IU Indianapolis ScholarWorks :: Browsing by Author "AlBahrani, Salma"

Browsing by Author "AlBahrani, Salma"

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A case report of Mpox (Monkeypox) in male traveler
(Elsevier, 2023) AlBahrani, Salma; AlGarzai, Ruba; Aljunaid, Thamir O.; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Medicine, School of Medicine
Carbapenem use correlates with percentage of patients with COVID-19 in intensive care units
(Springer, 2023) AlBahrani, Salma; Almogbel, Feras; Alanazi, Wafa; Almutairi, Saleh Hamdi; Alanazi, Mohammed; Maximos, Sameh; Azaiez, Faten; Osman, Assim; Almuthen, Sharifah; Jebakumar, Arulanantham Zechariah; Al‑Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Medicine, School of Medicine
Background: The first wave of COVID-19 pandemic may have significantly impacted antimicrobial consumption in hospitals. The objective of this study was to assess the evolution of carbapenem consumption and describe the implemented measures during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We calculated carbapenem consumption for all the hospital and for intensive care units (ICU) for three periods: baseline (before COVID-19 cases, January 2019-February 2020), and the period of COVID-19 cases as a pre-intervention (March-August 2020) and a post-intervention phase (September 2020-December 2021). Results: During the study period, the percentage of admitted COVID-19 patients increased in the months of April-August of 2020 (pre-intervention period) from 5 to 26% of total admitted patients. The consumption of carbapenems (DDD/1000 patient days) increased from a mean of 67.1 at baseline to 142.9 pre-intervention. In ICUS, there was an increase in the mean from 125.7 to 240.8 DDD/1000 patient days. After interventions, the DDD/1000 patient days decreased by 49.5% overall the hospital and by 36% in ICUs. For the post-intervention period, there was a correlation between COVID-19 cases and carbapenem usage in the ICU but not the overall hospital. Conclusion: An increase in the antimicrobial consumption during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic was noticed, especially in the ICU. Antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to reduce consumption rate.
Clinical features and outcome of human Mpox (Monkeypox) in Saudi Arabia: An observational study of travel-related cases
(Elsevier, 2023) Assiri, Abdullah M.; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Jokhdar, Hani A.; Algwizani, Abdullah R.; Albarraq, Ahmed M.; Alanazi, Khalid H.; Alamri, Ahlam H.; Almohammadi, Emad L.; Abuhasan, Musallam Y.; Alserehi, Haleema A.; Rebh, Fatimah Z.; Alrossais, Amirah; Alawad, Eman; AlBahrani, Salma; Medicine, School of Medicine
Background: The 2022 Monkeypox virus (Mpox) outbreak had involved multiple countries around the globe. Here, we report clinical features and outcome of human Mpox of the first cases in Saudi Arabia. Methods: We obtained records of confirmed Mpox cases in Saudi Arabia from the public electronic health information system, Health Electronic Surveillance Network (HESN) and the healthcare providers completed a de-identified structured clinical data collection form. Results: The reported seven cases were travel-related and all were males between 24 and 41 years of age (mean age + SD) was 30.14 (+ 6.69) years. Of the cases, three (43 %) had heterosexual contact and the others had other intimate encounters while traveling abroad. They presented with skin lesions (100 %), fever (86 %), and lymphadenopathy (71 %). The illness was mild to moderate, did not require antiviral medications, and lasted 7-15 days. The mean duration of skin rash (+ SD) was 10 (+ 2.68) days. Routine laboratory tests (CBC, BUN, serum electrolytes, and liver enzymes) were within normal limits, and initial screening for HIV was negative. Expanded contact tracing did not reveal secondary cases of Mpox in the community or the healthcare setting. Conclusion: The current study showed heterosexual transmission of Mpox and the clinical course was mild and non-complicated. Therefore, clinicians and public health professionals should consider Mpox among individuals presenting with skin rash especially in the context of the investigation of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Clinical Features and Outcome of Low and High Corticosteroids in Admitted COVID-19 Patients
(Atlantis Press, 2021-09) AlBahrani, Salma; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Jebakumar, Arulanantham Zachariah; Alghamdi, Mohammed; Zakary, Nawaf; Seria, Mariam; Alrowis, Abdulrahman; Medicine, School of Medicine
Introduction: There is no specific anti-viral therapies for 2019 Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) infection. Here, we compared patients receiving steroids at different dosages versus no steroids in severe and critical COVID-19 patients. Methods: We retrospectively studied COVID-19 patients who received low-dose or high-dose corticosteroid therapy...
