The Index of Global Philanthropy 2008 The Index of Global Philanthropy 2008 03 Director’s Message 04 Global Philanthropy: Reinventing Assistance 14 Trends in Total Government Aid to Developing Countries 17 U.S. Government Aid to Developing Countries 17 U.S. Total Economic Engagement with Developing Countries 19 All Donors’ Assistance to Developing Countries 22 U.S. International Giving: Private Aid at Work 23 Focusing Their Efforts: Foundations 26 Creating Partnerships That Work: Corporations 30 Grass Roots Action: PVOs and Volunteerism 37 Making a Better Future: Universities and Colleges 40 Mission to Do Good: Religious Organizations 46 International Private Giving: A World of Generosity 51 Stories of Success and Hope 60 Global Remittances: Sending Money Home 68 Measuring International Giving: Methodology and Sources 74 Endnotes 76 Center for Global Prosperity Staff CONTENTS “Philanthropy shouldn’t be defined as a bunch of rich people writing big checks. Small amounts of money given by large numbers of individuals can be combined to do great things.” — Je a n C a s e , C a s e Fo u n d a t i o n The Index of Global Philanthropy 1 Hudson Institute Center for Global Prosperity The Center for Global Prosperity (cgp) provides a platform—through conferences, discussions, publications, and media appearances—to create awareness among U.S. and international opinion leaders, as well as the general public, about the central role of the private sector, both for-profit and not-for-profit, in the creation of economic growth and prosperity in the developing world. The cgp ’s core product is the annual Index of Global Philanthropy, which details the sources and magnitude of private giving to the developing world. The Index reframes the discussion about the roles of the public and private sectors in foreign aid by showing that the full scale of a country’s generosity is measured not just by government aid, but by private giving as well. The cgp supports free societies, including capital markets, rule of law, government transparency, free trade and press, human rights, and private property—prerequisites for economic health and well-being. Publisher Hudson Institute Director Dr. Carol C. Adelman Editor Darrell Delamaide Senior Analysts Jeremiah Norris Dr. Judith Siegel Programs Manager Samantha Grayson Research Assistant Catherine M. Fisher Design and Art Direction David Herbick Design Pa r t n e r s & S u p p o r t e r s Interns Achelis Foundation Australian Centre for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Studies Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation David John Baker Ingrid Bjerke Taylor Bolz Cafer Orman The Case Foundation Adrienne Tygenhof Centre d’Étude et de Récherche sur la Philanthropie Kevin Waskelis Charities Aid Foundation The CHEAR Foundation Chevron Corporation Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy Merck & Co. Foundation Center Institute of International Education John Templeton Foundation Partnership for Quality Medical Donations University of Notre Dame The Urban Institute Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy Western Union Foundation Advisory Board 2 Center for Global Prosperity Dr. Peter Ackerman Alain Madelin Dr. George B.N Ayittey Dr. Allan H. Meltzer Dr. Arthur Brooks Dr. Susan Raymond Ernest Darkoh, M.D. Dr. Michael P. Ryan Hudson Institute 1015 15th Street, NW Sixth Floor Washington, DC 20005 Dr. William Easterly Ruth Wedgwood, J.D. Phone: 202- 974-2400 Mary Jo Jacobi-Jephson Rosa Whitaker Fax: 202- 974-2410 Mamadou Koulibaly Amb. Richard Williamson www.global-prosperity.org Dr. Deepak Lal Amb. R. James Woolsey Publication ISBN: 1-55813-155-8 The Index of Global Philanthropy DIRECTOR’S WELCOME T his year’s Index of Global Philanthropy chronicles the remarkable new players in global philanthropy who found remarkably new ways to help the world’s poor. The traditional “donor-to-recipient” model of foreign aid has been supplemented, if not supplanted, by publicprivate partnerships. The roles played by business, governments, charities, and workers sending back remittances have changed. It’s an exciting time for philanthropy, as we spell out in our overview of global philanthropy on page 4. Among the highlights in this, our third annual Index, are: � � � � Private giving and investment continue to grow, now accounting for over 75 percent of donor countries’ entire economic dealings with developing nations; Government aid—official “foreign aid”—is a minority shareholder in the growth and development of poor countries; In the U.S., private philanthropy, along with remittances, to developing nations constitutes four and onehalf times our official aid abroad; and, consequently, The savviest government aid agencies are rapidly changing their business model to leverage official aid with activities launched and run by private businesses, foundations, charities, religious groups, and universities. The new form of helping has been dubbed “social entrepreneurship,” “venture philanthropy,” or “creative capitalism.” By whatever name, it’s a new business model. In our discussions of U.S. and other donor international giving, we show successful ventures by the Acumen Fund, Ashoka Fellows, Tools for Self Reliance, Merck, Intel, and the finest business schools, responding to local initiatives abroad with programs which demand transparency and accountability. They’re thus more likely to have lasting results. We also feature official aid agencies partnering with Motorola, Novartis, the International Youth Foundation, Unite for Sight, and Rochester Institute of Technology on successful development projects. Traditional philanthropies here and abroad—such as the Aga Khan and Kellogg foundations, Nepal Leprosy Trust, and Heifer International—continue their good work, as discussed herein. But this year’s Index features some new and unexpected players in the foundation world—including, fittingly, the famed Inter Milan Italian soccer team, which has provided soccer training, education and health care to over 12,000 children in 17 countries. The Western Union Foundation is helping migrants and their families back home with scholarships and humanitarian aid. All four Index highlights follow the trends we detected in our previous two Indexes. However, this Index breaks new ground by having commissioned the first nationwide survey of religious giving to help poor nations abroad. We document a phenomenal $8.8 billion in disaster and development assistance abroad from religious congregations in the United States. These are wonderful stories to tell: a small Madison, Wisconsin church, Christ Presbyterian, partnering with World Vision to give the children in Rwanda educational opportunities. Or a sophisticated group, the National Christian Foundation, giving advice to local churches on how to make Sunday donations more effective in overseas programs. Beyond the philanthropy of businesses, charities, foundations, and religious groups have sprung new ways of reducing poverty abroad. These include Fairtrade movements and cause-related marketing. Internet giving is skyrocketing, as e-philanthropy allows generous Americans, Europeans and Asians to provide fast, efficient, targeted, hands-on loans and grants to poor people overseas. Social networking sites like Facebook have entered the field. The I Do Foundation allows couples to select their wedding registry with vendors who will donate a percent of expenditures on gifts to charities of their choice. These and more touching, amazing stories fill this Index with descriptions of successful philanthropy programs abroad, and fill our hearts with hope of a more effective, sustainable way to help the world’s poor end their dire plight. Dr. Carol C. Adelman Director, Center for Global Prosperity Hudson Institute The Index of Global Philanthropy 3 An Apple store employee pushes a cart of (Product) Red iPod nanos, which went on sale October 2007. Apple donates $10 from the sale of each of the red music players to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS. GLOBAL PHILANTHROPY Reinventing Assistance Global philanthropy is becoming a truly worldwide phenomenon. Over the last two decades, the United States and Europe have led the dramatic growth in philanthropy and remittances to developing countries. In the U.S., twenty-one donors gave $100 million or more in 2006, according to the Chronicle of Philanthropy. To be on the Top 50 list of donors in 2000, you had to give a minimum gift of $16.8 million. Today, that takes $38.4 million. The rise of new wealth in Britain has led to a surge in giving there as well, up 9 percent since 2005. London, now hailed as “Switzerland-on-Thames,” has seen a rise in younger entrepreneurs, hedge fund managers, and private investors donating to charities in record amounts or even creating their own foundations. These philanthropists are now being joined by wealthy entrepreneurs in emerging economies such as Russia, China, Brazil and India. The emergence of philanthropists in developing economies is only beginning, but 4 The Index of Global Philanthropy The Index of Global Philanthropy 5 the precedents are impressive. The Tata family has long been a philanthropic beacon in India as has the Hariri family in Lebanon. Carlos Slim Helú in Mexico, Lee Kun Hee in Asia, Petr Kellner in the Czech Republic, Miloud Chaabi in Morocco, and Patrice Motsepe and Tokyo Sexwale in South Africa exemplify this new wave of philanthropists. Local businesses in emerging countries are also creating formal philanthropic initiatives, both in their own countries and other developing country markets. AngloGold Ashanti in South Africa, Ayala Corporation in the Philippines, Eskom Holdings in Zambia, and Fundación Telefónica in Argentina have vibrant economic and social development programs. Community foundations continue to grow in developing countries as high net worth individuals along with an expanding middle class begin to fund home-grown philanthropy in some of the poorest countries around the world. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP Whatever it is called—social entrepreneurship, philanthrocapitalism, venture philanthropy, or the latest label by Bill Gates, creative capitalism—the lines between business and philanthropy continue to blur. This trend in philanthropy has been dubbed the “double bottom line,” or making money and helping a charitable cause at the same time. The concept is not entirely new, as foundations such as Ford and MacArthur have used a financing tool called “programrelated investing” or pri . This is where a foundation either loans or invests in a project that has mainly a charitable purpose, such as a health clinic or housing in a low-income neighborhood. The money, loaned at below-market rates, is then paid back to the foundation. In the international arena, nonprofits have used the pri tool to bring microcredit to poor people throughout the world. Jeffrey Skoll, former president of eBay, supports social entrepreneurship through the Skoll Foundation. He helped fund the nonprofit Kickstart, featured in our first annual Index of Global Philanthropy in 2006. Kickstart manufactures low-cost water irrigation equipment in East Africa and has increased agricultural production, created jobs and generated over $66 million in new profits and wages each year from the businesses it has created. This year’s Index features exciting examples of social entrepreneurship, including the Ashoka Fellows program and business ventures being 6 The Index of Global Philanthropy Whatever it is called —social entrepreneurship, philanthro-capitalism, venture philanthropy, or the latest label by Bill Gates, creative captalism— the lines between business and philanthropy continue to blur. financed by the nonprofit Acumen fund as well as by new nonprofit ventures in business schools across America. All over the globe, banks, investment firms, and food, pharmaceutical, and insurance companies are reinventing corporate social responsibility. Companies are allowing employees to volunteer for their favorite causes and are developing products that can be sold at low cost to new customers at the promising “bottom of the pyramid,” as C.K. Prahalad refers to the emerging markets in poor communities abroad. Businesses are turning more and more to cause-related marketing (crm), where a company donates a percentage of its profits to charity. Lead U2 singer, Bono, started one of the most well-known campaigns, (Product) Red, which raises money for the Global Fund to Fight aids, Tuberculosis, and Malaria through sales from major U.S. companies such as Gap, Motorola, and Apple. (Product) Red says it has raised $57 million since 2006, part of a total estimated $1.5 billion per year raised by corporate crm campaigns. Even travel agencies have jumped on the bandwagon with philanthropic voyages to Africa and Asia, where vacationers go to game parks and stay in luxury hotels while also visiting charitable projects and sometimes doing volunteer community work for clinics and orphanages. Enterprising nonprofits are participating in these tours to take travelers to their own favorite projects, in the hope that they can raise money from these peripatetic philanthropists. T E C H N O L O G Y R E VO LU T I O N The explosion of technology, through the Internet and mobile phones, is another important trend transforming global philanthropy. Bringing the problems and images of the developing world directly to computer screens in the developed world has raised awareness of the plight of the poor and inspired new giving from all income levels. The Internet has lowered the cost, increased the speed, and improved the transparency of charitable donations. GlobalGiving.org, one of the earliest and most successful Internet philanthropies, founded by former World Bank employee Dennis Whittle, charges a low 10 percent transaction cost to funnel donations to overseas projects. Kiva.org, the microfinance online lending philanthropy, asks donors for a voluntary 10 percent contribution to operating costs. While e-philanthropy is not a new phenomenon, its sweeping scope is only now being fully understood. As social networking Web sites create a kind of viral diffusion through frequent and rapid communications among thousands of individuals, philanthropy is being democratized and attracting more and more donors. These “ordinary Oprahs” as Whittle calls them, can make small gifts directly to an individual or nonprofit thousands of miles away with the click of a mouse. See “E-Philanthropy: Charity Begins at Home, Online” on page 8 for a discussion of some of the newest online giving groups today. A group of orphans at Hope Haven in Xianyang prepare to go out for a walk in newly donated winter clothes. Caring for China runs adoption services for children with disabilities. Jean Case, who founded the Case Foundation with her husband, the former head of America Online, Steve Case, puts it best: “Philanthropy shouldn’t be defined as a bunch of rich people writing big checks. Small amounts of money given by large numbers of individuals can be combined to do great things.” Case was promoting America’s Giving Challenge, which the Case Foundation was launching in December 2007 along with Parade Magazine, Network for Good, and GlobalGiving. This contest had charities competing for the most number of innovative donations to win a $50,000 grant. Hundreds of charities are listed on the Web site, ranging from help for aids patients to providing bed nets for preventing malaria, along with U.S. domestic The Index of Global Philanthropy 7 E-Philanthropy: Charity Begins at Home, Online Technological advances have transformed ization. This proves a cost-effective way Part of the allure of giving online is the way we live and now they are changing to fundraise, cutting overheads to a mini- the simplicity and transparency of the the way we give. Use of the Internet as a giv- mum. By August 2007, five months after its transactions. Kiva embodies both of these ing medium, for instance, is supplementing launch, this one application had attracted traits. Founded in 2005, the organization traditional methods of philanthropy, giv- more that 2.5 million Facebook users, rais- allows small businesses registered with ing a new twist to the saying that charity ing more than $300,000 for nonprofits or local microfinance institutions to post pro- begins at home—for the latest generation, politicians.4 Among the nonprofits with files on its Web site. Lenders can browse it actually begins online. online profiles are recognizable names through the profiles and choose an entre- The Web has brought philanthropy to such as the Save Darfur Coalition, Habitat preneur to invest in. As of February 2008, the doorsteps of millions of young people for Humanity and Amnesty International. a total of $21,694,710 was committed in around the globe. Social networking sites Facebook is not alone in this revolution. 