Browsing by Author "Department of Kinesiology, School of Physical Education and Tourism Management"

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    Age-related differences in conditioned pain modulation of sensitizing and desensitizing trends during response dependent stimulation
    (Elsevier, 2015-08) Naugle, Kelly M.; Cruz-Almeida, Yenisel; Vierck, Charles J.; Mauderli, Andre P.; Riley III, Joseph L.; Department of Kinesiology, School of Physical Education and Tourism Management
    The current study evaluated age differences in conditioned pain modulation using a test stimulus that provided the opportunity to evaluate changes in heat pain sensitivity, sensitization, and desensitization within the same paradigm. During this psychophysical test, pain intensity clamping uses REsponse Dependent STIMulation (REDSTIM) methodology to automatically adjust stimulus intensity to maintain a desired pain rating set-point. Specifically, stimulus intensity increases until a pre-defined pain rating (the setpoint) is exceeded, and then decreases until pain ratings fall below the setpoint, with continued increases and decreases dictated by ratings. The subjects are blinded in terms of the setpoint and stimulus intensities. Younger and older subjects completed two test sessions of two REDSTIM trials, with presentation of conditioning cold stimulation between the trials of one session but not the other. The results indicated that conditioning cold stimulation similarly decreased the overall sensitivity of younger and older subjects, as measured by the average temperature that maintained a setpoint rating of 20 (on a scale of 0-100). The conditioning stimulus also significantly enhanced sensitization following ascending stimulus progressions and desensitization following descending stimulus progressions in older subjects relative to younger subjects. Thus, older subjects experienced greater swings in sensitivity in response to varying levels of painful stimulation. These results are discussed in terms of control over pain intensity by descending central modulatory systems. These findings potentially shed new light on the central control over descending inhibition and facilitation of pain.
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    Antioxidant vitamin C prevents decline in endothelial function during sitting
    (International Scientific Information, 2015-04-07) Thosar, Saurabh S.; Bielko, Sylvanna L.; Wiggins, Chad S.; Klaunig, James E.; Mather, Kieren J.; Wallace, Janet P.; Department of Kinesiology, School of Physical Education and Tourism Management
    BACKGROUND: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that antioxidant Vitamin C prevents the impairment of endothelial function during prolonged sitting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eleven men (24.2 ± 4.4 yrs) participated in 2 randomized 3-h sitting trials. In the sitting without vitamin C (SIT) and the sitting with vitamin C (VIT) trial, participants were seated for 3 h without moving their legs. Additionally, in the VIT trial, participants ingested 2 vitamin C tablets (1 g and 500 mg) at 30 min and 1 h 30 min, respectively. Superficial femoral artery (SFA) flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured hourly for 3 h. RESULTS: By a 1-way ANOVA, there was a significant decline in FMD during 3 h of SIT (p<0.001). Simultaneously, there was a significant decline in antegrade (p=0.04) and mean (0.037) shear rates. For the SIT and VIT trials by a 2-way (trial x time) repeated measures ANOVA, there was a significant interaction (p=0.001). Pairwise testing revealed significant between-SFA FMD in the SIT and VIT trial at each hour after baseline, showing that VIT prevented the decline in FMD 1 h (p=0.009), 2 h (p=0.016), and 3 h (p=0.004). There was no difference in the shear rates between SIT and VIT trials (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Three hours of sitting resulted in impaired SFA FMD. Antioxidant Vitamin C prevented the decline in SFA FMD, suggesting that oxidative stress may contribute to the impairment in endothelial function during sitting.
