Browsing by Author "Ayaya, Samwel"

Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    A qualitative assessment of barriers to antiretroviral therapy adherence among adolescents in western Kenya
    (Taylor & Francis, 2014-10) Kunapareddy, Catherine June; Nyandiko, Winstone; Inui, Thomas; Ayaya, Samwel; Marrero, David G.; Vreeman, Rachel; Department of Pediatrics, IU School of Medicine
    Antiretroviral therapy (ART) requires nearly perfect adherence to be effective. This study aims to identify key factors identified by HIV-infected adolescents on ART as contributing to medication adherence in western Kenya. Using a qualitative study design, three adolescent focus groups discussions were conducted at an urban and rural clinic site in western Kenya. The study population included HIV-infected adolescents receiving ART through the USAID-AMPATH HIV care system. A trained facilitator conducted groups in Kiswahili using a semi-structured interview guide probing multiple aspects of experience of taking medicines. Transcribed focus group dialogues were analyzed using constant comparison, progressive coding, and triangulation. The adolescents described a context of negative societal beliefs about HIV, necessitating a lifestyle of secrecy and minimizing the information shared about HIV or ART. Assessing and addressing adolescents' fears and behaviors regarding medication secrecy and disclosure may enable more accurate monitoring of adherence and development of intervention strategies.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Retention of HIV-infected and exposed children in a comprehensive HIV clinical care program in Western Kenya
    (2010-07) Braitstein, Paula; Katshcke, Adrian; Shen, Changyu; Sang, Edwin; Nyandiko, Winstone; Ochieng, Vincent Ooko; Vreeman, Rachel; Yiannoutsos, Constantin; Wools-Kaloustian, Kara; Ayaya, Samwel
    Background  To describe incidence rates (IR) and risk factors for loss-to-follow-up (LTFU) among HIV-infected and HIV-exposed children in a large HIV treatment programme in Western Kenya. Methods  The USAID-AMPATH Partnership has enrolled >100 000 patients (20% children) at 23 clinic sites throughout western Kenya. LTFU is defined as being absent from the clinic for >3 months if on combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) and >6 months if not. Included in this analysis were children aged <14 years, HIV exposed or infected at enrolment, and enrolled between April 2002 and March 2009. The IR for LTFU are presented per 100 child-years (CY) of follow-up. Proportional hazards models with time-independent and time-dependent covariates were used to model factors associated with LTFU. Weight for height Z-scores were calculated using EpiInfo, with severe malnutrition being defined as a Z-score ≤−3.0. Immune suppression was defined as per WHO age-specific categories. Results  There were 13 510 children eligible for analysis, comprising 3106 children who at enrolment were HIV infected and 10 404 children who were HIV exposed. The overall IR of LTFU was 18.4 (17.8–18.9) per 100 CY. Among HIV-infected children, 15.2 (13.8–16.7) and 14.1 (13.1–15.8) per 100 CY became LTFU, pre- and post-cART initiation, respectively. The only independent risk factor for becoming LTFU among the HIV-infected children was severe immune suppression (AHR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.51–3.12). Among the HIV-exposed children, 20.1 per 100 (19.4–20.7) became LTFU. Independent risk factors for LTFU among them were being severely low weight for height (AHR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.25–2.28), being orphaned at enrolment (AHR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.23–1.64), being CDC Class B or C (AHR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.14–1.74), and having received cART (AHR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.23–1.99). Protective against becoming LTFU among the HIV exposed were testing HIV positive (AHR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.21–0.32), older age (AHR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.85–0.96), enrolling in later time periods, and receiving food supplementation (AHR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.32–1.04). Conclusions  There is a high rate of LTFU among these highly vulnerable children, particularly among the HIV exposed. These data suggest that HIV-infected and HIV-exposed children are at especially high risk for LTFU if they are sick or malnourished.