32,824 loans to businesses, with a repay- such as Facebook—the site that lets users Other social networking sites, MySpace open a home page to their friends and build and Change.org, have similar initiatives. Dora Agho,a 70-year-old Nigerian widow communities—offer an appealing platform with seven children, owns one such busi- to younger donors to be part of a giving com- ness—Dora Beads and Cloths.The $400 loan munity.The Internet also gives donors ulti- that she has received through a local micro- mate control over where their philanthrop- finance institution, Lift Above Poverty Orga- ic dollars are spent. Kiva, an online platform nization, will go to buy more beads and for making small loans, connects would-be cloths to sell.Without Sissel from Oslo, Fred lenders directly with entrepreneurs from from Virginia and Anna from New York— developing countries around the globe who three of Dora’s 14 lenders—she might not are seeking microfinance. Second Life, have been able to get the loan. Local micro- which consists of a virtual world populat- finance institutions are often low on funds.6 ed by avatars of users who create a paral- Like the social networking sites, Sec- lel life for themselves, goes one step further ond Life, a virtual world, provides charities and enables nonprofits to hold virtual fundraisers that raise real money, or use it Lenders finance Dora Agho’s bead and cloth business online. as a platform to educate people about their cause and their work. 8 ment rate of 99.86 percent.5 and other nonprofit organizations the opportunity to raise both funds and awareness while tapping into a previously elusive While relatively little money has been raised demography. The MacArthur Foundation, According to the Chronicle of Philan- through these sites, their “viral”-like qual- for example, has given the University of thropy, online giving is booming. Online ities make them an ideal platform for rais- Southern California’s Center on Public gifts made to 187 of some of the largest U.S. ing the profile of nonprofits.Additionally, this Diplomacy a $555,000 grant to hold events charities totaled $1.2 billion in 2006. This “armchair giving” can be done at a click of in Second Life, including virtual discussions is a 37 percent increase in Internet giving a mouse,while alerting the user’s friends how on how foundations can address issues like to the same nonprofits from 2005.1 much and to whom he or she has given. migration, human rights and education.7 With more than 64 million users world- Facebook’s Causes was recently Other U.S. charities are also participating in wide,2 many of whom are under the age of involved in the Causes Giving Challenge, the virtual world. The American Cancer 25,3 Facebook is a vast network of poten- held in conjunction with America’s Giving Society held a virtual Relay for Life which had tial young philanthropists. This potential is Challenge, in a partnership with the Case raised over $82,000 by November 2007.8 already being tapped into. The “Causes” Foundation, Parade Magazine, Network for While the wider field of philanthropy has application on Facebook allows users to Good and GlobalGiving.The purpose of the been revolutionized by the billions donated recruit their online friends to their favorite challenges was to highlight and promote the by the likes of Bill and Melinda Gates or nonprofits or causes—or better still, actu- use of innovative technologies to facilitate Warren Buffett, the Internet is giving a bil- ally raise funds. Similarly, nonprofits can cre- charitable giving.The Case Foundation is giv- lion other people the chance to give direct ate their own causes on the network, ing $750,000 to the charities that received philanthropy a try from the comfort of their encouraging users to donate to the organ- the most individual online donations. own home. The Index of Global Philanthropy — DAV I D J O H N BA K E R As social networking Web sites create a kind of viral diffusion through frequent and rapid communications among thousands of individuals, philanthropy is being democratized and attracting more and more donors. causes. While less than 400 charities with international causes were listed as compared to 1.5 million domestic organizations, an estimated 28 percent of total funds raised were for these international causes. The Case Foundation also joined with Facebook to create the Causes Giving Challenge, yet another online charitable giving opportunity. Online giving can be characterized between 20002004 as a Cambrian explosion of ideas and experiments, with many failures. Now there is a group left standing, from some of the pioneers such as eBay auctions for nonprofits and GlobalGiving, to newer groups, some of which are identifying projects for online giving and others with links to philanthropy blogs and sites. These include Kiva, ModestNeeds, UniversalGiving, GiveMeaning, IDoFoundation, ChangeforGoodNetwork, FreeRice, Sixdegrees, DonorsChoose, Party4APurpose, Network forGood, iGive.com, DoSomething, OxfamUnwrapped, MicroPlace, Razoo, and Witness, a unique human rights online organization that posts videos of human rights crimes to expose violaters and hold them accountable. Even the social networking sites are leveraging philanthropy. The e-philanthropy story (opposite) describes some of the most dynamic and fast-growing online social networking organizations, some of which are already producing a generation of young philanthropists—Second Life, Facebook, MySpace, and Change.Org. These sites are even breathing new life into traditional charities. The Salvation Army has a MySpace profile, and the American Cancer Society is featured on SecondLife. There is even a social networking site for Americans over age 50 called Eons, where volunteerism and social causes are among the leading topics. While the jury is still out on how effective these organizations will be in contributing to global philanthropy, the potential is clearly there. Tom Watson, a founder of Changing Our World, Inc., a national philanthropic services company, talks about how these social networks, though still in their infancy, are encouraging new giving models and emotionally connecting and inspiring individuals to what he calls “everyday philanthropy.” Reflecting on past attention to the big gifts by philanthropists that made headlines, he notes: “The mega-gifts were counted—the small kindnesses slipped by.” The “Facebook Generation,” he predicts, through its circles of commitment, communication and connection, will allow individuals their moments of recognition and will link givers to causes in unprecedented ways and amounts.1 AC C O U N TA B I L I T Y A N D R E S U LT S The new global philanthropy is coming at a time of increased scrutiny and criticism of traditional government foreign aid programs. There is widespread agreement that the government foreign aid mode—top-down, central planning—has failed. Development funds have generally been concentrated in the hands of a few large contractors with high overheads who are incentivized by lasting contracts, not by building lasting institutions and capabilities in poor countries. The help Commission, a bipartisan congressional commission to reform foreign aid, revealed that two all-purpose consulting firms in the Washington area received almost $810 million out of usaid’s $2.2 billion in contracts in FY 2005.2 The share of usaid contracts awarded to the top five contractors rose from 33 percent in 1996 to 58 percent in 2005. See “A New Window Opens Up on Aid Efficiency” on page 11 for a discussion of the high transaction costs and inefficiencies of government aid. In February 2007, the Canadian Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade conducted a study of its foreign aid program to Africa and concluded that, after 40 years and over $12 billion, its government aid program had failed to make a significant difference in Africa. The ineffectiveness and overly bureaucratic nature of the program was to blame, along with ineffective governments and leadership in African countries themselves. In January 2008, The Wall Street Journal exposed massive corruption in four World Bank health projects in India, complete with photos of hazardous laboratories and sewage flowing into hospitals. A World Bank evaluation unit found that eight out of every 10 dollars in one project were spent in The Index of Global Philanthropy 9 ORPER, a local NGO outside Kinshasa, Congo, brings children displaced by war or poverty to a summer camp where they can relax, eat three meals a day, and, here, go swimming and playing in the river. “questionable procurement practices,” indicating fraud and corruption. Previous World Bank evaluations of these projects had overlooked the problems in some $560 million worth of loans in India. An account by one American woman who tried to work with a usaid contractor in Afghanistan tells it all. Sara Chayes, writing in the December 2007 issue of Atlantic Monthly, recounts how she started a cooperative with Afghan leadership that is now successfully selling scented soaps through high-end stores in major cities of the world. Her unsuccessful first attempt to get a small grant of $50,000 from a usaid contractor that had been awarded a $119 million contract in Afghanistan is not uncommon in government aid programs. usaid was paying the contractor some 10 The Index of Global Philanthropy $500,000 for each employee stationed in Afghanistan. Instead, Chayes organized U.S. volunteers and got grants from private foundations and other donors, and the cooperative is now making ends meet and selling soap throughout the world. In order to help people in sustainable ways, foreign aid needs a completely new business model. This new paradigm should be grounded in what William Easterly calls an “opportunistic innovation” model that looks for targets of opportunity, not long-range rigid goals set by donor agencies. The Index of Global Philanthropy highlights examples of such successful private philanthropic projects and public-private partnerships where government has successfully linked its funds with private projects. These projects succeed because they respond to local initiatives, require co-financing as a measure of commitment, involve peer-to-peer relationships through U.S. professional associations and volunteers, and build local institutions and capabilities. This model has already been proven in countless public-private partnerships where government aid, now the minority partner in the development world in terms of financial flows, links its funds A New Window Opens Up on Aid Efficiency More than a hundred donor and develop- economist Gebreselassie Tesfamichael committee conducting the hearing con- ing countries in 2005 adopted an ambi- was aware of this problem when dealing with cluded that “USAID’s approach had been tious declaration to increase aid effec- aid agencies and NGOs in Eritrea in the talking about the malaria program—not tiveness. The Paris Declaration on Aid early 1990s. He saw that what was deliv- investing in results.”8 Effectiveness aims to promote more ered to actual people on the ground was, The hearing gave Sen. Coburn, a med- mature partnerships between donors and as he called it “a shockingly paltry amount.” ical doctor, the idea to have the govern- partner countries with 12 indicators devel- So, he requested that at least 90 cents on ment sponsor a transparent Web site, com- oped by the World Bank in its Comprehen- the dollar should reach its intended ben- plete with a search engine, in which all sive Development Framework (CDF). Two eficiary.3 federal contracts had to be posted. of these are especially important in meas- Already in 2001, Congressman Jim In April 2006, he introduced legisla- uring the effectiveness of aid. One, listed McDermott, a Democrat from the state of tion to give the public easy access to all gov- under the concept of Ownership, is for Washington, had assigned his staff to find ernment contract awards.The Federal Fund- countries to have a stake in a donor’s an answer to this question: Of the congres- ing Accountability and Transparency Act, development project. A survey of 26 of the sionally appropriated funds for global AIDS, cosponsored by other senators, including 31 countries covered by CDF showed that how much ever reached a patient? His the later presidential candidate Sen. Barack only five had developed a way to engage research soon appeared on the front pages Obama of Illinois, was passed in Septem- meaningfully with donors. The other, under of The Washington Post. It showed that 53 ber 2006 and became effective on January Managing for Results, calls for develop- cents of every appropriated dollar remained 1, 2008. It requires full public disclosure of ment of a performance assessment frame- with consulting firms in Washington, D.C.4 all federal financial assistance and expen- work or a way of determining what works It seemed for some time as though ditures—that includes grants, sub-grants, and what doesn’t. Here, only 6 of the 26 the congressman’s concerns about the cooperative agreements, task orders, and surveyed by CDF had developed this.1 efficiency of our foreign aid programs delivery orders and information on the None of the CDF indicators, however, had little effect. Then, in 2004, an NGO amount of the award, what it is used for, and covers the transaction costs of getting called Africa Fighting Malaria published an who receives it.9 donor resources to intended recipients. article in The Wall Street Journal,“WHO’s During a presentation at the Ameri- Most people assume from media reports Bad Medicine,” describing how WHO was can Enterprise Institute in June 2007, Sen. that when they read that donors spend $10 still using therapies for which mosqui- Coburn showed some progress in malaria billion on HIV/AIDS programs in 2007, that toes had long built up a resistance.5 At the expenditures by USAID. The 2006 budget this is the amount of funds actually reach- same time, an article signed by 12 public increased allocations for commodities and ing patients in the developing world. How health professionals appeared in The indoor spraying from 9 percent of actual much it costs donors to move that amount Lancet with the title: “WHO, the Global expenditures in the 2004 budget to 46 per- of money to patients is never asked. Fund, and medical malpractice in malar- cent of projected expenditures.10 The answer might astonish them. One ia treatment.”6 Now, the malaria case may prove to be 2004 survey, cited by Oxford University With these publications, a ripple began the key that opens a door to the public for economist Paul Collier in a recent book, to turn into a wave of public interest on where their tax dollars are going. If the Web tracked donor money released by the Min- global efforts to combat malaria. In May site lives up to Sen. Coburn’s intentions, the istry of Finance in Chad. The funds were 2005, reporting on a Senate hearing on public should also be able to better see intended for rural health clinics. The survey U. S. efforts against malaria, journalist Roger how much of the foreign aid funds are actu- had the extremely modest purpose of find- Bate wrote: “…officials from the U. S.Agency ally reaching poor people in developing ing out how much of the money actually for International Development squirmed countries. That information is critical for reached the clinics—not whether the clinics as Sen. Tom Coburn, (Republican, Okla- measuring aid efficiency and should be a cri- spent it well, or whether the staff of the clin- homa), revealed that 93 percent of the terion for all government project awards. ics knew what they were doing. Amazingly, agency’s 2004 funding to eradicate malar- The searchable Web site for the pub- less than 1 percent reached the clinics—99 ia had been spent on administrative and lic to see where tax dollars are going is: percent failed to reach its destination.2 advice-giving services”rather than on com- USAspending.gov Former Finance Minister of Eritrea and modities and indoor spraying.7 The sub- —JEREMIAH NORRIS The Index of Global Philanthropy 11 Private donors still lack rigorous assessment of their results. Too often evaluation consists of looking at what was delivered to a grantee, not what finally happened with the goods and services. with ongoing private ventures. In this way, government aid can be involved with private endeavors that have passed a critical market test: They have raised outside dollars and volunteer time. While we know that most private aid can be delivered more efficiently than government aid, private donors still lack rigorous assessment of their results. Too often evaluation consists of looking at what was delivered to a grantee, not what finally happened with the goods or services. Nonprofits, however, are beginning to take efficiency and impact more seriously. There are numerous watchdog groups that are ranking and providing data on private organizations. Some of these include: CharityNavigator, Guidestar, Catalogue for Philanthropy, GiveWell, Geneva Global, BBB Wise Giving Alliance, and Developmentex.com, created by Harvard Kennedy School graduate Raj Kumar. Kumar is trying to create a database for development aid—information on projects, results, employment opportunities—as well as a skills resource bank. While most of the vetting of nonprofits looks at overhead and accounting practices, some, like Geneva Global and GiveWell, focus on results and performance, too. An increasing number of nonprofits are looking at reporting successes and failures publicly. One such is the American Cancer Society, which in an October 2007 progress report highlighted an unsuccessful attempt to reach one of its goals. A F R I C A : C R E AT I N G P R O S P E R I T Y N OT D E P E N D E N C Y Scholars and economists write regularly on the problems of government aid in its current form. Simeon Djankov, creator of the “Doing Business” report at the World Bank, and