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Browsing by Author "Björnsson, Einar"
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Item Clinical characteristics of antiepileptic-induced liver injury in patients from the DILIN prospective study(Elsevier, 2022) Chalasani, Naga; Bonkovsky, Herbert L.; Stine, Jonathan G.; Gu, Jiezhun; Barnhart, Huiman; Jacobsen, Elin; Björnsson, Einar; Fontana, Robert J.; Kleiner, David E.; Hoofnagle, Jay H.; Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) Study Investigators; Medicine, School of MedicineBackground & aims: Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are a common cause of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Over the last few decades, several newer AEDs were approved for marketing in the United States, and they are increasingly prescribed for indications other than seizures. Contemporaneous data related to trends and characteristics of AED-related liver injury are sparse. Methods: We report the trends, characteristics, and outcomes of patients with AED-related DILI enrolled into the DILIN Prospective Study between 2004 and 2020. Results: Among 1,711 participants with definite, highly likely, or probable DILI, 66 (3.9%) had AED-related DILI (lamotrigine [n = 18], phenytoin [n = 16], carbamazepine [n = 11], valproate [n = 10], gabapentin [n = 4], and others [n = 7]). The frequency of AED-related liver injury significantly decreased during the study period (from 8.5% of cases during 2004-2007 to 2.6% during 2015-2020, p = 0.01). AEDs other than phenytoin were commonly prescribed for non-seizure indications. Compared to non-AEDs, patients with AED-related liver injury were younger (mean age 38.5 vs. 50.1 years-old, p <0.001) and more likely African American (27% vs. 12%, p = 0.008). DRESS was common with liver injury caused by lamotrigine, phenytoin, and carbamazepine, but not valproate or gabapentin. Liver injury severity was moderate to severe in the majority: 5 died, and 3 underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). No patient with lamotrigine-related DILI, including 13 with hepatocellular jaundice, died or needed OLT, while 3 out of 16 patients (19%) with phenytoin-related DILI either died or required OLT. Conclusion: The frequency of AED-related liver injury significantly decreased over the last 2 decades in our experience. AED-related liver injury has several distinctive features, including a preponderance in African American patients and those with immunoallergic skin reactions, with outcomes depending on the type of AED involved. Lay summary: Medications used to treat epilepsy may sometimes cause severe liver injury. However, several new medications have been approved over the last 2 decades and they may not be as toxic to the liver as older antiepileptic medications (AEDs). This study shows that overall liver injury due to AEDs is decreasing, likely due to decreasing use of older AEDs. Liver injury due to AEDs appears to be more common in African Americans and is commonly associated with allergic skin reactions.Item Outcome of COVID-19 in Patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis: an International Multi-Centre Study(Wiley, 2021) Efe, Cumali; Dhanasekaran, Renumathy; Lammert, Craig; Ebi, Berat; Higuera‐de la Tijera, Fatima; Aloman, Costica; Rıza Calışkan, Ali; Peralta, Mirta; Gerussi, Alessio; Massoumi, Hatef; Catana, Andreea M.; Torgutalp, Murat; Purnak, Tugrul; Rigamonti, Cristina; Gomez Aldana, Andres Jose; Khakoo, Nidah; Kacmaz, Hüseyin; Nazal, Leyla; Frager, Shalom; Demir, Nurhan; Irak, Kader; Ellik, Zeynep Melekoğlu; Balaban, Yasemin; Atay, Kadri; Eren, Fatih; Cristoferi, Laura; Batıbay, Ersin; Urzua, Álvaro; Snijders, Romee; Kıyıcı, Murat; Akyıldız, Murat; Ekin, Nazım; Carr, Rotonya M; Harputoğlu, Murat; Hatemi, Ibrahim; Mendizabal, Manuel; Silva, Marcelo; Idilman, Ramazan; Silveira, Marina; Drenth, Joost P.H.; Assis, David N.; Björnsson, Einar; Boyer, James L.; Invernizzi, Pietro; Levy, Chyntia; Schiano, Thomas D.; Ridruejo, Ezequiel; Wahlin, Staffan; Medicine, School of MedicineBackground Data regarding outcome of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are lacking. Patients and methods We performed a retrospective study on AIH patients with COVID‐19 from 34 centres in Europe and the Americas. We analyzed factors associated with severe COVID‐19 outcomes defined as the need for mechanical ventilation, intensive care admission, and/or death. The outcomes of patients with AIH were compared to a propensity‐score matched cohort of non‐AIH patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD) and COVID‐19. The frequency and clinical significance of new‐onset liver injury (alanine aminotransferase>2xupper limit of normal) during COVID‐19 was also evaluated. Results We included 110 AIH patients (80%,female) with a median age of 49 (range:18–85) years at COVID‐19 diagnosis. New‐onset liver injury was observed in 37.1% (33/89) of the patients. Use of antivirals was associated with liver injury (p=0.041; odds ratio (OR) 3.36[1.05‐10.78]) while continued immunosuppression during COVID‐19 was associated with a lower rate of liver injury (p=0.009; OR 0.26[0.09‐0.71]). The rates of severe COVID‐19 (15.5% vs 20.2% p=0.231) and all‐cause mortality (10% vs 11.5%; p=0.852) were not different between AIH and non‐AIH CLD. Cirrhosis was an independent predictor of severe COVID‐19 in patients with AIH (p<0.001; OR 17.46[4.22‐72.13]). Continuation of immunosuppression or presence of liver injury during COVID‐19 was not associated with severe COVID‐19. Conclusions This international, multi‐center study reveals that patients with AIH were not at risk for worse outcomes with COVID‐19 than other causes of CLD. Cirrhosis was the strongest predictor for severe COVID‐19 in AIH patients. Maintenance of immunosuppression during COVID‐19 was not associated with increased risk for severe COVID‐19, but did lower the risk for new‐onset liver injury during COVID‐19.