Clinical Presentation and Outcome of Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in the First and Second Waves in Saudi Arabia
(Elsevier, 2022-05) AlBahrani, Salma; AlAhmadi, Nayef; Hamdan, Safa; Elsheikh , Noura; Osman, Assim; Almuthen , Sharifah; Almajed , Ghadeer N.; Alkhuraim , Arwa H.; Jebakumar, Arulanantham Zechariah; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Medicine, School of Medicine
Introduction The world had witnessed the occurrence of multiple waves of the SARS-CoV-2. Data comparing the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia during the first and second waves are lacking. This study compares the characteristics and the outcomes of patients in these 2 waves. Methods This is a retrospective case series of hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2. We compared epidemiological, demographic, laboratory, and clinical data. Results The study included hospitalized patients admitted up to February 28, 2021 as the first wave and those admitted from March 1, 2021 as the second wave. There were 378 patients in the first wave and 241 patients in the second wave. Patients in the first wave were significantly younger (mean age and SD of 47.5 ± 20 vs 55.3 ± 18.2 years; p <0.001). In relation to symptoms, shortness of breath, wheezes, myalgia, tachypnea, and respiratory distress were significantly more common in the second wave than the first wave. On the other hand, sore throat was more common in the first wave than the second wave. Patients in the second wave had higher mean values of lymphocytes count, platelet counts, and ALT than those in the first wave. Patients in the first wave were more likely to receive antibiotics and antiviral therapy and had higher death rate (16.2% vs 8.4%; p = 0.001). Conclusion The study showed that patients in the second wave were younger and had a lower rate of death than the first wave.
COVID-19 and mucormycosis superinfection: the perfect storm
(Springer, 2021-07) Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Alhumaid, Saad; Alshukairi, Alshukairi; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Barry, Mazin; Al Mutair, Abbas; Rabaan, Ali A.; Al-Omari, Awadh; Tirupathi, Raghavendra; AlQahtani, Manaf; AlBahrani, Salma; Dhama, Kuldeep; Medicine, School of Medicine
Background The recent emergence of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) disease had been associated with reports of fungal infections such as aspergillosis and mucormycosis especially among critically ill patients treated with steroids. The recent surge in cases of COVID-19 in India during the second wave of the pandemic had been associated with increased reporting of invasive mucormycosis post COVID-19. There are multiple case reports and case series describing mucormycosis in COVID-19. Purpose In this review, we included most recent reported case reports and case-series of mucormycosis among patients with COVID-19 and describe the clinical features and outcome. Results Many of the mucormycosis reports were eported from India, especially in COVID-19 patients who were treated and recovered patients. The most commonly reported infection sites were rhino-orbital/rhino-cerebral mucormycosis. Those patients were diabetic and had corticosteroids therapy for controlling the severity of COVID-19, leading to a higher fatality in such cases and complicating the pandemic scenario. The triad of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), corticosteroid use and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus have been evident for significant increase in the incidence of angioinvasive maxillofacial mucormycosis. In addition, the presence of spores and other factors might play a role as well. Conclusion With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and increasing number of critically ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, it is important to develop a risk-based approach for patients at risk of mucormycosis based on the epidemiological burden of mucormycosis, prevalence of diabetes mellitus, COVID-19 disease severity and use of immune modulating agents including the combined use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents in patients with cancer and transplants.
COVID-19 vaccine had a significant positive impact on patients with SARS-COV-2 during the third (Omicron) wave in Saudi Arabia
(Elsevier, 2022) AlBahrani, Salma; AlBarrak, Ali; Al-Musawi, Tariq; AlGubaisi, Nawal Ali; Almalki, Maram; Hakami, Fatimah H.; Alghamdi, Turki; AlBeiuruti, Zena; Alkhrashi, Sausan; Almershad, Meshael; Alzahrani, Samira; AlQuraiaan, Amerah; AlTourifi, Helmy; Jebakumar, Arulanantham Zechariah; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Medicine, School of Medicine
Introduction: The third (Omicron) wave had caused significant increase in the number of COVID-19 cases around the globe. The severity of the disease dependeds on the extent of the vaccination status. Methods: This is a retrospective study of infected COVID-19 patients during the third (Omicron) wave in a hospital in Saudi Arabia. Results: A total of 400 patients were included with 220 (55 %) males and 180 (45 %) females, and a mean age (+/- SD) of 36.34 + 16.47 years. The most common presenting symptoms were: sore throat 159 (39.8 %), cough 158 (39.5 %), fever 132 (33 %), headache 122 (30.5 %), and muscle ache 124 (31%). There was no difference in underlying conditions, signs and symptoms between males and females apart from the occurrence of sore throat with an OR of 2.014 (95 % CI: 1.103-3.677, P = 0.023) and need of hospitalization OR 2.457 (95 % CI: 1.168-5.167, P value =.018) in a binary logistic regression comparison. The need for hospitalization was inversely related to the number of COVID-19 vaccination doses. The rate of admission was 8 (72.7 %), 34 (12 %), 4 (5.4 %) for one, two, and three doses of COVID-19 vaccine, respectively (P < 0.0001). Of all the patients, 14 (3.5 %) and 8 (2 %) required intensive care (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation, respectively. The median Ct-value of SARS-CoV-2 was higher in those who had 2 or 3 doses compared to those who had one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. None of the included patients died during the study period. Conclusion: Omicron variant symptoms among infected patients are generally milder compared to other variants. Prior COVID-19 vaccination may limit disease severity and need for hospitalization.