Arvind Subramanian at the Center for Global Development warn against adverse effects on Africa’s competitiveness from massive foreign aid transfers. Djankov has even 12 The Index of Global Philanthropy calculated a negative effect of government aid on institutions.3 Economists like Robert Barro, William Easterly, and Karol Boudreaux, among others, have challenged the notion that more money will save Africa. They all point to the proven bottom-up, market-based solutions that have propelled China and India’s growth, reducing the number of people in poverty in China by 250 million and in India by 140 million from 1970 to 2000. The real question, as Barro points out, is how to get Africa to grow like China and India. The answers are clear, and they are coming from Africans. Andrew Mwenda, editor of Uganda’s Monitor newspaper, talks about government policies that have reduced farmers’ incentives to produce food and export crops, thus squandering the opportunity to take advantage of generous preferential trade agreements with the West. Mwenda concludes: “The failure of Western aid in Africa has little to do with the conditions attached to it, but a lot to do with poor governance on the continent….We need to stop looking outside of the continent for solutions. Africa needs internal reform before it can benefit from the rest of the world.”4 Mwenda is joined by Jobs Selasie, head of the charity African Aid Action, who says that aid has failed because both charities and governments have excluded African entrepreneurs and grassroots organizations from being part of the solution.5 Economist and former finance minister of Eritrea, Gebreselassie Tesfamichael, talks about trying to avoid what he calls “the dependency disease” when foreign aid donors and ngo s came to his country after its war of independence from Ethiopia. “We wanted a partnership,” says Tesfamichael, “rather than a donor-client relationship.” He also counters the common view that Africa has a human capacity deficit for creating growth and prosperity, pointing out that well-trained Africans can be found in abundance. The African diaspora, he adds, is funneling back some $30 billion a year in remittances, more than the continent receives in aid from all donors. His final take on the aid process is that externally imposed development models have not taken them very far at all and that the failure was not one of money, but of African leadership.6 Senegalese singer, Youssou N’Dour, started a microcredit philanthropy program, called Birima, in Senegal. “My personal experience, says Youssou, led me to realize that when a loan, however small, is used to develop an idea or Africa: The New Old Frontier for Development Alieu Conteh, chairman of Congo’s leading driver of growth in Africa, accounting for 49 greatest returns of any region in the world, mobile phone company, explains what percent of GDP (in 2004), compared with posting a 278-percent gain. enabled his company to turn the corner and 36 percent for industry and 15 percent for Leading the way for Africa are coun- come to dominate the market.“We realized agriculture. Tourism in Africa —despite tries like Tanzania which saw an almost 11 per- that the mama in the market, going around obstacles like insufficient accommoda- cent gain in its industrial output in 2005 selling bananas, she has about ten or twelve tions, poor marketing, and health and safe- and Botswana, which went from being one dollars worth of bananas. If that lady were ty risks—is a major component of this of the 25 poorest countries in the world at able to buy a scratch card for two dollars we’d growth. Financial services, particularly bank- the time of its independence 40 years ago revolutionize the market. When we did the ing, represent a promising, yet underde- to becoming an upper-middle income coun- two-dollar card our sales tripled.” veloped sector for many African countries. try today.5 The cards—which like a lottery ticket The growth of mobile phones in Africa Botswana has been heralded as a real reveal the code for cell phone usage after is just one part of a broader trend of how African success story. Between 2000 and you scratch away the film covering it—are Africa-based companies, organizations, 2005, the country’s annual GDP growth the key to using cell phones in developing and individuals are leading the develop- averaged 5.9 percent, while GDP per capi- countries. Conteh’s strategy helped his ment.As Hamadoun Touré, secretary-gen- ta leapt 29 percent in the same amount of company,Vodacom Congo, tap into a mar- eral of the UN International Telecommuni- time.6 As is often the case in Africa, natural ket that was ready to explode. The week cation Union, said recently at the Connect resource deposits have played a large role Vodacom Congo began operations, 35,000 Africa conference,“For the past 50 years of in the nation’s wealth. Botswana, however, people lined up to get cell phones. After African independence we have been talking has managed to avoid the internecine bat- only two years of operation, the firm had about help, assistance, and we did not go tles over resources that have plagued other 850,000 subscribers. anywhere with that.We are well aware of one African nations with similar endowments. One of the African success stories of the thing. No one will get rich from handouts and Shortly after the discovery of diamond past decade has been the tremendous charity. That is why we are here: we are deposits in 1967,the government of Botswana expansion of the mobile phone market saying we mean business.” swiftly established itself as sole holder of min- across the continent.According to the World Telecommunications illustrate this trend, eral rights across the county, thus preclud- Bank, the African mobile phone market is with most of the companies based in Africa. ing any regional conflict over diamond rights.7 the fastest-growing market of any region in The largest operator in Africa, MTN, is based Profits collected by the government from dia- the world and is growing at a rate that is dou- in South Africa and has recently expanded mond sales were early on invested in health, ble the worldwide average.1 In 2000, there beyond its traditional market area of south- education, and infrastructure. were 16 million mobile phone subscribers ern and eastern Africa into the Middle East.3 Another progressive country, Rwanda, in Africa, and just five years later, the num- Celtel, founded by Sudanese-born Mo has mounted one of the more ambitious ber had skyrocketed to 136 million.2 This Ibrahim, has a network that spans 15 African attempts in Africa to bridge the digital divide growth is likely to continue because a rel- countries and has introduced the One Net- with a 20-year strategy to transform the atively large percentage of the population work,which allows Celtel users in Kenya,Tan- economy from a largely agricultural-based has yet to obtain mobile phones. zania, and Uganda to cross country bor- to a high-tech service economy. The plan The growth in cell phones is sympto- ders and use their cell phones without paying includes hooking up almost every school in matic of the surprisingly high and steady eco- roaming charges and without paying for the country to a high-speed Internet connec- nomic growth in Africa. Overall real GDP incoming calls. This level of trans-border tion and creating a network of privately growth rate in the region was 5.7 percent in access led The Economist magazine to owned tele-centers across the country. 2006, lower than the 8.7 percent in the comment, “Celtel has, in effect, created a Clearly it is time to go beyond what booming Asian region, but higher than Latin unified market of the kind that regulators Bono has called “the Sally Struthers thing,”— America’s 4.8 percent average. Twenty- can only dream about in Europe.”4 an image of Africa that shows “people humil- eight countries in Africa improved their The success of African companies is iated by extreme poverty and wasting away growth rates between 2005 and 2006 (only reflected in the region’s stock markets. In with flies buzzing around their eyes”9—and Zimbabwe reported a negative growth rate). the five-year span from 2001 to 2006, to see a different side of Africa. The service sector is the significant Africa’s stock markets have earned the — K E V I N WAS K E L I S The Index of Global Philanthropy 13 realize a project, it is an effective way of fighting poverty. This is why everybody must understand the value of microcredit. Africa doesn’t want charity, it wants repayable subsidized loans.” 7 In a series of conversations on the “big questions” supported by the John Templeton Foundation, Donald Kaberuka, president of the African Development Bank and former finance minister of Rwanda, says: “Decades of defective political and economic governance, and the failure by early post-independence governments to deliver on the promises of independence spun disillusionment and led to unfulfilled expectations paving the way to undemocratic dictatorial rule, the demise of the rule of law, ethnic strife, and economic and social chaos.” As James Shikwait, founder and director of the Inter Region Economic Network and ceo of African Executive business magazine, says, “The key to Africans engaging in activities to produce economic achievement is to transform the mindset of the 50 percent of the African population below age 20 to focus on turning African problems into opportunities.” He cites the eminent British intellectual, Lord Peter Bauer, who said “Money is the result of economic achievement and not a precondition.”8 What is not being done enough is to look at Africa as a glass half full, rather than the familiar images of disease, drought, and famine. There is certainly another Africa out there when one takes a closer look at the continent’s growth rates, emerging cellular industries and booming stock markets. Talented African entrepreneurs are looking at their bottom lines and bringing goods, services, and jobs to Africans in remote areas, despite corruption, rigid bureaucracies and civil wars. Some $2.6 billion in private equity deals, excluding South Africa, were concluded in 2007. This was nearly seven times the 2005 amount. Investors are getting returns as high as 385 percent. A U.S.-based private equity firm, Emerging Capital Partners, bought all or part of 42 African companies over the last decade with gains averaging 300 percent.9 See “Africa: The New Old Frontier for Development” on page 13 to read more about this half-full glass. Countries such as Mauritius, Botswana, Rwanda and Ghana are already being talked about as African success stories, due to steady growth and high gdp per capita rates. The shared characteristics of these countries are 14 The Index of Global Philanthropy What is not being done enough is to look at Africa as a glass half full, rather than the familiar images of disease, drought and famine. There is certainly another Africa out there. governments that have responsibly invested in their people, welcomed foreign investment through a business-friendly environment, used their natural resources wisely, and supported export-oriented growth strategies. Mauritius has been compared to the East Asian Tigers, and the World Bank named Ghana the top reformer in Africa in 2006 for ease of doing business. This West African coastal state is on track to become the first African country to halve poverty by 2015, according to World Bank country director Mats Karlsson.10 This year’s Index of Global Philanthropy shows, more than ever, the entrepreneurial approaches to development, in new, creative philanthropic and government aid programs. These focus on homegrown solutions by local entrepreneurs and grassroots organizations that work with their peers from developed countries in real partnerships, not as donors and recipients. Empowering people to take care of themselves will lead to the open markets and open societies essential for sustaining economic growth and democratic freedoms in developing countries. T R E N D S I N T O TA L G OV E R N M E N T A I D TO D EV E LO P I N G CO U N T R I ES Governments of the world’s most developed countries have given a total of $2.7 trillion in foreign aid to developing countries since 1960.11 The figure comes from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (oecd ), which measures government aid from the 22 donor countries in the Development Assistance Committee (dac ). Called Official Development Assistance, or oda , this aid consists of humanitarian assistance, disaster relief and development aid. Despite this enormous amount of assistance, the oecd, U.N. Millennium Project, and some donor countries argue that the developed nations should commit 0.7 percent of their gross national income (gni ) to poor countries each year. While donors agreed at the United Nations conference in Monterrey, Mexico in 2002 to substantial aid increases, only a minority has formally committed to the 0.7 percent target and fewer still have reached it since then. Figure 1 below shows that only Sweden, Luxembourg, Norway, the Netherlands, and Denmark met or exceeded the target in 2006. Overall, the dac member countries provided 0.31 percent of their combined gni in foreign aid.12 But the 0.7 percent target itself has been challenged by economists as outdated and a dubious metric for determining aid flows.13 These experts maintain that the 0.7 percent target was based on growth and savings assumptions in the early 1960s that are no longer true. The authors conclude it would be better to estimate aid needs by starting on the recipient side with a meaningful model of how aid affects development. oda from the 22 donor countries actually decreased in 2006, to $104.4 billion from $106.8 billion in 2005 (see Figure 2 below). While this decrease of 4.5 percent in real FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 ODA as a Percentage of GNI, 2006 ODA in billions of $, 2006 Percent 0 of GNI 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 US$ Billions 0 Luxembourg 0.89 United States United Kingdom Norway 0.89 Japan Sweden 1.02 Netherlands 0.81 Denmark 0.80 Ireland 5 France 10.60 Germany 10.44 5.45 Sweden 3.96 Belgium 0.50 Spain 3.81 Austria 0.47 Canada 3.68 France 0.47 Italy 3.64 Norway Switzerland Denmark 0.39 Germany 0.36 Spain 0.32 2.95 2.24 Australia 2.12 Belgium 1.98 Australia 0.30 Switzerland 1.65 Canada 0.29 Austria 1.50 New Zealand 0.27 Japan 0.25 Ireland 1.02 Finland 0.83 Portugal 0.21 Greece 0.42 Italy 0.20 Portugal 0.40 Luxembourg 0.29 New Zealand 0.26 United States Greece Total DAC 0.18 0.17 0.31 Source: Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation (OECD), Development Co-operation Report 2007, Vol. 9 No. 1, 2008. 25 11.19 0.51 0.40 20 23.53 United Kingdom Finland 15 12.46 Netherlands 0.54 10 Source: Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD), Development Co-operation Report 2007, Vol. 9 No. 1, 2008. Total DAC 104.42 The Index of Global Philanthropy 15 terms was the first decline in oda since 1997, the 2006 contribution is the second-largest amount of oda ever given, after that in 2005.14 The main reason for the decrease was the winding down of the Paris Club’s debt relief program, which has been counted as foreign aid. Excluding debt relief, oda decreased by only 0.8 percent in 2006. For details on the role of debt relief, see “Debt Relief and oda ” below. The largest donor in 2006 was the United States, followed in order by the United Kingdom, Japan, France, and Germany. These five countries contributed 65 percent of total oda in 2006. Two of these countries, the United States and Japan, saw a decline in oda due to the lower amounts of debt relief. Seven other countries—Austria, Belgium, Canada, Finland, Italy, Norway, and Switzerland— also had a decline in assistance other than debt relief. Debt relief was a significant portion of oda —18 percent in 2006—and it is now coming to an end. The bottom line is that actual donor aid is running at less than half of the U.N. target of 0.7 percent of gni, making that goal unrealistic The bottom line is that actual donor aid is running at less than half the U.N. target of 0.7 percent of GNI, making the goal unrealistic and irrelevant to donors and developing countries alike. and irrelevant to donors and developing countries alike. At the G8 summit at Gleneagles, Scotland, in 2005, those leading economies agreed to more than double aid to Africa by 2010. “The Myth of the 0.7% Solution” on page 18 explains that the financing commitments made by G8 members at Gleneagles, like those made by dac member countries through the oecd , consistently fall short of the 0.7 percent commitment. Even so, the decrease in overall oda just a year after donors made these pledges illustrates the problems with setting impractical foreign aid targets. Aid flows into Africa, however, were not affected by Debt Relief and ODA When developed countries forgive debt debt relief is excluded, ODA only declined decline in ODA and debt relief of all DAC from developing nations, they count this by 0.8 percent in real terms. members, as ODA declined 18.2 percent in as part of their Official Development Assis- The Paris Club, including the Devel- real terms to $23.5 billion and debt relief tance (ODA). This debt relief accounted for opment Assistance Committee (DAC) dropped 64 percent to $1.5 billion. The a much bigger part of government aid donor countries, embarked on the first 2005 figure