Browsing by Author "Bravo, Karen E."
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Item Balancing Indigenous Rights to Land and the Demands of Economic Development: Lessons from the United States and Australia(1997) Bravo, Karen E.It is the year 2097. Ninety years ago the planet Terra was discovered by the Ozakas, a race from a faraway galaxy. Terra was a convenient refuelling port on the trade route to Alpha Centauri and, in addition, had a wealth of natural resources on and below its sea bed, which were almost completely undisturbed. The Ozakas decided to colonize the newly discovered Class M planet. Indigenous sentient beings had already evolved on the planet. They were so far behind the Ozakas in the level of their civilization, however, that they were disregarded as easily as their attempts to resist colonization were crushed. Ozakan colonists settled the planet despite resistance from the indigenous sentients. The land tenure system of the indigenous sentients was primitive: The use of paper and electronic records instead of the universal standard - encoded DNA sequences - was too uncertain and inefficient to be integrated into the Ozakan economic system. In the past thirty years the indigenous sentients have become more assimilated into Ozakan society and have begun to press for compensation or so-called 'aboriginal" land rights.Item Black Interests in Slaveries(2019) Bravo, Karen E.In the last few decades, the world woke up to the persistence of the traffic in human beings, a severe form of human exploitation. The use of "slavery" to designate the traffic, and other severe forms of contemporary exploitation, evokes and invokes the 400-year-long traffic of Africans across the Atlantic and their enslavement in the New World. The implicit and explicit comparisons to the enslavement of the ancestors of Diasporic Blacks are used to further a superficial understanding of contemporary forms of exploitation and limited efforts to prevent or eradicate them. However, the voices of Diasporic Blacks are often absent in the debates regarding the use of the word "slavery" and the comparisons of old and new slaveries. In this Article, I explore Black interests in slaveries past, present, and future, including uses of the word in the context of contemporary human trafficking discourse. The interests vary depending on the temporal period: the Past (understanding historic slavery); the Present (identifying and dealing with legacies of historic slavery); and the Future (disrupting the legacy).Item CARICOM, the Myth of Sovereignty, and Aspirational Economic Integration(2005) Bravo, Karen E.The focus of this article is the Caribbean Community (hereinafter CARICOM or the Community), the group of Caribbean states whose membership has expanded from the exclusive core of English-speaking Caribbean countries to now include Suriname and Haiti. Some years following the failure of the West Indian Federation, the Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) was born from the vision of pioneering Caribbean leaders of newly-independent English-speaking Caribbean islands. Its successor, CARICOM, was to take the lead in pooling the strengths of the English-speaking states to foster their economic development. Unfortunately, CARICOM has yet to live up to its economic integration goals. My inquiry will assess why, three decades after its inception, the organization has not been more successful in emulating the success of the European Union, a paradigm of successful regional economic integration, and has not achieved the integration of economies that is one of its stated central purposes.'" Specifically, I will explore the role of "sovereignty" as an obstacle to economic integration and address the impact of the Member States' conceptions of sovereignty on those goals.Item Challenges to Caribbean Economic Sovereignty in a Globalizing World(2011) Bravo, Karen E.This Essay encapsulates and expands on my comments at the February 2011 Symposium "Sovereignty in Today's World" organized by the Michigan State International Law Review.Item Contemporary State Anti-‘Slavery’ Efforts: Dishonest and Ineffective(2019) Bravo, Karen E.Contemporary state anti-"slavery" efforts are dishonest with respect to the types of anti-"slavery" methodologies that states implement, including the use of slavery terminology. State anti-"slavery" efforts demonstrate three types of dishonesty: (1) the rhetorical misrepresentation to the public, and within state entities themselves, of the nature of the contemporary exploitation targeted by states; (2) hypocritical protestations of concern, coupled with the pretense that the types of initiatives that states support can succeed (this despite state failure to address the root causes and the fundamental interrelationships of the exploitation with state- supported and -implemented policies and structures); and (3) a form of willful innocence that refuses to acknowledge or deliberately ignores the interrelationships among state policies and the types of exploitation that are targeted by the anti-"slavery" initiatives. In addition, state efforts are ineffective in addressing the types of exploitation that states purport to target. State anti-"slavery" efforts are largely ineffective because the conceptual paradigms supported by states do not challenge the role of states or existing modalities of wealth and resource allocation upon which they depend.Item Exploring the Analogy between Modern Trafficking in Humans and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade(2007) Bravo, Karen E.Ironically, there are more slaves now than there were even at the height of the transatlantic slave trade. We must show new energy in fighting back an old evil. Nearly two centuries after the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade, and more than a century after slavery was officially ended in its last strongholds, the trade in human beings for any purpose must not be allowed to thrive in our time. Apologists for the trans-Atlantic slave trade of yesteryear advocated for better ventilation and mattresses on ships for slaves, but all the regulation in the world would not have changed the fact that people used as slaves deserved freedom. The children and women of today deserve freedom too.Item Free Labor! A Labor Liberalization Solution to Modern Trafficking in Humans(2008) Bravo, Karen E.The buying and selling of people is a profitable business because, while globalization has made it easier to move goods and money around the world, people who want to move where jobs are face ever more stringent restrictions on legal migration. Perhaps the most profound challenge of all will be faced by citizens and policy-makers in migrant sending and receiving countries. Inhabitants of the latter will have to move beyond the state of denial that so often has characterized their approach to immigration policy to date. They must develop policies that recognize the inevitability of labour flows within a globalized economy characterized by well-established regional networks of trade, production, investment, and communications. Attempts to suppress population flows that are a natural consequence of a nation's insertion into these economic networks will not be successful, but they will present grave threats to individual rights, civil liberties, and human dignity.Item Interrogating Everyperson's Roles in Today's Slaveries(2017) Bravo, Karen E."Modem day slavery," "contemporary forms of slavery," and "modem forms of slavery." Today, these terms are used interchangeably virtually throughout the world to describe a variety of contemporary forms of exploitation. These forms of exploitation include the trafficking of human beings for labor and sex; child labor; child sexual exploitation; the commercial sexual exploitation of adults; and forced labor and the indentured servitude of adult men and women, and of male and female children. These forms of exploitation were legally defined as "human trafficking," after lengthy international and domestic debates. Now, amid deeper and more widespread knowledge of the existence of human trafficking, the term "slavery" has become shorthand for all exploitation that was labelled "human trafficking." In the context of the increasing use of the term "slavery," this paper interrogates today's "slaveries," and explores questions regarding Everyperson's' connection to these forms of exploitation.