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    Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's and Women's Cross-Country Injuries, 2009-2010 Through 2013-2014
    (National Athletic Trainers' Association, 2016-01) Kerr, Zachary Y.; Kroshus, Emily; Grant, Jon; Parsons, John T.; Folger, Dustin; Hayden, Ross; Dompier, Thomas P.; Department of Kinesiology, School of Physical Education and Tourism Management
    CONTEXT: Recent injury-surveillance data for collegiate-level cross-country athletes are limited. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men's and women's cross-country injuries during the 2009-2010 through 2013-2014 academic years. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING: Aggregate injury and exposure data collected from 25 men's and 22 women's cross-country programs, providing 47 and 43 seasons of data, respectively. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Collegiate student-athletes participating in men's and women's cross-country during the 2009-2010 through 2013-2014 academic years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Injury rates; injury rate ratios (RRs); injury proportions by body site, diagnosis, and apparatus; and injury proportion ratios were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: The Injury Surveillance Program captured 216 injuries from men's cross-country and 260 injuries from women's cross-country, leading to injury rates of 4.66/1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) for men (95% CI = 4.04, 5.28) and 5.85/1000 AEs for women (95% CI = 5.14, 6.56). The injury rate in women's cross-country was 1.25 times that of men's cross-country (95% CI = 1.05, 1.50). Most injuries affected the lower extremity (men = 90.3%, women = 81.9%). The hip/groin-injury rate in women (0.65/1000 AEs) was higher than that in men (0.15/1000 AEs; RR = 4.32; 95% CI = 1.89, 9.85). The ankle-injury rate in men (0.60/1000 AEs) was higher than that in women (0.29/1000 AEs; RR = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.07, 3.99). Common diagnoses were strains (men = 19.9%, women = 20.4%) and inflammation (men = 18.1%, women = 23.8%). The majority of injuries were classified as overuse (men = 57.6%, women = 53.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with prior research, injury distributions varied between male and female athletes, and the injury rate among females was higher. Understanding the epidemiology of these cross-country injuries may be important for developing appropriate preventive interventions.
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    High School Football Injury Rates and Services by Athletic Trainer Employment Status
    (National Athletic Trainers' Association, 2016-01) Kerr, Zachary Y.; Lynall, Robert C.; Mauntel, Timothy C.; Dompier, Thomas P.; Department of Kinesiology, School of Physical Education and Tourism Management
    Context Reported injury rates and services in sports injury surveillance may be influenced by the employment setting of the certified athletic trainers (ATs) reporting these data. Objective To determine whether injury rates and the average number of AT services per injury in high school football varied by AT employment status. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting We used data from the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network and surveyed ATs about their employment setting. Patients or Other Participants Forty-four responding ATs (37.9% of all National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network participants) worked at high schools with football programs and were included in this study. Fourteen ATs were full-time employees of the high school, and 30 ATs were employed as outreach ATs (ie, full-time and part-time ATs from nearby clinics, hospitals, and graduate school programs). Main Outcome Measure(s) We calculated injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures and average number of AT services per injury. Results Reported injury rates and services per injury were greater among full-time school employees compared with outreach ATs. However, injury rates did not differ when restricted to time-loss injuries only. Conclusions Our findings suggest that ATs who are full-time school employees may be able to identify and care for more patients with injuries.
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    Identifying Contextual and Emotional Factors to Explore Weight Disparities between Obese Black and White Women
    (Libertas Academica, Ltd., 2016) Keith, NiCole R.; Xu, Huiping; de Groot, Mary; Hemmerlein, Kimberly; Clark, Daniel O.; Department of Kinesiology, School of Physical Education and Tourism Management
    BACKGROUND: Obese black women enrolled in weight loss interventions experience 50% less weight reduction than obese white women. This suggests that current weight loss strategies may increase health disparities. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the feasibility of identifying daily contextual factors that may influence obesity. METHODS: In-home interviews with 16 obese (body mass index ≥ 30) black and white urban poor women were performed. For 14 days, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) was used to capture emotion and social interactions every other day, and day reconstruction method surveys were used the following day to reconstruct the context of the prior day's EMA. RESULTS: Factors included percentage of participants without weight scales (43.8%) or fitness equipment (68.8%) in the home and exposed to food at work (55.6%). The most frequently reported location, activity, and emotion were home (19.4 ± 8.53), working (7.1 ± 8.80), and happy (6.9 ± 10.03), respectively. CONCLUSION: Identifying individual contexts may lead to valuable insights about obesogenic behaviors and new interventions to improve weight management.
