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Computer Automated Detection of Head Orientation for Prevention of Wrong-Side Treatment Errors
(American Medical Informatics Association, 2006) Christensen, James D.; Hutchins, Gary C.; McDonald, Clement J.; Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine
A medical error can occur when a patient is positioned in a medical imaging device such as an MRI scanner if information regarding their orientation is improperly entered into the device control software. If such an error is not detected and corrected, the erroneous orientation data will be stored in the image header information and will propagate with the images throughout the medical enterprise. Presented here is a fully automated algorithm for computing patient head orientation from the image data and detecting errors in image orientation labeling. This will enable errors in orientation labeling to be corrected at their source when they occur, thus preventing later medical treatment errors related to laterality.
A 4.3 kb Smad7 promoter is able to specify gene expression during mouse development
(Elsevier, 2007) Liu, Xubao; Chen, Qian; Kuang, Chenzhong; Zhang, Meiyu; Ruan, Yiwen; Xu, Zao C.; Wang, Zhenzhen; Chen, Yan; Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine
Members of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily play important roles in diverse biological functions including early development. These extracellular factors exert their effects by interacting with membrane receptors followed by signal transduction by a group of Smad proteins. Smad7 is an inhibitory Smad protein that specifically antagonizes TGF-beta and activin signaling. To characterize the developmental role of Smad7, a transgenic mouse model was generated using a 4.3 kb mouse Smad7 promoter driving beta-galactosidase expression. In these mice, the Smad7 promoter defined a restrictive expression pattern of beta-galactosidase in a tightly regulated temporal and spatial manner. The beta-galactosidase gene was transiently expressed in the cardiovascular structures including heart cushion tissues and the endothelium of major arteries at E11.5 to E12.5. Through E12.5 to E17.5, beta-galactosidase expression was prominently detected in the epithelium of developing cochlea and nasolacrimal duct. In addition, it was temporally expressed in trigeminal ganglion, the skeletal muscles surrounding major joints, primordium of the jaws, as well as genital tubercle. These studies indicated that the 4.3 kb Smad7 promoter contains sufficient regulatory elements to define controlled gene expression during mouse development.
Different ionic conditions prompt NHE2 and NHE3 translocation to the plasma membrane
(Elsevier, 2007) Gens, J. Scott; Dou, Hongwei; Tackett, Lixuan; Kong, Shen-Shen; Chu, Shaoyou; Montrose, Marshall H.; Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine
We tested whether NHE3 and NHE2 Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoforms were recruited to the plasma membrane (PM) in response to changes in ion homeostasis. NHE2-CFP or NHE3-CFP fusion proteins were functional Na(+)/H(+) exchangers when transiently expressed in NHE-deficient PS120 fibroblasts. Confocal morphometry of cells whose PM was labeled with FM4-64 measured the fractional amount of fusion protein at the cell surface. In resting cells, 10-20% of CFP fluorescence was at PM and stable over time. A protocol commonly used to activate the Na(+)/H(+) exchange function (NH(4)-prepulse acid load sustained in Na(+)-free medium), increased PM percentages of PM NHE3-CFP and NHE2-CFP. Separation of cellular acidification from Na(+) removal revealed that only NHE3-CFP translocated when medium Na(+) was removed, and only NHE2-CFP translocated when the cell was acidified. NHE2/NHE3 chimeric proteins demonstrate that the Na(+)-removal response element resides predominantly in the NHE3 cytoplasmic tail and is distinct from the acidification response sequence of NHE2.
Mitochondrial Protein Import and Human Health and Disease
(Elsevier, 2007) MacKenzie, James A.; Payne, R. Mark; Pediatrics, School of Medicine
The targeting and assembly of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins are essential processes because the energy supply of humans is dependent upon the proper functioning of mitochondria. Defective import of mitochondrial proteins can arise from mutations in the targeting signals within precursor proteins, from mutations that disrupt the proper functioning of the import machinery, or from deficiencies in the chaperones involved in the proper folding and assembly of proteins once they are imported. Defects in these steps of import have been shown to lead to oxidative stress, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders. In addition, protein import into mitochondria has been found to be a dynamically regulated process that varies in response to conditions such as oxidative stress, aging, drug treatment, and exercise. This review focuses on how mitochondrial protein import affects human health and disease.
Using Arden Syntax and Adaptive Turnaround Documents to Evaluate Clinical Guidelines
(American Medical Informatics Association, 2006) Downs, Stephen M.; Biondich, Paul G.; Anand, Vibha; Zore, Meaghan; Carroll, Aaron E.; Pediatrics, School of Medicine
Clinical guidelines translate complex research findings and expert opinion into actionable recommendations. However, the effectiveness of even evidence-based guidelines is rarely tested as a whole in a real clinical environment. We have developed a decision support system for implementing clinical guidelines in a busy pediatric practice. We have added to this system the ability to randomize patients to receive care with or without system support of the guideline or guideline components. The randomization is part of the Arden Syntax that implements the system logic. The result is a relatively effortless process for testing guidelines, as they are implemented, to assure that they are effective. We describe the system and the process by which this guideline evaluation functionality was built in, using two guidelines (asthma management and maternal depression screening) both of which have been applied to thousands of patients to date.