Dynamic Patterns and Predominance of Respiratory Pathogens Post-COVID-19: Insights from a Two-Year Analysis
(Springer, 2024) AlBahrani, Salma; AlZahrani, Samira Jamaan; Al-Maqati, Thekra N.; Almehbash, Atheer; Alshammari, Anfal; Bujlai, Refan; Ba Taweel, Sarah; Almasabi, Fares; AlAmari, Abdullah; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Medicine, School of Medicine
Introduction: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) stand out as the most frequent causes leading to visits to the emergency department and hospitalizations. This study aims to assess the types and prevalence of respiratory infections across two years following the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Patients presenting with an influenza-like illness (ILI) were tested using multiplex RT-PCR (QIAstat-Dx, Qiagen). The multiplexed RT- PCR test detects 21 respiratory viruses and bacteria. Results: During the study period, PCR test was done on a total of 1,790 samples were tested, and 712 (40%) were positive for a total of 796 pathogens. The mean age (± SD) of the participants was 20.1 ± 28.4 years in 2022 and 21.9 ± 27.6 years in 2023. Among the detected pathogens, the most prevalent were Rhinovirus/Enterovirus 222 (12.4%), followed by RSV A&B (103 cases, 5.7%), and H1N1 Influenza (77 cases, 4.3%). Additionally, Influenza A/B constituted 172 (9.6%) while parainfluenza constituted (58, 3.2%). SARS-CoV-2 was identified in 3.97% of the samples. Over the two-year period, the monthly pattern of the identified pathogens exhibited fluctuations in the prevalence. Furthermore, variations were observed in the detected pathogens across different age groups. Conclusion: In addition to adding significant knowledge to the field of respiratory viral infections, this study emphasizes the necessity of ongoing research and surveillance for the detection and characterization of respiratory viruses, particularly those with the potential for emergence. Such studies would also require setting up a strategy for genotyping and/or sequencing of viruses.
Initial viral cycle threshold values in patients with COVID-19 and their clinical significance
(BMC, 2022-06-28) AlBahrani, Salma; Alghamdi, Mohammed; Zakary, Nawaf; Jebakumar, Arulanantham Zechariah; AlZahrani, Samirah Jamaan; ElGezery, Mohamed Hany; Abdallah, Khaled Omar; Al‑Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Medicine, School of Medicine
Background: The connection between initial viral cycle threshold (Ct) values of the SARS-CoV-2 with symptoms and hospital course is not clearly studied. Methods: This is a retrospective study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients from Jun 1st 2020 to March 30th, 2021 examining the relationship between initial viral cycle threshold (Ct) values of SARS-CoV-2 as obtained from nasopharyngeal samples. The clinical presentations and outcomes were analyzed in relation to the initial Ct values. Results: The study included 202 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with a mean age (± SD) of 54.75 (± 15.93) and 123 (60.9%) males and 79 (39.1%) females. Of all the patients, the most frequent comorbidity was diabetes mellitus (95; 47%) and the most frequent symptoms were fever (148; 73.3%) and cough (141; 69.8%). There was no significant difference in relation to underlying conditions, clinical presentation, radiographic and laboratory data among those with low, medium and high Ct values. The mean Ct values showed no statistical change over the 10-month study period. Conclusions: Initial SARS-CoV-2 Ct values did not show any association with clinical symptoms and did not predict the need for mechanical intubation or death.
Multicomponent Approaches to Reduce Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Critical Care: Determining the Ideal Strategy
(Springer, 2024) AlBahrani, Salma; Saad, Mustafa; Alqahtani, Jaber S.; Almoosa, Zainab; Alabdulla, Mohammed; Algezery, Mohammed; AlShehri, Sondos; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Medicine, School of Medicine
Although there is ample proof of the advantages of infection prevention and Control (IPC) in acute-care hospitals, there is still some questions about the efficacy of IPC interventions for multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), and there is a need for the development of evidence-based practices. No healthcare facility has found a single effective technique to reduce MDRO. However, a multicomponent intervention that included improved barrier protection, chlorhexidine bathing, microbiological monitoring, and staff involvement significantly decreased the likelihood of infection in the patient surroundings with multidrug-resistant organisms. A practical strategy suited to reducing the burden of MDROs and their transmission potential in the critical care unit must be established in light of the global development of AMR. In this review, we summarize key findings of a multicomponent approaches to reduce MDROs in critical care units.

Browsing by Author "AlBahrani, Salma"

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