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    Loss of Temporal Inhibition of Nociceptive Information Is Associated With Aging and Bodily Pain
    (Elsevier, 2017) Naugle, Kelly M.; Cruz-Almeida, Yenisel; Fillingim, Roger B.; Riley, Joseph L., III; Department of Kinesiology, School of Physical Education and Tourism Management
    An age-related decline in endogenous pain inhibitory processes likely places older adults at an increased risk for chronic pain. Limited research indicates that older adults may be characterized by deficient offset analgesia, an inhibitory temporal sharpening mechanism that increases the detectability of minor decreases in noxious stimulus intensity. The primary purpose of the study was to examine age differences in offset analgesia in community-dwelling younger, middle-aged, and older adults. An additional aim of the study was to determine whether the magnitude of offset analgesia predicted self-reported bodily pain. Eighty-seven younger adults, 42 middle-aged adults, and 60 older adults completed 4 offset analgesia trials and 3 constant temperature trials in which a noxious heat stimulus was applied to the volar forearm for 40 seconds. The offset trials consisted of 3 continuous phases: an initial 10-second painful stimulus, either a 1.0°C or .4°C increase in temperature from the initial 10-second painful stimulus for 10 seconds, and either a 1.0°C or .4°C decrease back to the initial testing temperature for 20 seconds. During each trial, subjects rated pain intensity continuously using an electronic visual analog scale (0–100). All subjects also completed the Short-Form Health Survey-36 including the Bodily Pain subscale. The results indicated that older and middle-aged adults showed reduced offset analgesia compared with younger adults in the 1.0°C and .4°C offset trials. Furthermore, the magnitude of offset analgesia predicted self-reported bodily pain, with those exhibiting reduced offset analgesia reporting greater bodily pain. Dysfunction of this endogenous inhibitory system could increase the risk of developing chronic pain for middle-aged and older adults. Perspective Older and middle-aged adults showed reduced offset analgesia compared with younger adults. The significant association between reduced offset analgesia and pain in daily life supports the notion that pain modulatory deficits are associated with not just a chronic pain condition but with the experience of pain in general.
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    Modulation of the Cutaneous Silent Period in the Upper-Limb with Whole-Body Instability
    (PLOS, 2016-03-16) Eckert, Nathanial R.; Poston, Brach; Riley, Zachary A.; Department of Kinesiology, School of Physical Education and Tourism Management
    The silent period induced by cutaneous electrical stimulation of the digits has been shown to be task-dependent, at least in the grasping muscles of the hand. However, it is unknown if the cutaneous silent period is adaptable throughout muscles of the entire upper limb, in particular when the task requirements are substantially altered. The purpose of the present study was to examine the characteristics of the cutaneous silent period in several upper limb muscles when introducing increased whole-body instability. The cutaneous silent period was evoked in 10 healthy individuals with electrical stimulation of digit II of the right hand when the subjects were seated, standing, or standing on a wobble board while maintaining a background elbow extension contraction with the triceps brachii of ~5% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) strength. The first excitatory response (E1), first inhibitory response (CSP), and second excitatory response (E2) were quantified as the percent change from baseline and by their individual durations. The results showed that the level of CSP suppression was lessened (47.7 ± 7.7% to 33.8 ± 13.2% of baseline, p = 0.019) and the duration of the CSP inhibition decreased ( p = 0.021) in the triceps brachii when comparing the seated and wobble board tasks. For the wobble board task the amount of cutaneous afferent inhibition of EMG activity in the triceps brachii decreased; which is proposed to be due to differential weighting of cutaneous feedback relative to the corticospinal drive, most likely due to presynaptic inhibition, to meet the demands of the unstable task.