included forgiveness of huge than usual in 2005, when large debts to phase of its debt write-off agreement for amounts of Iraqi debt, leading to a sharp Iraq and Nigeria were forgiven. Debt relief highly indebted poor countries (HIPC) in decline in 2006. Other countries that expe- accounted for $24.4 billion of ODA in 2005. These write-offs continued in 2006, rienced a similar decrease in total ODA 2005, or nearly one-quarter (23 percent) and debt forgiveness as part of ODA totaled and total debt relief included Austria, Bel- of overall ODA. $18.9 billion, including roughly $3.3 billion gium, Canada, Italy,Japan, and Switzerland. The fact that debt relief was winding 16 for Iraq and $9.4 billion for Nigeria. The OECD predicts that ODA will down in 2006 and accounting for a small- Seven of the 10 DAC countries that saw decline once again in 2007, as debt relief er part of government aid was the main a decline in overall ODA in 2006 reduced grants continue, even though they will be reason that ODA declined 4.5 percent in real their debt relief grants in real terms. The tapering off. terms in 2006, to $104.4 billion.1 When United States had the most significant The Index of Global Philanthropy — CAT H E R I N E F I S H E R this donor backsliding. Assistance to Africa was at an alltime high, totaling $43.4 billion. While debt relief accounted for almost 30 percent of this, aid to Africa reached a high of 42 percent of all oda . Major recipients included Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, and Ethiopia. Overall, Nigeria was the developing country that received the most assistance from all dac donors, followed by Iraq and Afghanistan. U . S . G OV E R N M E N T A I D TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES The United States came in second-to-last among donor countries in 2006, as measured by a percentage of gni, with only 0.18 percent, compared with 0.22 percent in 200515 (see Figure 1 on page 15). In absolute amounts, however, the United States continues to be far and away the largest donor, with $23.5 billion, or 23 percent of all oda. As Figure 2 on page 15 makes clear, U.S. government aid in 2006 was almost twice as high as that from the next highest donor, the United Kingdom. Following the overall trend, U.S. aid decreased from $27.6 billion in 2005, because that number included large debt relief grants to Iraq and other countries. U.S. government aid to sub-Saharan Africa in 2006 reached a record high $5.6 billion as a result of assistance for hiv/aids , malaria, and education as well as debt forgiveness grants to Nigeria.16 While Iraq and Afghanistan continued to be the largest recipients of U.S. government aid, less than 30 percent of oda went to countries that fall under aid spending for national security purposes. Out of all U.S. oda, some 45 percent of aid went to the Middle East and North Africa, 24 percent to sub-Saharan Africa, and 13 percent to Latin America and the Caribbean. U . S . T O TA L E C O N O M I C E N G AG E M E N T WITH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES The problem with judging America’s generosity by the measure of government aid alone is that the figure excludes the vast amounts of private giving from American foundations, corporations, private and voluntary organizations, universities and colleges, religious organizations, and individuals sending money back to their home countries. A more complete way of measuring donor impact on the developing world is to look at a country’s total economic engagement—including commercial and philanthropic— with developing countries. Table 1 below provides this more complete picture of American investment and generosity in the developing world. In 2006, U.S. private philanthropy and remittances (second and third categories in the table) totaled $106.3 billion—four and a half times the amount of government aid. As Table 1 shows, U.S. oda at $23.5 billion is only 12 percent of total U.S. economic engagement with the developing world. The $23.5 billion includes the budget for the U.S. Agency for International Development, the Peace Corps, State Department refugee and humanitarian programs, contributions to the World Bank and other multilateral agencies, and international development aid administered by other U.S. government agencies. To understand U.S. private assistance in the context of foreign aid, it is useful to compare this figure to the oda of the United States and other countries. For example, American religious organizations gave $8.8 billion in 2006, equivalent to 37 percent of all U.S. government aid. American TA B L E 1 Total U.S. Economic Engagement with Developing Countries, 2006 Billions of $ Percent U.S. Official Development Assistance $23.5 12% U.S. Private Philanthropy $34.8 18% Foundations $4.0 2% Corporations $5.5 3% $12.8 7% Universities and Colleges $3.7 2% Religious Organizations $8.8 5% U.S. Remittances $71.5 37% U.S. Private Capital Flows $62.3 32% $192.1 99% Private and Voluntary Organizations U.S. Total Economic Engagement Source: Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation (OECD), Development Co-operation Report 2007, Vol. 9 No. 1, 2008; World Bank, Migration and Remittances, 2007; International Development Bank, Sending Money Home, 2007; Hudson Institute, 2008. The Index of Global Philanthropy 17 private and voluntary organizations alone gave more aid to the developing world in 2006 than the Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden each gave in government aid. Universities and colleges in the U.S. provide more in scholarships and stipends to the developing world than half of all the dac donors gave in official assistance individually in 2006. For detailed breakdowns of U.S. private giving categories and the methodologies for collecting them, see ‘Private Aid at Work,’ page 22, and the Methodology section, page 68. There are two other important financial flows from the United States to developing countries that eclipse official aid in both magnitude and efficiency. These are the individual remittances that migrants send back home and the private investment and loan flows from companies in the U.S. to developing countries (see Table 1). Remittance outflows from the United States to the developing world totaled $71.5 billion in 2006, or 37 percent of total U.S. economic engagement with developing countries.17 Total flows represent only 28 percent of all financial flows from developed to developing countries. The numbers underscore the dramatic change in how the developed world is engaging with the developing world. They exceed any other donor country’s government aid program and are equivalent to 68 percent of total oda from all dac countries. The oecd does not include remittances when reporting financial flows to developing countries—a serious omission in light of their magnitude and impact on poverty reduction. For a closer look at remittances from the U.S. and other donor countries, see ‘Sending Money Home,’ page 60. In 2006, the $62.3 billion in private capital flows from The Myth of the 0.7% Solution At the Gleneagles G8 Summit in 2005, A common misperception is that G8 increase their dollar amount of foreign aid members pledged to increase aid to Africa members and DAC donors have commit- primarily for Africa and other humanitar- $25 billion per year by 2010. They also ted to the 0.7 percent target recommend- ian assistance programs.2 pledged to immediately cancel 100 percent ed by the U.N. But, in actuality, only six coun- Since the declaration of the MDGs in of debt from the world’s most highly indebt- tries—Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, 2000, the 0.7 percent target has only been ed poor countries. Subsequently, all DAC the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden— achieved by five donor countries. After the donor countries, except for Switzerland, have committed to reach the 0.7 percent decline in ODA in 2006, it is unlikely that announced they would increase their aid target by 2010. Four others—France, Ire- DAC donors will be able to fulfill their com- either through percentage targets of GNI land, Spain, and the U.K.—made qualified mitment targets for 2010 and beyond. or by absolute amounts. The pledges were commitments to reach the target after This is largely due to the inflation of ODA made to help the developing world, specif- 2010. Eight other countries—Australia, in 2005 and 2006 from large amounts of ically Africa, meet the U.N. Millennium Austria, Finland, Germany, Greece, Italy, debt relief grants. Additionally, the OECD Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. Tak- New Zealand, and Portugal—set lower tar- calculates that if donors expect to meet ing all these announcements into account, gets. Canada, Japan, Switzerland, and the their aid pledges, they would need to more the OECD estimated these increases would United States did not agree to any aid than double their development programs add an additional $50 billion per year to level as a percent of GNI. Instead, these over the next four years, an unlikely prospect total ODA by 2010. countries announced that they would given their past record. 1 18 The Index of Global Philanthropy the U.S. to the developing world was the largest among donor their oda, private philanthropy, and remittance outflows countries, accounting for one-third of all international to the developing world. 18 private capital flows from donor to developing countries. Figure 4 presents oda, private philanthropy, and remittance flows of the dac countries as a percentage of gni. These flows represent investment and lending by the private sector on market terms and include private foreign direct As we have seen, the 0.7 percent target in foreign aid is not investment, export credits, securities, bank credits, and really a meaningful measure nowadays. In point of fact, other private transactions in developing countries. It is this when we combine private giving with oda in Figure 4, capital that creates jobs, raises productivity, transfers skills we see that many countries actually exceed 0.7 percent of and technology, and boosts export industries in developing gni in economic assistance anyway. The key fact, however, countries—what economists see as the critical factors in creas we illustrate in the success stories throughout the ating growth and prosperity. Index, is that private giving fulfills genuine needs in the Total private financial flows—investment, philanthrorecipient countries. Several countries, including the United py, and remittances—from all donor countries, including States, rank much higher when private philanthropy and the U.S., far exceed public flows to poor countries, consist- remittance outflows are counted in addition to government ing of oda and other government loans. Figure 3 below aid. For example, the United States moves up to 6th place from 21st place, second to the bottom. Canada likewise shows how all private flows have exceeded public flows moves to 7th place from 16th place, and Australia to 9th over the last 15 years. In 2006, private investment and place from 15th place. philanthropy was $209.4 billion, and remittances were 19 Figure 5 shows absolute amounts for oda, private phi$122.4 billion. Total official flows, at $94.6 billion in 2006, represent only 22 percent of all financial flows from lanthropy, and remittance flows. The United States ranks developed to developing countries. The numbers underscore the draFIGURE 3 matic change in how the Total Private, Official, and Remittance Flows from OECD Donor Countries and Multinational Agencies to Developing developed world is now engaging Countries in billions of $, 1990–2006 with the developing world— through a large and diverse private sector that is shaping economic $300 growth and social patterns in dra� Official Flows matic and lasting ways. � Private Flows 250 � Remittance Flows TO D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S Since oda, as a measure of a country’s generosity, excludes private philanthropy and remittances, it is important to compare donors by more complete and updated measures—ones that reflect the reality of how countries give to the developing world. Figures 4, 5, and 6 on pages 20 and 21, provide measures of the full generosity and assistance of donor countries by combining 200 U.S.$ BILLIONS A L L D O N O R S ’ A S S I STA N C E 150 100 50 0 1990 ’91 ’92 ’93 ’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 2000 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 Source: Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation (OECD), Development Co-operation Report 1990 - 2007; World Bank, “Global Economic Prospects-Economic Implications of Remittances and Migration,” 2006; World Bank, Migration and Remittances, 2007; InterAmerican Development Bank, Remittances from Spain to Latin America in 2006, 2007; InterAmerican Development Bank, Sending Money Home, 2007; Country surveys and Balance of Payments reports, 2002-2006. The Index of Global Philanthropy 19 first with a total of $129.8 billion, or 48 percent of total assistance by all oecd donors. Other countries with significant financial flows to the developing world in terms of total assistance include the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan, Canada, and Spain. Finally, Figure 6 shows the oda, private philanthropy, and remittance flows on a per capita basis. Norway provided the highest per capita assistance at $768. Other countries that had high per capita total assistance levels include Sweden, Denmark, the U.S., and Switzerland. Countries that FIGURE 4 Assistance as a Percent of GNI–Total Assistance from OECD Donor Countries to Developing Countries: ODA, Philanthropy, and Remittances, 2006 Percent 0 of GNI 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Sweden 1.28 Luxembourg 1.09 Norway 1.08 Netherlands 1.05 Denmark 0.99 United States 0.99 Canada 0.91 Spain 0.88 Australia 0.85 United Kingdom 0.84 Ireland 0.84 Austria 0.83 Switzerland 0.77 France 0.76 New Zealand 0.67 Belgium 0.66 Germany 0.64 Greece 0.48 Finland Italy Portugal Japan 20 0.44 0.40 � ODA � Private Philanthropy � Remittances 0.36 0.34 The Index of Global Philanthropy Source: See endnote 22 ranked high in Figure 5 fell in the middle of the pack in Figure 6, because of their large populations. For example, Norway’s total assistance is spread out over a population of only 4.7 million whereas Germany’s total assistance is divided by its 82.4 million people. Many of the private giving figures in these figures are ones that donor governments report to the oecd. These numbers, however, are incomplete, often based on voluntary and limited surveys. Many exclude corporations and religious organizations, and do not include estimates for volunteer time. To remedy some of these deficiencies, the Hudson Institute began in 2000 to measure U.S. private giving more comprehensively. The U.S. government itself has acknowledged the inadequacies of the private giving number it provides to the oecd.20 The U.S. government has, however, subsequently published private giving numbers that incorporate most of the numbers developed by the Hudson Institute and its partners—the Urban Institute, the Foundation Center, the Center to Encourage Corporate Philanthropy, the Pharmaceutical Quality Medical Donations nonprofit, the International Institute of Education, the University of Notre Dame, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics.21 Since the publication of the first Index in 2006, Hudson’s Center for Global Prosperity has also started international partnerships with organizations in the U.K. and other European countries that want to develop more accurate private giving numbers. In this year’s Index, we have larger and more accurate private giving numbers for three countries, the U.K., Norway, France, and considerably more information on data and trends in private giving from Australia, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. Each year we plan to work with more partners in sharing our methodologies for use in their research and analytical work and by publishing their numbers. Our new partners and collaborators this year include the Australian Centre for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Studies in Australia, Centre d’Étude et de Récherche sur la Philanthropie (CerPhi) in France, the Global Public Policy Institute in Germany, The Centre for Non-profit Management at Trinity College Dublin, and the Workgroup for Philanthropic Studies at Free University in the Netherlands. We have also continued our FIGURE 5 Assistance in Billions of $—Total Assistance from OECD Donor Countries to Developing Countries: ODA, Philanthropy, and Remittances, 2006 U.S.