the description and position of conditions associated with recurrent caries after a one-year period. Children receiving the stannous fluoride treatment experienced a 58.9 per cent reduction in recurrent caries when compared to the control children. The children receiving the stannous fluoride treatment showed a 60.7 and 46.7 per cent reduction in recurrent carious lesions in permanent and deciduous teeth, respectively, when compared to the control children. The reduction in recurrent caries was attributed to the anticariogenic effect of the stannous fluoride treatment. Conditions associated with recurrent caries were mainly inadequate extension in fissures and grooves, overextension of the cavity preparation, marginal fractures of enamel and amalgam, marginal excess, and deterioration of the amalgam margin. Recurrent caries around the margins of restorations appeared to depend on (1) the caries susceptibility of the adjacent tooth structure,(2) the extension of the cavity preparation, and (3) the condition of the amalgam-enamel margin.Item Formocresol pulpotomy in teeth of dogs with induced pulpal and periapical pathoses(1971) Kennedy, David B., 1946-; Mitchell, David; Garner, La Forrest Dean, 1933-; Kasle, Myron J.; Mercer, Victor H., 1928-Formocresol pulpotomy has been recommended for all infected primary molars irrespective of pulp vitality. Microscopic evidence is lacking when teeth with less than optimal pulpal preoperative conditions are treated. This study evaluated clinically, radiographically, and microscopically the effect of the five-minute formocresol pulpotomy in primary and permanent teeth of dogs with induced pulpal and periapical pathoses. Radicular pulps of 18 permanent and 12 primary teeth were exposed to the oral flora for 28 and 14 days, respectively, to produce pathoses that would contraindicate routine use of the pulpotomy. The five-minute formocresol pulpotomy was performed and nine permanent teeth were evaluated after four weeks and another nine after 12 weeks; the primary teeth were evaluated after 14 days. Eight permanent and four primary "control” teeth had their radicular pulps exposed to the oral flora for identical periods but were not treated by formocresol. In permanent teeth clinical success was 90 per cent, radiographic success was 30 per cent, and microscopic success of bloc sections was 10 per cent. The vital pulp reacted to formocresol by forming a homogenous band of markedly eosinophilic tissue, interpreted as "fixation;" very pale staining tissue was apical to this. A second area of marked eosinophilic tissue was in the apical part of all vital canals, apical to which was vital normal pulp. Similar trends were seen in the primary teeth. No "fixation," organization or repair was seen within any periapical lesion. The microscopic periapical appearance of related vital permanent and all necrotic canals indicated that formocresol pulpotomy is not particularly effective in teeth with induced pulpal and periapical pathoses. The findings suggest that it be used only under optimal clinical conditions.Item A histological study of gingival implants into the dental pulp and connective tissue of dogs(1967) Henry, Millicent, 1936-; Mitchell, David F.; Shafer, William G.; Bixler, David; Garner, La Forrest Dean, 1933-; McDonald, Ralph E., 1920-Item A laboratory study of the adhesion of a restorative acrylic resin and a polycarboxylate cement on bovine enamel etched with fifty per cent phosphoric acid(1970) Lee, Brian Dalvin, 1942-; Gilmore, H. William (Homer William); Mercer, Victor H., 1928-; Garner, La Forrest Dean, 1933-The purpose of this laboratory study was to determine whether etching of flat bovine enamel surfaces with a 50 per cent aqueous solution of phosphoric acid for 60 seconds increases the bonding of a conventional restorative acrylic resin and a new polycarboxylate cement. The test specimens were subjected to 24 hours, 30 days and six months storage in water and then subjected• to temperature stress cycling and intermittent tensile stress cycling. A tensile test was used to measure the bond strength of both materials. The results of the Newman-Keul's test showed that pretreating the enamel surface with 50 per cent phosphoric acid significantly increased the bonding of the restorative resin, and that the cavity sealer supplied by the manufacturer further improved the resin attachment to enamel surfaces previously etched with phosphoric acid. The bonding of the resin to acid-etched enamel surfaces pretreated with or without the cavity sealer was unaffected by prolonged storage in water, temperature stress cycling, and intermittent tensile stress cycling. However, a significant reduction in the adhesion of the acrylic resin to polished-enamel surfaces pretreated with or without the cavity sealer was observed when the test specimens were subjected to the same testing conditions. The data obtained for the polycarboxylate cement test specimens showed that etching of the enamel surface with phosphoric acid also provided slightly higher adhesive values than the control specimens. Results obtained revealed that prolonged storage in water, and temperature and mechanical stress cycling did not affect the adhesion of the polycarboxylate cement to acid-etched enamel surfaces. However, thermal and mechanical stress cycling after prolonged storage in water appeared to decrease the adhesion of the cement to polished enamel surfaces. When Ca45 was used to assess the marginal seal of resin restorations placed into acid-etched Class V cavity preparations in extracted human teeth, the autoradiographs showed that etching of the cavity preparations with 50 per cent phosphoric acid improved the marginal seal of the restorative resin after one-week storage in water. When both the acid-etched and control restorations were thermal stress cycled 2500 times at a 40°C temperature differential, a slight improvement in the marginal seal of the acid-etched restorations was observed.