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    Novel method for assessing age-related differences in the temporal summation of pain
    (Dove Medical Press, 2016) Naugle, Kelly M.; Cruz-Almeida, Yenisel; Fillingim, Roger B.; Staud, Roland; Riley, Joseph L.; Department of Kinesiology, School of Physical Education and Tourism Management
    Temporal summation (TS) of pain protocols typically involve the delivery of brief repetitive noxious stimuli held at a constant intensity and measuring the consequent increase in the perceived intensity of pain sensations. To date, no studies have examined the effect of a TS protocol on the perceived spatial dimensions of the pain experience and its interaction with age. This study used a new TS protocol that examined changes in the perceived size of the painful area in 22 younger adults and 20 older adults. Four trials of ten brief heat pulses delivered at a constant intensity were administered on the volar forearm. Interpulse intervals (IPIs) were 2.5 seconds or 3.5 seconds. Subjects rated the peak pain intensity (trials 1 and 3) or the size of the painful area (trials 2 and 4) after each pulse on a 0-100 scale. The magnitude of summation was calculated for each trial. Three seconds and 6 seconds after delivering the last heat pulse, the subjects rated the intensity or the size of any remaining pain (aftersensations). The results indicated that older adults compared to younger adults exhibited significantly greater summation of size ratings for the 2.5-second and 3.5-second IPI trials and size of pain aftersensations at 3 seconds following the 2.5-second IPI TS trial. These results suggest that aging is associated with enhanced endogenous facilitation of the perceived size of pain. The potential clinical and mechanistic implications of enhanced TS of size of pain remain unknown and warrant further investigation.
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    PARCS: A Safety Net Community-Based Fitness Center for Low-Income Adults
    (2016) Keith, NiCole; Mi, Deming; Alexander, Kisha; Kaiser, Stephanie; de Groot, Mary; Department of Kinesiology, School of Physical Education and Tourism Management
    Background: Physical activity (PA) and fitness are critical to maintaining health and avoiding chronic disease. Limited access to fitness facilities in low-income urban areas has been identified as a contributor to low PA participation and poor fitness. Objectives: This research describes community-based fitness centers established for adults living in low-income, urban communities and characterizes a sample of its members. Methods: The community identified a need for physical fitness opportunities to improve residents’ health. Three community high schools were host sites. Resources were combined to renovate and staff facilities, acquire equipment, and refer patients to exercise. The study sample included 170 members older than age 18 who completed demographic, exercise self-efficacy, and quality of life surveys and a fitness evaluation. Neighborhood-level U.S. Census data were obtained for comparison. Results: The community-based fitness centers resulted from university, public school, and hospital partnerships offering safe, accessible, and affordable exercise opportunities. The study sample mean body mass index was 35 + 7.6 kg/m2 (class II obesity), mean age was 50 ± 12.5 years, 66% were Black, 72% were female, 66% completed some college or greater, and 71% had an annual household income of less than $25,000 and supported 2.2 dependents. Participants had moderate confidence for exercise participation and low fitness levels. When compared with census data, participants were representative of their communities. Conclusion: This observational study reveals a need for affordable fitness centers for low-income adults. We demonstrate a model where communities and organizations strategically leverage resources to address disparities in physical fitness and health.
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    Purposeful Pedaling: Analyzing MS 150 Participant Behavior
    (Emerald, 2015) Gregg, Elizabeth A.; Pierce, David A.; Sweeney, Kristi M.; Lee, Jason W.; Department of Kinesiology, School of Physical Education and Tourism Management
    Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore factors affecting participant awareness, attraction, and attachment to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society’s (NMSS) MS 150 PGA Tour Cycle to the Shore charitable bike ride utilizing the Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) developed by Funk and James. In addition, the authors sought to outline variables sport organizations can use to predict donor behavior. Design/methodology/approach – Data for this project were derived from an electronic survey distributed to race participants and was analyzed in SPSS® software. Regression analysis was employed. Findings – The findings support previous research employing the PCM; wherein social situational variables have the greatest influence on the relational significance of hedonic and dispositional needs in attraction and attachment to sporting events. The work supports the inclusion of communities as an additional attachment outcome. Practical implications – In all, 92 percent of riders were informed about the event through word of mouth (WOM) marketing, highlighting the importance this promotional technique in the awareness stage of the PCM. NMSS would be well served by capitalizing on the power of WOM. Originality/value – The research provides insight into predictors of fundraising efficacy. In terms of fundraising effectiveness, participants with four or more years of participation were six times more likely than first-year riders to raise $1,000 or more.