$ (billions) 0 5 10 15 20 United States United Kingdom 25 129.8 20.7 Germany 18.4 France 17.0 Japan 15.2 Canada 11.6 Spain 10.5 Italy 7.2 Netherlands 7.1 Australia 6.0 Sweden 5.0 Norway 3.7 Switzerland 3.2 Denmark 2.7 Austria 2.6 Ireland 1.5 Greece 1.2 Per Capita Assistance–Total Assistance from OECD Donor Countries to Developing Countries: ODA, Philanthropy, and Remittances, 2006 US$ 0 � ODA Finland 0.9 Portugal � Private Philanthropy 0.7 � Remittances New Zealand 0.6 0.4 far exceed government aid, thus providing a more complete picture of the developed world’s engagement with developing countries. The increased private sector activity reflects the dramatic changes in the developing world, including economic growth and jobs, increases in the skilled labor force, rise in local ngos and local philanthropy, and health and nutrition improvements. Finally, the explosion of technology through the Internet and cell phones is redefining traditional foreign aid from a topdown to a demand-driven business model relying on local partnerships and managing for results. � FIGURE 6 2.8 Belgium Luxembourg 30 Source: See endnote 22 partnership with Charities Aid Foundation in the United Kingdom. We will continue to work with these and new partners as we begin to build the data base for global private giving to poor countries. ‘A World of Generosity’ on page 46 discusses private giving in European and other countries at greater length. The figures for remittances are based on survey data and the World Bank’s bilateral matrix, a compilation of weighted formulas used for estimating remittances between countries. While we believe these figures are some of the best estimates available, it is important to keep in mind that all data on remittances are estimates. They are all based on a variety of methodologies and assumptions, still in various stages of development. Our discussion of remittances is in ‘Sending Money Home,’ beginning on page 60 and in the Methodology section on remittances on page 68. Figures 4, 5, and 6 show clearly that private philanthropy and remittance outflows in all oecd donor countries 100 200 300 400 500 600 Norway 768 Sweden 546 Denmark 508 United States 434 Switzerland 433 Netherlands 430 Ireland 374 Canada 356 United Kingdom 341 Austria 319 Australia 291 France 277 Belgium 247 Spain 23 Germany 225 Finland 176 New Zealand 155 Italy 125 � ODA Japan 119 � Private Philanthropy Greece 108 Portugal Luxembourg � Remittances 64 1 Source: See endnote 22 The Index of Global Philanthropy 21 U . S . I N T E R N AT I O N A L G I V I N G Private Aid at Work 22 The Index of Global Philanthropy Below: This baby sitting so comfortably on her mother’s back in Lesotho is one of the patients being treated by the Baylor Medical College’s Pediatric AIDS Volunteer Corps. Individual donors, including a Wall Street hedge fund manager, support the Corps (see story on page 28). Right: Students on Alternative Break take a break from their community service. U.S. philanthropic organizations in all categories are using more business techniques and they are working more and more with local partners to ensure that their contributions matter. These are some of the trends in institutional giving. In the following pages, we examine the main types of private donors— foundations, corporations, private and voluntary organizations, colleges and universities, and religious congregations—and measure their giving to developing countries. We also show in a number of stories how philanthropy is about individuals giving in a way that changes the lives of other individuals. FOCUSING THEIR EFFORTS Foundations: $4 Billion I ndependent, community, and grant-making operating foundations in the United States gave a total of $4.0 billion to developing countries in 2006, according to Foundation Center research conducted for the Center for Global Prosperity. This represented a nearly 70 percent increase over a revised estimate of $2.4 billion for 2005. The Foundation Center estimate for 2006 was based on an analysis of grants of $10,000 or more awarded by a sample of close to 1,300 of the largest U.S. foundations and on total actual giving (including grants of any amount) by all 71,000+ U.S. grant-making foundations. In the grants sample, approximately 55 percent of international grants to developing countries went to health programs, 21 percent to international development and relief programs, and nearly 8 percent to environmental programs. The 55 percent of giving that went to health and environmental programs in 2006 was consistent with the prior year, while the 21 percent that was dedicated to international development and relief was up from 16.5 percent in 2005. One development approach that is getting more attention is represented by the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (agra). agra, launched in 2006 with significant assistance from U.S. foundations, is an international, African-led partnership dedicated to practical solutions to boost farm productivity and incomes for the poor The Index of Global Philanthropy 23 while protecting the environment. The Rockefeller Foundation and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation joined to launch the initiative dedicated to revolutionizing food production in order to reduce hunger and poverty across the continent. Initial funding of $100 million from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and $50 million from the Rockefeller Foundation was supplemented in early 2008 by an additional $307 million from the Gates Foundation. Modeled on the Rockefeller Foundation’s pioneering efforts in much of the developing world starting in the mid20th century, the Africa-based and African-led initiative exemplifies a number of trends in foundation giving, including careful study of best practices, attention to the capacity of the receiving countries to implement workable programs, and application of a comprehensive range of “interventions” in a variety of sectors to gain traction. The program reflects the foundation world’s increasing focus on outcomes and formative evaluation. As Rockefeller President Judith Rodin said in a recent newspaper interview: “[A]ll of us intend to be mindful of really measuring outcomes and learning as we go and then providing the necessary resources.” Foundation support for international development causes comes not only from large and well-known foundations, but also from local community organizations that form cooperative partnerships in the United States and abroad for sustained impact over time. For example, local Lions Clubs around the U.S. provide funds to the Lions Clubs International Foundation to support SightFirst projects around the world. This philanthropic program restores sight to people by supporting surgeries, preventing vision loss, and improving eye care services. In Ethiopia, Lions Clubs International has worked over the years with the Carter Center and local Lions clubs to dispense antitrachoma medication donated by Pfizer to prevent infectious blinding disease in rural areas. Foundations have responded to the digital revolution by increasing access to information and training in new technologies in the developing world in a wide range of fields. The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation is funding a Yale University project to make prestigious scientific journals in the environmental sciences available online to the developing world at little or no cost. The Engineering Information Foundation provided grants in 2006 to a Ukrainian academy to promote effective library and language skills for information processing, and to develop a digital resource library in Botswana, among other projects. And the Knight Foundation’s award to the GlobalVoices project introduced readers around the world to bloggers from the developing world, helping to introduce students, journalists and citizens to the blogosphere and thus to international conversation and collaboration. 24 The Index of Global Philanthropy T h e W. K . K e l l o g g F o u n d a t i o n Don’t Give the Man a Fish F ounded in the midst of the Great Depression in 1930, the W.K. Kellogg Foundation has always believed in helping people help themselves. One of the largest private philan- thropic foundations in the world, Kellogg paid out nearly $335 million in grants in fiscal 2007—a record for the foundation. Will Keith Kellogg, who founded the well-known cereal company with his brother, John Harvey Kellogg, worked hard from his humble beginnings to become one of the wealthiest men in America—and one of the most generous. He established the W.K. Kellogg Foundation Trust to support his foundation and donated $66 million of his own Kellogg stock to the Trust, and it remains the largest source of funds for the foundation. In the spirit of his belief in the inherent capability of people, the Kellogg Foundation never “gives the man the fish,” but, as its annual report puts it, “gives in a way that makes people stronger and more capable to use their own assets and abilities.” The Kellogg Foundation awards grants to programs in three geographical areas: the United States, Latin America and the Caribbean, and southern Africa. In the United States, Kellogg focuses on food systems and rural development, health, philanthropy and volunteerism, and youth and education. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the foundation supports regional development, particularly projects involving local youth and those that promote leadership development, social responsibility, institution building and access to information technology. In southern Africa, the focus is on strengthening leadership capacity and improving rural communities, including educational programs and jobs creation. One example of this is CIDA, a unique university in South Africa. Located in Johannesburg, CIDA is a revolutionary educational program. The Community and Individual Development Assistance (CIDA) university charges just $800 in tuition for the entire four-year degree. Students working on everything from administration to grounds keeping help keep costs low. The first of its kind, the school is accessible to the poorest of the poor. CIDA requires the students to “plow back” what they learn into their own communities, thus helping thousands of others. According to the CEO of CIDA, Taddy Blecher, the 2,500 graduates and students have collectively improved the lives of 600,000 South Africans. Katleho Chaolane came to CIDA in 2003 from Lesotho, a small landlocked country surrounded by South Africa. He went on to graduate with a master’s in Management and Social Transformation from the Global School for African Leadership and Transformation—a school CIDA created in partnership with the Kellogg Foundation. Katleho embraces the African value of ubuntu that CIDA promotes: it is not what you take, it is what you give that builds your life. Once a villager with few prospects, approved $10 million grant from the MIF/IDB, the current four- Katleho today is a member of his local government in Lesotho year program will reach over 50,000 youth, with a focus on who teaches at a secondary school in his spare time and on exploring larger scale projects, targeting significant numbers weekends tutors illiterate local herders out of his home. His of harder-to-hire youth, and incorporating impact evaluations story is just one of many among CIDA graduates. into a rigorous learning component. “Our belief has always been that when people feel empow- Celia Hernandez’s response to entra 21 is typical. “Before, ered, when they feel that they’re a valuable, contributing mem- I had no future,” Celia says. “Now I have a good job and a much ber of society, then they will start to bring about change,” better perspective on life.” Finding and keeping a job in these Blecher says. “They will build their own institutions, their own countries can be a difficult task, made even more so by poverty roads, their own clinics and everything else.” Taddy Blecher and lack of adequate education and experience. To further com- echoes the truth of W.K. Kellogg’s vision: the power, and the plicate matters, many public schools in Latin America and the results, of helping people help themselves. Caribbean do not offer IT training. Some do not even have suit- —INGRID BJERKE able computer labs. This program serves the mutual interests of both unemployed youth and businesses that have difficulty recruiting properly trained staff. The instructors and adminis- Entra 2 1 trators of entra 21 take the proper steps to ensure that the One Youth at a Time C training is relevant to the needs of the local businesses. With entra 21 serving as a liaison between youth and future employelia Hernandez’s situation was grim after she gave birth to her son Axel at the age of 17. To help make ends meet, she took a low-paying job selling pens and pencils at a ers, everybody is a winner. Mexico alone has trained 750 youths in its two programs in Guanajuato and Tehuacan, and is making a difference in other small store. Her mother had died countries in Latin America as when she was very young, and well. The program has improved her father moved to the United the job prospects of 600 youths States, leaving their home in in Bolivia, 500 in Colombia, and Tehuacan, Mexico, to find work to 360 in the Dominican Republic. support his family. Like many of The program also continues to her peers, Celia had little to count explore new strategies to reach on and few opportunities of get- greater numbers of youth, ting a good job. With few options expanding in Brazil, for instance, in life, Celia was able to partici- from one city to 10, and training pate in a local entra 21 program over 4,000 young people. that provided her with six months of training in computers and then arranged an internship for her at “This program was a wonEntra 21 instructs young people in technical skills that will be useful in the local job market. derful chance to improve as a parent and a worker,” Celia Her- a local company. After graduating, Celia was able to find a full- nandez testifies. “It’s been good not just for me, but all the other time job using her new skills and experience. young people like me who didn’t have a real chance in life.” Entra 21 is a training program designed to reduce unem- — CA F E R O R M A N ployment among youth in Latin America and the Caribbean. Launched in 2001 by the International Youth Foundation (IYF), based in Baltimore, Maryland, and the Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF), part of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the program has gained support from global companies such as Gap, Lucent Technologies, Merrill Lynch, Microsoft, Nike, Shell, and Caterpillar, as well as the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), government agencies, and nongovernmental organizations. Currently in the first year of its I Do Foundation Saying ‘I Do’ to Giving W eddings are one of the most important and expensive occasions in a person’s life, but for couples who don’t want their special day to be just about their own happiness and spending a lot of money, one foundation second phase, entra 21 is building upon impressive results. offers the chance to say a lot more than “I do.” From invitations From 2001 to 2007, entra 21 implemented 35 projects in 18 to gift registry to honeymoon travel, couples and their guests countries, providing IT and life skills training to over 19,000 can contribute to a charity of their choosing by making their youth, and placing more than half of them in jobs. With a newly purchases through the Web site of the I Do Foundation. The Index of Global Philanthropy 25 With the help of their numerous corporate and nonprofit of the traditional wedding gifts, decided to sponsor three of partners, the foundation, an online organization, provides their favorite charities through their wedding. Of the $675 they engaged couples with a range of philanthropic opportunities at raised, $200 went to Habitat for Humanity, an international their wedding. The mission is twofold; to create new ways to sup- nonprofit that builds houses for families in need. port nonprofits and to make charity part of the wedding tradition. Thanks to online technology, running costs are kept to a By encouraging brides and grooms to make charitable giving an minimum. The foundation’s seven staff members are able to integral part of their celebration, the foundation’s vision is to track every online purchase made with a partner store through “help families establish a pattern of giving that will last a lifetime.” their Web site, to make sure that each charity receives its share A couple begins by selecting a partner charity from the I Do of donations. The I Do Foundation makes no money off wedding Foundation’s database. Those with a passion for healthcare can gift purchases made through its Web site, but when a wedding sponsor an organization like Doctors Without Borders or the Glob- guest makes a direct donation to the couples’ chosen charity, al AIDS Alliance. If a couple is more interested in children’s issues, the I Do Foundation charges a 4.75 percent credit card process- they might select Save the Children or the National CASA Associa- ing fee to the giver. According to Amy Cress, the I Do Founda- tion, a nonprofit that provides advocates for abused and neglected tion’s executive director, for every dollar of operating costs, children. Or, if the couple is concerned about community develop- $4 to $5 of charitable donations are generated. ment, they could sponsor a microfinance enterprise like ACCION In terms of overall charitable giving, the I Do Foundation’s International or a refugee resettlement agency like the Interna- contributions to nonprofits might not seem that significant. tional Rescue Committee. The foundation has over 3,500 non- But its impact should be judged not only on its creation of new profit organizations to choose from. And if the couple prefers an support channels for nonprofits, but its ability to light the spark organization that is not on the list, they are encouraged to nomi- of philanthropic giving that may last a lifetime. nate it. Subject to certain restrictions, any nonprofit