Browsing by Author "Fouke, Bruce W."

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    Geobiology reveals how human kidney stones dissolve in vivo
    (Springer Nature, 2018-09-13) Sivaguru, Mayandi; Saw, Jessia J.; Williams, James C. Jr.; Lieske, John C.; Krambeck, Amy E.; Romero, Michael F.; Chia, Nicholas; Schwaderer, Andrew L.; Alcalde, Reinaldo E.; Bruce, Wililam J.; Wildman, Derek E.; Fried, Glenn A.; Werth, Charles J.; Reeder, Richard J.; Yau, Peter M.; Sanford, Robert A.; Fouke, Bruce W.; Anatomy and Cell Biology, IU School of Medicine
    More than 10% of the global human population is now afflicted with kidney stones, which are commonly associated with other significant health problems including diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Nearly 70% of these stones are primarily composed of calcium oxalate, a mineral previously assumed to be effectively insoluble within the kidney. This has limited currently available treatment options to painful passage and/or invasive surgical procedures. We analyze kidney stone thin sections with a combination of optical techniques, which include bright field, polarization, confocal and super-resolution nanometer-scale auto-fluorescence microscopy. Here we demonstrate using interdisciplinary geology and biology (geobiology) approaches that calcium oxalate stones undergo multiple events of dissolution as they crystallize and grow within the kidney. These observations open a fundamentally new paradigm for clinical approaches that include in vivo stone dissolution and identify high-frequency layering of organic matter and minerals as a template for biomineralization in natural and engineered settings.
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    In Vivo Entombment of Bacteria and Fungi during Calcium Oxalate, Brushite, and Struvite Urolithiasis
    (Wolters Kluwer, 2020-12-23) Saw, Jessica J.; Sivaguru, Mayandi; Wilson, Elena M.; Dong, Yiran; Sanford, Robert A.; Fields, Chris J.; Cregger, Melissa A.; Merkel, Annette C.; Bruce, William J.; Weber, Joseph R.; Lieske, John C.; Krambeck, Amy E.; Rivera, Marcelino E.; Large, Timothy; Lange, Dirk; Bhattacharjee, Ananda S.; Romero, Michael F.; Chia, Nicholas; Fouke, Bruce W.; Urology, School of Medicine
    Background: Human kidney stones form via repeated events of mineral precipitation, partial dissolution, and reprecipitation, which are directly analogous to similar processes in other natural and manmade environments, where resident microbiomes strongly influence biomineralization. High-resolution microscopy and high-fidelity metagenomic (microscopy-to-omics) analyses, applicable to all forms of biomineralization, have been applied to assemble definitive evidence of in vivo microbiome entombment during urolithiasis. Methods: Stone fragments were collected from a randomly chosen cohort of 20 patients using standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that 18 of these patients were calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formers, whereas one patient formed each formed brushite and struvite stones. This apportionment is consistent with global stone mineralogy distributions. Stone fragments from seven of these 20 patients (five CaOx, one brushite, and one struvite) were thin sectioned and analyzed using brightfield (BF), polarization (POL), confocal, super-resolution autofluorescence (SRAF), and Raman techniques. DNA from remaining fragments, grouped according to each of the 20 patients, were analyzed with amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA gene sequences (V1-V3, V3-V5) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1, ITS2) regions. Results: Bulk-entombed DNA was sequenced from stone fragments in 11 of the 18 patients who formed CaOx stones, and the patients who formed brushite and struvite stones. These analyses confirmed the presence of an entombed low-diversity community of bacteria and fungi, including Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Aspergillus niger. Bacterial cells approximately 1 μm in diameter were also optically observed to be entombed and well preserved in amorphous hydroxyapatite spherules and fans of needle-like crystals of brushite and struvite. Conclusions: These results indicate a microbiome is entombed during in vivo CaOx stone formation. Similar processes are implied for brushite and struvite stones. This evidence lays the groundwork for future in vitro and in vivo experimentation to determine how the microbiome may actively and/or passively influence kidney stone biomineralization.