Browsing by Author "Eckert, G.J."
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Item Association of added sugar intake and caries-related experiences among individuals of Mexican origin(Wiley, 2018) Vega-López, S.; Lindberg, N.M.; Eckert, G.J.; Nicholson, E.L.; Maupomé, GerardoObjective: Determine the association between key dental outcomes and added sugar intake using a survey instrument to assess added sugars, which was specifically tailored to immigrant and US-born adults of Mexican origin. Methods: Hispanic adults of Mexican origin (n = 326; 36.2 ± 12.1 years) completed a self-administered survey to gather acculturation, self-reported dental experiences and self-care practices (eg brushing, flossing, pain, bleeding gums), and socio-demographic information. The survey included a culturally tailored 22-item Added Sugar Intake Estimate (ASIE) that assessed added sugar intake from processed foods and sugar-sweetened beverages in a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire format. Linear regression, 2-sample t test, and ANOVA were used to evaluate associations of demographic and dental outcomes with daily added sugar intake. Results: Of the mean total daily added sugar intake (99.6 ± 94.6 g), 36.5 ± 44.4 g was derived from sugar-containing foods and snacks, and 63.1 ± 68.2 g from beverages. Participants who reported greater added sugar intake were more likely to have reported the presence of a toothache in the preceding 12 months, having been prescribed antibiotics for dental reasons, being less likely to floss daily, have reported eating or drinking within 1 hour before bed and have lower psychological acculturation (P < .05 for all). Results were comparable when assessing intake from sugar-containing foods/snacks and sugar-sweetened beverages. Conclusions: This study confirmed the association between added sugar intake and self-reported dental outcomes among adults of Mexican origin and points to an urgent need to improve dietary behaviours in this population.Item Beam Profile Influence on Polymerization Characteristics of Resin-Matrix Composites(Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2016-04-08) Al-Zain, A.O.; Ong, V.; Eckert, G.J.; Megremis, S.; Platt, J.A.The objective of this study was to quantify the homogeneity of the beam of light radiated from each of two different light-curing units (LCUs) using beam profiling, and then evaluate the relationship between these beam profiles and polymerization patterns of a resin-matrix composite (RMC). Beam profile and irradiance measurements of one light-emitting diode (LED) and one quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) curing unit were collected using a beam-profiler-system and a MARC-RC resin calibrator, respectively. The camera-based beam-profiler-system (BGP-USB-SP620 with 50-mm-lens, Ophir-Spiricon) combined radiant-power-values from an irradiance-probe (cosine-corrector/spectrometer-assembly) to measure beam-homogeneity (the distribution of irradiance-values across the light-beam) for each curing-unit. A mapping approach was used to investigate the polymerization pattern of nano-hybrid RMC samples (5×5×2mm) at various depths utilizing both micro-Raman-spectroscopy (degree-of-conversion, DC) and ethanol softening (cross-link-density, CLD), which was determined using automated-microhardness testing after exposure to ethanol. Two-sample t-tests with unequal-variances were used to compare the LCUs for differences in irradiance (mW/cm2) and radiant-exposure (J/cm2). Comparisons among polymerization by depths with-respect-to LCU were made using paired t-tests and two-sample t-tests as appropriate for the specific depths. The effects at each depth of location on the sample and LCU were tested using mixed-model ANOVA. The LED demonstrated inhomogeneity and significantly higher irradiance values compared to the QTH. Both LCUs demonstrated variations in DC (62-74%) and percent Knoop hardness number (KHN) reduction (33-49%) at different depths and locations. A gradual decrease in KHN occurred from top to bottom in the RMC cured with QTH unlike the LED. A gradual decrease in CLD was exhibited in both LCUs. This study showed that the beam-profile-inhomogeneity of QTH and LED curing-units resulted in localized differences in DC, KHN and CLD of RMC samples at specific depths and locations. However, adequate polymerization of the RMC was achieved at all points when using the LED LCU.Item Orange/Red Fluorescence of Active Caries by Retrospective Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence Image Analysis(Karger, 2016-05) Gomez, G.F.; Eckert, G.J.; Ferreira Zandona, A.; Biostatistics, School of Public HealthThis retrospective clinical study determined the association of caries activity and orange/red fluorescence on quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) images of surfaces that progressed to cavitation, as determined by clinical visual examination. A random sample of QLF images from 565 children (5-13 years) previously enrolled in a longitudinal study was selected. Buccal, lingual and occlusal surface images obtained after professional brushing at baseline and every 4 months over a 4-year period were analyzed for red fluorescence. Surfaces that progressed (n = 224) to cavitation according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS 0/1/2/3/4 to 5/6 or filling), and surfaces that did not progress (n = 486) were included. QA2 image analysis software outputs the percentage increase of the red/green components as x0394;R and area of x0394;R (areax0394;R) at different thresholds. Mixed-model ANOVA was used to compare progressive and nonprogressive surfaces to account for correlations of red fluorescence (x0394;R and areax0394;R) between surfaces within a subject. The first analysis used the first