is eligible to — DAV I D J O H N B A K E R and A D R I E N N E T YG E N H O F become an I Do Foundation partner organization. Once the couple has selected their charity, they can raise money through a variety of ways, all online: invitations, wedding registry, charity registry, wedding favors, and travel. If a couple purchases their invitations through the I Do Foundation’s partner Carlson Craft, 10 percent of their purchase will be donated to their selected charity. If a couple registers at one of the I Do Foundation’s affiliated stores, the foundation will donate a percentage of the guests’ wedding gift purchases to the couple’s charity. There are some 25 stores to choose from, including household names such as Macy’s, Nordstrom, J.C. Penny, Amazon and Target. In addition to their traditional registry, the couple may also choose to sign up for a charity registry, which allows guests to make donations directly to the charity in the couples’ honor. Similarly, a couple can donate money to their charity in lieu of the traditional wedding favor. And the couple can encourage guests to book their travel through Orbitz for a donation of between $5 and $15 or by booking their own honeymoon through foundation’s travel partners. Since the foundation was created in 2002, over $3 million has been donated to charities through their Web site, including $1.1 million in 2007. Each year, an average of 200,000 couples register and choose one or more charities to donate to. Charities with an international focus have proved the most popular choice among clients, and Doctors Without Borders has received the most donations—$250,000 since 2002 and $140,000 in 2007. Habitat for Humanity is another favorite, with $70,000 in donations in 2007. One couple in their 20s who got married in June 2007, for instance, since they both have good jobs and already own many 26 The Index of Global Philanthropy CREATING PARTNERSHIPS THAT WORK Corporations: $5.5 Billion T he Center for Global Prosperity worked with its corporate partners, the Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy (cecp) and the Partnership for Quality Medical Donations (pqmd) to determine reliable measures for 2006 corporate giving to the developing world. We also conducted our own research to estimate some of the giving by corporations not captured by these organizations. Specific figures for each source appear in the Methodology section on page 68 of the Index. Besides providing cash and in-kind donations, U.S. corporations are engaged in global philanthropy in new and diverse ways and nowhere is this more dramatic than in the activities that corporations are initiating with charitable organizations. “The line between the for-profit and nonprofit sectors is getting thinner,” Daniel Katz, founder and board chair of Rainforest Alliance, a nonprofit conservation alliance, says. For example, Google.org—the search engine company’s philanthropic arm—engages both for-profit and nonprofit organizations that focus on its interest to address energy, poverty and environmental issues. The idea behind such “social entrepreneurship” is that global problems are most effectively addressed through collaboration between public and private sectors. Fair trade practices also show how corporate strategies increasingly intersect with traditional development assistance goals. Concerned about labor and environmental practices in some of the Asian factories that he worked in as an inspector, Joe Falcone formed his own apparel company, Counter Sourcing, to produce licensed shirts for U.S. universities. Counter Sourcing pays 10 percent of its annual sales as bonuses to its workers, and puts an additional 7 percent into employee-chosen programs in education, health and the environment. “The concept of ‘fair-trade apparel’ also taps into the urge of students to make social change and do good even as consumers,” Falcone says. Increasingly, such localized approaches and collaboration characterize the philanthropy of large corporations. Coca-Cola and Unilever have turned to local community organizations, pvos, and international agencies to pursue responsible business strategies that also help such groups achieve their purposes. These and other companies have put aside their longtime wrangling with Greenpeace over hydrofluorocarbons (refrigerant gases that are greenhouse agents) to work with environmental groups to develop alternative technologies and promote their adoption by suppliers. “Instead of confronting each other, we slowly got into that mode of understanding each other and realizing that we have common goals,” says Salvatore Gabola, director of European public affairs for Coca-Cola. Another trend showing how corporations are affecting international giving is the growth of philanthropic advisory arms at financial services companies. According to a Chronicle of Philanthropy survey, assets of donoradvised funds grew more than 21 percent in 2006. Merrill Lynch’s Center for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Management, UBS’s Philanthropy Services, Citibank’s Philanthropic Services, and Fidelity’s Charitable Gift Fund Giving Account help individuals and families plan and implement strategies for giving based on their values and interests. These firms and others help to channel funds into individual and family foundations, charitable trusts, and donor-advised funds that provide philanthropists with information about charities and community needs that can receive funds from the account when the donor chooses to make grants. “If you have not found your charitable mission in life yet, a donor-advised fund is a great way to figure out what is important to you,” Elliot Berger, vice president of Foundations and Strategic Philanthropy at Merrill Lynch, advises. Emerging Market Handset Phoning Home From Anywhere D espite the incredible growth of mobile phone use worldwide over the past 15 years, there are still more than 3 billion people who live in areas that have mobile phone coverage but cannot afford wireless service. Even with the introduction of pay-as-you-go services that have made the cost of airtime less expensive and more attainable, the main deterrent to greater mobile phone usage is the cost of handsets. In order to “connect the unconnected,” the GSM Association (GSMA), an international trade association that represents mobile phone operators and manufacturers, launched the Emerging Market Handset (EMH) program in February 2005. The first step was for the GSMA to bring together 18 different mobile phone vendors and have them submit designs for the EMH phone. Motorola submitted two different handsets, the C113 and the C113a, and ultimately was selected as the sole vendor for the EMH program. The Motorola C113a, which was specifically designed for this program, includes features for users in the developing world. For example, the phone’s batteries will last for long periods between charging (450 minutes of talk time and 330 hours of standby) since the supply of electricity in developing countries can be inconsis- Cell phones are spreading into the far corners of the globe, helped by initiatives like the Emerging Market Handset program. The Index of Global Philanthropy 27 tent or difficult to come by, especially in rural areas. The phones and develop ways in which mobile phones can be used Motorola phone is priced to sell at less than $30 in over 50 to promote economic and social development. developing countries. For instance, one project that partners the GSMA, Motoro- Since the phone became available in early 2006, over 16 la, Voxiva, MTN, Accenture, and the U.S. President’s Emergency million EMH phones have been ordered. This exceeds the Plan for AIDS Relief focuses on using mobile phones as a way program’s initial target of 12 million phones. What makes this to assist health workers in the field. The Phones for Health part- program sustainable is that while the profit margin on the $30 ners are initially targeting HIV/AIDS in 10 African countries, phone is in the single digits, it is still profitable, so Motorola can building on an already successful deployment in Rwanda. The continue supplying this market. Fifty cents of each phone sold partnership is also likely to be extended further in Africa and (half from Motorola, half from mobile phone operators) goes to Asia to address tuberculosis, malaria and other infectious the GSMA Development Fund. The Fund focuses on projects in diseases. The goal is to allow health workers to submit real-time the developing world that seek to expand the usage of mobile health data as well as order medicines, send alerts, and view Individual Effort Chris Wilson: Taking the Direct Approach In October 2007, Chris Wilson, teer Corps met those crite- manager of the Stonehill Capi- ria. In the process, he said, tal hedge fund, made an he and his children have appearance on CNBC Business become educated about News, not to pontificate on the pediatric AIDS in Africa in economy or share some stock ways they had never imag- tips the way most guests do on ined possible. Based on the continuing the financial cable channel, but to talk about his decision to e-mail connection, which give money to a healthcare provided a virtual flow of project in Africa. clinical information on patients’ outcomes to these Wilson said he had read a donors, Wilson renewed his story in The Wall Street Journal family’s fiscal support for about a project in southern Africa, the Pediatric AIDS Volunteer Corps, and he liked what A Baylor Medical College program attracts donor interest because funds go directly to helping those who need it. progress of the project and he saw. The project is operated by the also got into electronic conversations and promising further support. The value of Baylor Medical College of Texas through a together the family learned about the this direct connection between Wall Street $22.5 million grant from the Bristol-Myers devastating effects of this disease on and volunteer sites in Africa has led so far Squibb Foundation. Baylor is providing an children in Africa. This prompted Wilson to a personal contribution of $945,000 for additional $10 million in medical school to contribute additional funds in 2007 to the alleviation of pediatric AIDS. loan forgiveness to the volunteers. The support three pediatric AIDS volunteers, Corps now has more than 250 pediatri- including one for each of his children. of bank fees, the transfer of these funds cians in 10 countries of southern Africa, Now his children have a direct line to their to southern Africa is almost entirely free serving two-year stints in the pediatric AIDS volunteers in Africa. of any transaction costs between the specialty clinics established by the B-MS Foundation’s Secure the Future Program. 28 2008, praising Baylor for the The CNBC interviewer asked Wilson Most importantly, with the exception giver and the recipient. This is in stark why he had chosen this project to sup- contrast to a congressional study that After reading the article, Wilson port. The hedge fund manager responded found 53 cents of every dollar appropriat- decided to contribute the funds to sup- that he wanted to know where his money ed by the government to help fight AIDS port one volunteer in 2006. He went on to was going, what it was going to do in globally wasn’t getting beyond the belt- establish regular e-mail contact with the terms of getting results, and he wanted to way in Washington D. C., but remained AIDS volunteer he was supporting in know that it went directly to the source of with the government contractors. Africa. In the process, Wilson’s children the problem. The Pediatric AIDS Volun- The Index of Global Philanthropy —J E R E M I A H N O R R I S treatment guides—all via mobile phone. As U.S. global AIDS Back in Pendik, Intel’s Teach Program—another component coordinator Mark Dybul commented, “Ensuring high quality program within the Education Initiative to train teachers in the treatment and care services for HIV/AIDS patients requires use of ICT technology—has now paved the way for the introduc- innovative ways of providing timely, relevant information to tion of the Intel Learn program in the region. Sinan Bastan, an both program managers and service providers regardless of elementary school teacher in one of Pendik’s large public where services are being delivered.” schools readily agreed to participate in the Learn Program after Meanwhile, the EMH program is reducing the number of his experience in the teachers’ program. “I liked the Intel Teach those who don’t have access to mobile phones. Research has Program very much, so I said yes without hesitation,” he said. shown that mobile phones have a significant positive effect on Aside from the approval of the teachers involved in the Learn economic growth in developing countries. As Erik Aas, CEO of Program, students and families from Sinan’s school have also GrameenPhone, puts it: “The GSMA Emerging Market Handset enthusiastically endorsed Intel’s efforts. “Many parents told me is a major step towards reducing the startup price, and will fuel that before attending the Intel Learn Program, their kids treated significant economic growth, as well as major social changes, computers as gaming devices,” he said. “Now their kids have when so many new people can communicate directly from realized that they can use computers in all aspects of life.” their home or on the move.” — K E V I N WAS K E L I S This appreciation of ICT technology as a vital tool in life, as well as Intel’s pivotal role in extending the opportunity to underserved communities, is reflected in program completion rates. Intel Education Initiative Teaching Computer Literacy P Even though the program is not compulsory, the average completion rate for all programs globally is 93 percent. The level of achievement based on students’ final projects is also an indicator of enthusiasm for the program: 83 percent of final projects endik is an industrial district on the outskirts of Istanbul, Turkey’s largest city. Like many other areas adjacent to large cities, Pendik is growing rapidly, with new low and were rated as attaining the “highest level of achievement.” Intel’s efforts to expand technological literacy to the world’s under-served communities promise to help developing middle-income families migrating every day from rural areas countries create a skilled and technology-savvy populace. On a in the hope of a better life. For children in peripheral towns like more local level, Intel’s efforts give children, like those from Pendik, the low level of income can bar access to computers. Pendik, the opportunity to participate in and contribute to the But in Pendik and several other locations in Turkey, the U.S. growing global knowledge society. — TAY LO R B O L Z component manufacturer Intel has a presence, not as a seller of computer chips but as provider of technology literacy programs for both teachers and students. In 2005, Turkey’s National Ministry of Education partnered with the computer hardware company to take part in the Intel Education Initiative—a multifaceted program to promote the Merck Company Foundation Helping Cure Ethics Ills in the creation of “knowledge societies”—a critical component P of growth and development. times go much further. Twelve years ago, there were few for- spread of information and communications technology (ICT) skills to students and teachers around the world. The initiative is based on the idea that ICT skills are of paramount importance Established in late 2003, Intel’s Learn Program—one of the harmaceutical companies are often thought to restrict their corporate giving to isolated contributions in products, community service, or tax-free donations, but Merck’s efforts in corporate ethics show that they somemal programs for promoting ethics in public and private sec- programs within the larger Education Initiative—has actively tors in developing countries. Identifying this need, the Merck promoted technological literacy through after-school programs Company Foundation invested in a long-term sustainable in nine developing countries around the world. The program, solution—the creation of non-governmental organizations which relies on collaborative teaching, is tailored to meet the (NGOs) on the ground that would promote ethical behavior in specific needs of each country. In its first three years, the Intel government and business to reduce corruption. Success of Learn Program reached roughly half a million under-served these centers would also yield a long-term benefit for busi- youths worldwide between the ages of 8 and 16. With nearly nesses throughout the developing world by enforcing rule of $100 million invested in this global project, Intel has sought out law and transparent practices. the help and collaboration of local and national governments, Partnering with a U.S.-based nonprofit organization , the as well as non-governmental agencies to build local capacity Ethics Resource Center (ERC), Merck provided seed capital to and to foster sustainability. establish independent ethics centers in Colombia, South Africa, The Index of Global Philanthropy 29 Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates. Once the centers were established, Merck agreed to provide continuing financial support, and the ERC agreed to provide the organizational ethics expertise until each center built its own internal capacity and stakeholders. By applying local knowledge to business ethics management, these centers influence the public and private sectors in their regions. They challenge business leaders by providing training on ethics issues, developing curriculum for schools, and educating the public on the importance of integrity, the rule of law, and transparent business practices. In 2000, Merck provided financial support to establish the Ethics Institute of South Africa (EthicSA), a Pretoria-based nonprofit dedicated to advancing ethical practices in business, healthcare, and public policy. Among EthicSA’s accomplishments, it has: � Developed codes of ethics for several major corporations, mostly multinationals; � Trained and certified over 90 ethics officers in the public and private sectors; � Completed organizational ethics assessments (audits) of major companies, including one listed on the New York Stock Exchange; � Published research projects in collaboration with organizations such as the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC); � Chaired the ethics subcommittee of the King Committee on Corporate Governance, a South African panel which has produced two reports; � Drafted industry standards for whistle-blower hotlines in South Africa, and getting all service providers to subscribe to an industry code of conduct; � Published monthly articles in nationally syndicated newspapers on ethics issues; � Co-edited a book on bioethics, provided the content (in the form of business ethics case studies) for a publication by the UN Global Compact, and was offered a book contract by a London-based publisher on managing ethics in the work place; and � Completed several major engagements in 12 countries in West and East Africa most notably for the Tanzanian government and the central bank of Nigeria. This investment has helped change the ethics landscape in South Africa for the better. EthicSA’s impact demonstrates how it is possible to advance high ethical standards even in a challenging business environment. Most importantly, in supporting these independent local ethics centers, Merck has set forth a business model that combines local knowledge with international business ethics standards to promote best practices and best value in developing countries. —JEREMIAH NORRIS 30 The Index of Global Philanthropy GRASS ROOTS ACTION PVOs: $10.6 Billion P rivate and voluntary organizations (pvos) contributed $10.6 billion in private funding to the developing world in 2006. The Center for Global Prosperity (cgp) collaborated with the Urban Institute’s Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy (cnp) to determine private international giving to organizations that work in developing countries to foster economic development, address social needs, provide disaster relief, assist refugees, promote human rights, and implement environmental programs. The cnp’s sample of over 4,300 pvos used data from pvo “990” forms submitted to the IRS and information from usaid’s Report on Voluntary Agencies. The analysis benefits from cnp collaboration with cgp’s new partner on religious giving, the University of Notre Dame, and from consultation with the Billy Graham Center. This collaboration resulted in refined estimates for religious organizations and pvos, as our research partners worked together to accurately attribute international private giving to its source and eliminate any possibilities of double-counting. pvos continue to work to improve their accountability and evaluation methodologies as do other private giving funders. InterAction, the largest coalition of U.S. pvos focused on international development assistance, made self-certification a requirement for its member organizations. The Self-Certification Plus (scp) process for pvos encourages them to develop internal systems to make programs more effective, promote professional conduct, and improve accountability. InterAction is also working to promote and encourage indigenous community based organizations that are responding directly to needs of their communities. The Women, Faith and Development Alliance, a network of over 40 development, faith-based pvos, under the leadership of a number of groups, including Interaction’s Commission on the Advancement of Women and the Center for Global Justice and Reconciliation, mobilizes faith and development community organizations to empower women globally. As with other sources of international private giving, pvos are increasingly applying business models to traditional development challenges. For example, the One Acre Fund is a new pvo linking poor African farmers (those with less than one acre of land) to commercial markets. The program fosters entrepreneurial approaches that will improve the marketability of crops from small, individually owned farms. One Acre Fund founder Andrew Youn, a graduate of Northwestern University’s Kellogg School of Management, applies business school principles to the challenges of farming in rural Kenya. Based in Bungoma, Kenya, One Acre works closely with mostly women individual farmers, providing advice on growing and marketing produce attractive to international markets. The farmers are trained in successful agricultural techniques, provided seeds and fertilizer and assisted with crop monitoring. One Acre serves as a bulk seller, thus allowing crops to reach larger markets and to get higher prices. The Fund collects a small portion of the profits to defray expenses. Farmers are nonetheless making double what they made before. Value of Volunteer Time: $2.2 Billion G lobalization and the information revolution are increasing opportunities for international volunteering. Demographic and economic shifts are widening the pool of potential volunteers and leading to more flexible opportunities. The Internet is more efficiently “brokering” specific needs and volunteers with the right skills, bringing wider participation and the entirely new phenomenon of “virtual volunteering,” enabling volunteers to assist international projects from home. Adventurous retirees and even vacation travelers can take advantage of volunteer opportunities, satisfying their altruistic instincts while enjoying the sights. U.S. government interest in international volunteerism is reflected in the growth of the USA Freedom Corps’ Presidential Initiative, Volunteers for Prosperity, as well as in pending legislation in the U.S. Congress. U.S. Senators Russell Feingold of Wisconsin and Norman Coleman of Minnesota introduced legislation in 2007 that would establish a Global Service Fellowship Program—a publicprivate partnership for providing fellowships to address financial limitations as “a common obstacle to volunteering overseas.” Modest government fellowships would be awarded to potential volunteers, registered in advance with ngo s, faith-based organizations, and universities and colleges. These ngo s would “collaborate with host country organizations in developing programs that address local needs” in areas such as poverty eradication, universal primary education, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, and housing. Consistent with trends to expand volunteer participation, promote effectiveness and document successes, the program would give priority to applicants who are from lower-income households, have prior community service experience, specialized skills needed abroad, and who will share their experiences with their communities upon their return to the U.S. The Global Service Fellowship Program would be administered by the U.S. Agency for International Devel- opment (usaid ) in consultation with Volunteers for Prosperity, an interagency initiative established by President George Bush to encourage international volunteerism by skilled Americans working through U.S. nonprofits and private sector companies. In a similar vein, multinational corporations increasingly are encouraging their employees to volunteer, a way of engaging employees in meaningful activities for the communities in which they work. An estimated 40 percent of major corporations support international corporate volunteering. A 2007 study by FSG Social Impact Advisors, a nonprofit organization that advances philanthropy and corporate social responsibility, concluded that corporations increasingly engage in corporate volunteering for strategic business reasons as well as traditional reasons of employee morale and corporate citizenship. They are now beginning cross-border programs where companies provide paid “release time” for employees to volunteer abroad. According to the study, “Volunteering for Impact,” which was sponsored by Brookings Institution’s International Volunteering Project and Pfizer, international corporate volunteer programs have the most impact when they “leverage the human assets and vast technical skills of a company.” International tourists have a growing number of “altruistic travel” options, mixing traditional sightseeing and recreation with opportunities to volunteer. The travel industry has partnered with international development organizations to design trips combining leisure and service. Tourists teach in local schools, deliver medical supplies, assist in preserving endangered species, and build houses. Tours are offered at all levels of the price spectrum, engaging a wide range of ages and professions in projects of varying intensity and duration that satisfy the need to “make a difference.” In a 2007 article in the USAirways magazine, “Travel With a Heart,”one altruistic traveler says “I [know] I’m not going to change the world. I’m not going to cure cancer. But I can make a difference….[W]hat you can do is hopefully impact one person’s life….” The ubiquity of the Internet has affected international volunteerism just as it has had an effect on charitable giving broadly speaking. Sites such as volunteermatch.org and universalgiving.org offer easy-to-find matches between service organizations and potential volunteers as well as opportunities for virtual volunteering. Universal Giving’s site permits potential volunteers to enter their areas of substantive interest and geographic preferences, along with their ideal times of availability, to produce with the click of a mouse a list of potential opportunities. Browsers can sift through focus areas and regions and use links to get detailed information on the substance of the opportunity as well as up-to-date contact information. The Index of Global Philanthropy 31 Based on an analysis of data collected in a partnership of the U.S. Census Bureau, the Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics (bls), the U.S. Corporation for National and Community Service (cncs) and the USA Freedom Corps, and data on the 2006 average hourly wage produced by Independent Sector, we determined that American volunteers contributed at least $2.2 billion worth of time in 2006 volunteering for development assistance causes abroad and for international assistance organizations in the U.S. The figure derives from the most recent available comprehensive survey of U.S. volunteerism, the volunteer supplement to the Current Population Survey (cps ) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau in September 2007. In “Volunteering in America: 2007 State Trends and Rankings in Civic Life,” the cncs’s analysis of the volunteer data, the cncs estimates that 26.7 percent of Americans volunteered in some capacity in 2006. Among these 61.2 million volunteers, 8.1 billion volunteer hours were dedicated to domestic and international volunteerism, even while discounting the volunteer hours of the 5.3 million people who reported participating informally by “working with their neighbors to improve the community.” Our estimate for 2006 volunteer time is lower than our 2005 figure, possibly resulting from a change in the sources and methodology we used, in order to have the most current metrics, as explained in the Methodology section. The new sources indicate a drop in volunteer numbers. Previous Indexes calculated volunteer hours based on a 2001 Independent Sector study that has not been updated. The current approach takes into consideration the differences in hours contributed to international development assistance causes while volunteers traveled abroad or volunteered within the U.S., possibly accounting for some of the reduction. Furthermore, the total number of reported volunteers and hours contributed have dropped between 2005 and 2006, even while using identical sources. For this period, the bls reported a drop of 4.2 million volunteering and a decrease of 100 million volunteer hours. The survey reported a similar decrease in the subsets of American volunteers who served abroad for all types of organizations to 867,000 from 979,000, as well as a decrease in Americans volunteering specifically for international organizations whether abroad or in the U.S. to 470,000 from 528,000. So even while new technologies and new kinds of volunteering opportunities expand the range of choices for volunteers for international causes, hours volunteered have dropped. This phenomenon parallels the drop in U.S. volunteerism overall reported by the cncs in its 2007 State Trends Report on 2006 and by the bls in its analyses of the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey for 32 The Index of Global Philanthropy 2006. Professional experts on volunteerism with whom we consulted say it’s hard to speculate on the reasons for the decline without additional study. Unite For Sight Bringing Sight to Many S unil, a nearly blind Tamil man in his late 50s, stumbled into the Unite for Sight Mobile Clinic in a slum of Chennai, India, hanging onto his daughter for support. An American volunteer began the exam with a simple penlight evaluation of Sunil’s eyes. Both of the patient’s pupils, normally black, were a brownish-yellow hue. The volunteer then brought Sunil back to the local ophthalmologist, who used a slit-lamp to examine Sunil’s eyes in detail. The eye doctor confirmed that Sunil’s lenses were opaque, indicating a diagnosis of bilateral mature blinding cataracts. Sunil was peering out through the optical equivalent of stained glass windows. The man’s only An American volunteer examines a local patient at Unite for Sight’s mobile clinic in Chennai, India. hope of regaining his vision was an operation that he could not afford without Unite for Sight’s sponsorship. The next day, a Unite for Sight bus picked up Sunil in front of his government-built shanty. The patient was transported to the Uma Eye Clinic, designated one of the top five ophthalmology clinics by a prominent Chennai newspaper. After a thorough preoperative evaluation, he underwent cataract surgery, using the same technique as that in most American hospitals. The next morning, a post-operative exam showed that his vision had improved to nearly 20/20 in both eyes. Sunil was then driven home, ready to restart an independent life. Unite for Sight had provided Sunil with the medical care, education, and transportation that he otherwise could not have access to, all free of charge. Stories like Sunil’s are commonplace at Unite for Sight clinics. Founded in 2000, the organization has provided eye screening to over 400,000 people, sponsored sight-restoring surgery to over 6,000 patients, and distributed over 200,000 pairs of glasses through 90 chapters worldwide. Jennifer Staple, Unite for Sight’s founder, president and CEO, impressive, the organization’s impact may be best appreciated by witnessing the individual lives it touches. Thanks to Unite for started the organization as a Yale undergraduate. She observed Sight and a 30-minute cataract operation, Sunil and thousands that people in New Haven were going blind from glaucoma due to like him have been given the gift of vision. the lack of screening and preventive care. In response, Staple — L EO N A D E L M A N worked with churches, schools, and other community organizations to provide free, easily accessible eye screening and education. Major supporters include foundations, corporations and the U.S. Agency for International Development. According to Staple, “What started with a single volunteer has now grown to a force of 4,000 volunteers worldwide who are dedicated to targeting the more than 36 million people with undiagnosed and untreated cases of blindness.” As 80 percent of blindness is preventable or treatable, Unite for Sight can have a significant impact. However, Unite for Sight has only just begun in the hard Heifer International Not a Cup of Milk, But a Cow L orfu Aisam did not have it easy. Prior to 1996, he lived the traditional life of the Yellow Lahu people in Thailand, a life of subsistence scratching out a living from a small plot of land. After the Yellow Lahu were removed from their ancestral land in 1996, Lorfu Aisam worked as a day laborer, work of eliminating preventable vision loss. In India, for exam- making only 50-80 Baht ($1.50–$2.40) a day. And because ple, 8.9 million people are blind. Over 5 percent of adults above there was no farmland in the Haui Pa Rai village, members of the age of 50 are affected by cataracts, the most common his family had to gather food from the jungle daily. Burdened by cause of vision loss . the hardships of day-to-day life, Aisam did not have a plan for The major barriers to eye care in developing countries include lack of awareness of treatment options, poor access to care, and prohibitive costs. Unite for Sight’s model of operation aims to break down those barriers. At each site, Unite