observation for each surface or the first available visit if the surface was unerupted (baseline), while the second analysis used the last observation prior to cavitation for surfaces that progressed and the last observation for surfaces that did not progress (final). There was a significant (p < 0.05) association between red fluorescence and progression to cavitation at thresholds x0394;R0, x0394;R10, x0394;R20, x0394;R60, x0394;R70, x0394;R80, x0394;R90 and x0394;Rmax at baseline and for x0394;R0 and x0394;R10 at the final observation. Quantification of orange/red fluorescence may help to identify lesions that progress to cavitation. Future studies identifying microbiological factors causing orange/ red fluorescence and its caries activity are indicated.Item Three-Dimensional Surface Texture Characterization of In Situ Simulated Erosive Tooth Wear(Sage, 2021) Hara, A.T.; Elkington-Stauss, D.; Ungar, P.S.; Lippert, F.; Eckert, G.J.; Zero, D.T.; Biostatistics, School of Public HealthThis in situ erosive tooth wear (ETW) study tested enamel 3-dimensional (3D) surface texture outcomes for the detection and differentiation of ETW lesions simulated in clinically relevant conditions. Twenty participants enrolled in this 3-arm crossover intraoral ETW simulation and wore their own partial denture for 14 d holding 2 human enamel specimens (per arm). In each arm, participants were assigned to 1 of 3 different dental erosion protocols: severe (lemon juice/pH 2.5), moderate (grapefruit juice/pH 3.5), and no erosion (bottled drinking water, control). Enamel specimens were evaluated by white-light scanning confocal profilometry for 3D surface texture and surface loss (ETW model validation). Individual point clouds were analyzed using standard dental microwear texture characterization protocols for surface roughness and anisotropy. Fractal complexity (Asfc), texture aspect ratio (Str), and arithmetical mean height (Sa) values were generated at baseline, 7 d, and 14 d. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance models suitable for the crossover design with repeated measurements, and correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationship between outcomes. Asfc and Sa differentiated ETW severity (no erosion < moderate < severe, P < 0.001) at days 7 and 14. Asfc and Sa were lower at baseline compared to days 7 and 14 (P < 0.001) for moderate and severe challenges. Asfc increased from day 7 to 14 (P = 0.042) for the severe challenge. For Str, ETW severity did not have a significant effect overall (P = 0.15). Asfc and Sa were highly positively correlated (r = 0.89, P < 0.001), while Asfc and Sa were not correlated overall with Str (r < 0.1, P ≥ 0.25). Enamel surface loss increased with ETW severity (no erosion < moderate < severe, P < 0.001) at days 7 and 14, validating the ETW simulation model. Complexity (Asfc) and roughness (Sa) outcomes were able to detect and differentiate ETW levels, with Asfc being able to monitor the progression of severe lesions. No clear characterization of ETW lesions could be provided by the anisotropy (Str) parameter.Item Treatment of breast cancer: Imo State Nigeria versus Indiana, USA women -- comparative analytic study(West African College of Surgeons, 2014-10) Anele, A.A.; Bowling, M.; Eckert, G.J.; Gonzalez, Edward L. F.; Kipher, H.; Sauder, C.; Department of Surgery, IU School of MedicineBACKGROUND: Women with breast cancer undergo multimodal treatment for best outcome. This study seeks to identify the treatment challenges for such women in Imo State, Nigeria vis-à-vis similar women in Indiana USA. We compared the treatment modalities of both groups; noting predictors of compliance for subsequent action. SETTING: Federal Medical Centre, Owerri; Imo State, Imo State University, Orlu, Nigeria and Indiana University Hospital, Indiana, USA. DESIGN: A retrospective study. METHODOLOGY: From 2000-2013, 100 randomly pulled charts of patients treated for pathologically confirmed breast cancer in Imo, Nigeria Federal Medical Centre Owerri, Imo State University Hospital; and Indiana University Hospital U.S. respectively were reviewed. The demographics, clinical and pathological data of the patients with confirmed breast cancer were obtained. The data were formatted and analyzed with SPSS version 16.0. The clinical features, management options, outcomes and specific features were compared for both groups using Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests (age, parity) and chi-square tests for all other variables. A 5% significance level was used for all tests. RESULTS: One hundred patients were included for each group. The mean/minimum ages; Imo, Nigeria 41.7/21 (SD/SE 15.3/1.5) vs. Indiana, U.S.56.4/29 (SD 12.4/SE 1.2) p<0.0001. Histology for Indiana USA women was predominantly ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) P<0.0001 while that of Imo, Nigeria was invasive ductal carcinoma inflammatory cancer P<0.0326. Women in both locations received chemotherapy and surgery. Imo women received less radiotherapy. Toxicity from chemotherapy remained constant features for both groups, P<0.0001. In Indiana USA, the 5year survival exceeded 85%; In Imo Nigeria it was 10%. This study showed that Women on both locations who were likely to be compliant were those receiving mastectomy; Imo, Nigeria 44(56%) <0.013 vs. Indiana, U.S. 74(80%) p<0.0186; women with cosmesis given; Imo, Nigeria 41(42%) vs. Indiana, U.S. 91 (94%) p<0.0001. Sample sizes were inadequate to perform multivariable models. CONCLUSION: The multimodal treatment regimen implied that there was need for an algorithm protocol for breast cancer women. Thus the need to improve the quality of treatment particularly in Nigeria by improved treatment documentation to overcome key barriers involving information exchange.