for Sight arranges teams of eye professionals and volunteers to visit underserved communities for screening events. Patients with refractive error are given free pairs of glasses. Those with medically treated diseases are provided with the necessary medications. The people who, like Sunil, are diagnosed with cataract blindness are offered prompt surgery. As Unite for Sight partners with established local eye clinics, each patient has access to adequate follow-up care. Unite for Sight’s impact can be seen clearly in the work of Dr. Seth Wayne in northern Ghana. Dr. Wayne is the only eye doctor in an area with 2 million people. Despite the huge demand for eye surgery, Dr. Wayne often went months between Heifer International sponsored this cow in Thailand to provide sustainable relief from hunger rather than just one-off help. his future or that of his family. Heifer International, an Arkansas-based nonprofit that cataract operations prior to his partnership with Unite for fights hunger in developing countries, helped change the situa- Sight, due to his patients’ inability to afford the $35 cost of tion. After receiving private donations and forming a partnership surgery. With Unite for Sight’s assistance, Dr. Wayne provided with a local NGO, Heifer International–Thailand (HIT) came to 246 sight-restoring cataract surgeries in the first three months the Haui Pa Rai village in 2002 with knowledge of husbandry, of the partnership. Heifer International’s principles for sustainable development— Jennifer Staple plans to extend Unite for Sight’s reach its “12 cornerstones,” and 19 water buffalo. The project was sim- beyond eye care. In 2005, she launched the Buduburam Microen- ple. With the partnership formed with the Community Livelihood terprise Initiative in the Buduburam refugee settlement in Ghana. and Environmental Development Project, an NGO established by The program contracts with previously unemployed women to the Yellow Lahu, HIT was able to identify the needs of the tribe make eyeglass cases and jewelry. Those items are sold over the and work with them to provide extensive training in husbandry Internet, thereby giving the refugees an income while supporting to manage the livestock, and to educate them in Heifer Interna- the camp’s eye-care operations. Several similar programs are tional’s cornerstones, designed to guarantee sustainability in its currently under way in other impoverished regions. projects through principles ranging from “improved animal man- Unite for Sight’s goal is to create eye disease-free communities and eliminate avoidable blindness. While its statistics are agement” to “spirituality.” After the training was completed and the tribe promised to uphold the 12 cornerstones, HIT brought The Index of Global Philanthropy 33 the water buffalo to the Haui Pa Rai village and Lorfu Aisam the transferring of knowledge and skills to individuals, and the received one of them. With the money he raised from the water belief in sustainable development through the 12 cornerstones buffalo’s output, he was able to stop selling his labor day-to-day, —a long way from that time when Dan West decided to give a build a permanent housing structure, send his children to school cow instead of a cup of milk. — CAT H E R I N E F I S H E R and start a savings account. Lorfu Aisam then went along with the Heifer International tradition of “passing on the gift.” Once Aisam’s water buffalo had an offspring, he was obligated to pass it on to another family in need to ensure sustainable development. The offspring was passed on to Jasaen Sangken, who described the impact of receiving the gift as follows: “Before we didn’t have enough money, but the water buffalo is very valuable. When we first received it, we all wanted it to be our individual property. Instead, as a family, we took shifts raising it in the mountains. The water buffalo strengthened our family relationship.” The transformation of the lives of Lorfu Aisam and Jasaen Social Entrepreneurs Bridge Ethnic and Religious Divides I n 1992, in the state of Kaduna in Nigeria, Muslim fighters murdered PastorJames Movel Wuye’s bodyguard, severing his right arm and leaving him to die. Around that same time, Imam Ashafa’s religious teacher was killed by Christian militias. These tragedies left both Pastor Muye and Imam Sangken is not an isolated incident. Heifer International was start- Ashafa embittered over the fighting and would have led to more ed by Dan West, an American farmer, who returned from volunteer violence had they not heard words of forgiveness from religious work during the Spanish Civil War with the idea of combating leaders in their communities. In 1995, both men put away their hunger by helping people grow their own food on a sustainable violent pasts and worked together to reconcile the Nigerian basis rather than provide only temporary relief with food aid. Muslim and Christian communities’ differences. The impact that the water buffalo project and other HIT Fighting between Muslims and Christians has left many projects have had on the Yellow Lahu tribe is remarkable. Sai wounded and dead in northern and central Nigeria. Not only Naiko, an elder of the Yellow Lahu, says that in addition to does this take a toll on the people, but also on the political and increasing opportunities for education, a stable income, and economic stability of the country. People leave their towns more permanent housing, the projects have enabled the Yellow when sectarian hostility flares up between the two religious Lahu to create a community-wide savings program. The pro- groups. Moreover, foreigners feel that their investments in a gram began in 2003 with 2,000 Baht ($61) and increased in turbulent area are not secure. But Rev. Wuye and Imam Ashafa four years to 990,000 Baht ($30,000) with 98 members. For are changing this. They use inter-faith conciliation to bridge the Jasaen Sangken, the savings program is not about the money, divide between the country’s Muslims and Christians. but the impact it has had on the village. “With the increase in By founding the Muslim-Christian Dialogue Forum and the savings came the knowledge that there was a future, so we held Interfaith Mediation Center, Pastor Wuye and Imam Ashafa a meeting to brainstorm on how to create a sustainable and used discourse to promote peace and tolerance. It took a year peaceful community,” he said. “We made alcohol illegal in our to promote the idea and find a place to host it. “People came village and created a board to resolve community conflicts, so with daggers in their pockets that day,” Pastor Wuye told the that we could keep moving forward.” press. “Both parties came prepared for the worst.” But the The Yellow Lahu have also empowered other local communi- event turned out to be a success. By using texts and sayings ties. They participate in “passing on the gift” to other villages in from both religions, Pastor Wuye and Imam Ashafa established the form of livestock and knowledge of husbandry and savings. a common ground for the Muslim and Christian communities. Sai Naiko said that since his people have gained the respect of In addition to using religious doctrines, the organizations pro- those outside their village, they are no longer ashamed of being mote mutual respect and mediation to resolve disputes. If an an ethnic minority. “Before, we watched our backs, because the agreement is not settled on by the people who are in conflict other villages judged us,” he said. “It was stressful. After we pro- then the state is called on to act. This model of cooperation and vided for ourselves through the assistance of HIT, we gained the understanding has been implemented in other countries as respect of the other villages and government.” Now the Yellow Pastor Wuye and Imam Ashafa have traveled to Bosnia, Kenya, Lahu participate in the traditional festivals of other communi- Netherlands and southern Sudan to spread their message of ties. They have also received support from the government in inter-faith tolerance and reconciliation over past attrition. the form of a road, a solar panel, and welfare for the elders. It is this type of impact that Heifer International has been 34 Ashoka The work of these two men was supported through the efforts of Ashoka, a group that finds and supports “social entre- making throughout Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar for over 30 preneurs.” A social entrepreneur is someone who recognizes a years through the formation of partnerships with local NGOs, social problem and uses entrepreneurial principles to organize, The Index of Global Philanthropy Individual Effort Maureen Orth: Peace Corps Lifer M ost of the 188,000 Peace publications as Newsweek and Vogue, School, using the Spanish form of her Corps volunteers who rallied and was a network correspondent for first name. to President John F. NBC News. In her present position as Maureen then established a founda- Kennedy’s 1961 call to ask what they special correspondent for Vanity Fair, tion whose operational arm is the Funda- could do for their country have she has profiled Russian President cion Marina Orth in Medellin and the embraced the notion that their service Vladimir Putin, British Prime Minister fundraising arm is the K12 Wired Founda- was part of a lifelong commitment rather Margaret Thatcher, Argentine President tion in the United States. The foundation than just a single episode. While much Carlos Menem, and Irish President Mary promotes technology at the primary and attention is paid to their time in service Robinson. In voluntary community activi- secondary educational levels. abroad, less is known about their contri- ties, Maureen helped to begin an inter- At the request of Medellin’s secretary butions to society once they of education, the foundation is return home. The Peace Corps Act developing a comprehensive IT cur- stipulated that volunteers should riculum in English, making this the continue in the spirit of their active first public bilingual school in the service in whatever fields they country. Fundacion Marina Orth has chose to enter. attracted support from Goldman Sachs, which donated 10 computers, Returned volunteers give testimony to that goal in various areas of and Intel, which donated 15 comput- America’s social, political and eco- ers while promising wireless connec- nomic culture. In arts and letters, for tivity for each classroom as well as example, there is Paul Theroux (who teacher training for the school. The Colombian government volunteered in Malawi), author of the novel Mosquito Coast; in business and industry, Edward Dolby (India), Schoolchildren at the Escuela Marina Orth in Colombia benefit from one Peace Corps volunteer’s continued dedication. wants all of its schools to provide English classes. While Peace Corps president, Bank of America; in communica- generational residence for homeless volunteers haven’t served in Colombia tions, Chris Matthews (Swaziland), host of mothers in New York City. She and her since 1982, when violence connected to MSNBC’s “Hardball”; in nonprofit and husband, Tim Russert of NBC News, the drug trade forced the Peace Corps development, Carol Bellamy (Guatemala), have a high profile in Washington, D.C. to close down the program, retired vol- executive director, UNICEF; in government, social and philanthropic circles. unteers are now being recruited by the Christopher Dodd (Dominican Republic), As a Peace Corps volunteer, Mau- K12 Wired Foundation to return. They Democratic Senator from Connecticut and reen was assigned to the isolated, rural will work to develop a pilot program in Ronald Tschetter (India), current director of community of Aquas Frias in the moun- English and information technology the Peace Corps; in education, Donna Sha- tains outside of Medellin, Colombia’s with teachers and students at the Mari- lala (Turkey), president, University of Miami largest industrial center. After she na Orth Rural School. After testing and former cabinet member; and in the helped villagers build a school for their there, the project will be expanded Foreign Service, Christopher Hill children, neither the school nor its stu- throughout the country. (Cameroon), assistant secretary of state dents were forgotten when Maureen and chief negotiator for North Korea’s returned home to start her career in school in Aquas Frias in Colombia is just nuclear disarmament program. journalism. She made repeated visits to one example of how Peace Corps volun- Maureen’s dedication to the primary the school, bringing textbooks, instruc- teers have sustained their fire of idealism engaged in community activities that tional materials for the teachers, and in ways which have transcended time benefit disadvantaged groups. One of much-needed school supplies. In recog- and space. Giving of oneself to service on these is Maureen Orth, a former volun- nition of her continuing commitment to distant shores is more than just a two teer in Colombia during the 1960s, who these students, public education offi- year commitment. became a prominent journalist for such cials renamed it the Marina Orth Rural Many former volunteers are actively —JEREMIAH NORRIS The Index of Global Philanthropy 35 bitant amount on foreign contractors, Ashoka invests in the local population. Ashoka invests in civil society, where individuals have the power to make an impact in their community. The Ashoka fellows work in a great variety of fields including civic engagement, economic development, environment, health, human rights and education. By linking different fellows and their projects, the Ashoka program bridges traditional gaps between the private and public sectors as well as ethnic and religious lines. Ashoka Fellows Imam Mohammed Ashafa, left, and Pastor James Wuye put aside their own bitterness to set up an Interfaith Mediation Center. create, and manage a venture to make social change. These social entrepreneurs then are designated Ashoka Fellows and receive financial aid and other support from Ashoka. Founded in 1980 by Bill Drayton, a former Rhodes Scholar and McKinsey consultant, Ashoka has been a pioneering group in supporting positive change makers abroad. For instance, Mohammad Yunus, founder of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and a Acumen Fund Leveraging Capital with Business Smarts W hile keen business acumen is standard equipment for successful venture capital firms in Silicon Valley, it’s not been a quality often associated with philanthropy. But one small nonprofit firm has been working to change that. Acumen Fund has declared as its mission to “prove that member of Ashoka’s Global Academy, won the Nobel Peace small amounts of philanthropy capital, combined with large Prize in 2006 for promoting development with microfinance. doses of business acumen, can build thriving enterprises that Ashoka (meaning in Sanskrit “the active absence of sor- serve vast numbers of the poor.” Jacqueline Novogratz, a Stan- row”) was named for the 3rd century B.C. emperor who unified ford M.B.A who worked at Chase Manhattan and the Rocke- India, renouncing violence and dedicating his life to social justice feller Foundation, founded the group in 2001. Acumen, head- and economic development. Currently, Ashoka works in some quartered in New York, has already invested more than $20 60 countries in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America, million of the private donations it has received in more than a supporting more than 1,800 fellows. All of the fellows undergo a score of enterprises in Africa, India and Pakistan. critical examination, which, after more than 25 years of refine- Where does this finance go? For instance, $1.25 million went ments, ensures their commitment to social change and their to Kashf Foundation, a micro-lending institution for women in ability to make a positive impact. Pakistan. Through low-interest credit, Kashf has reached 100,000 In order to be selected as a fellow, a candidate has to families, positively affecting over half a million people. The afford- measure up to five criteria. The first is that the idea or solution able loans and insurance provide poor households with sustain- has to be a new approach to a problem. Next, the candidate has able economic opportunities to lift themselves out of poverty. to demonstrate creativity in setting goals and achieving them. Despite being started only 12 years ago, Kashf is now the second One of the most relevant characteristics is entrepreneurial largest private micro-lender in Pakistan and has been financially spirit, the ability to see opportunity and make substantial sustainable since 2003. In 2007 alone, it closed over $36 million efforts to change. Ashoka also examines the ideas of the candi- in commercial deals with local and international banks. Another date that set them apart from the status quo. The final question $1 million went to A-Z Textile Mills, a Tanzanian firm producing is one of trust—if the Ashoka group cannot trust the potential anti-malaria bed nets. The company sold 7 million of its nets by fellow absolutely, then he or she will not pass. the end of 2006, while employing 5,000 people, 90 percent of Once the candidate passes all of the rigorous criteria, whom were women. Because of these nets, 5 million people can Ashoka supplies these new fellows with a living income for a sleep without the fear of contracting malaria. A further $900,000 period of three years as a rule, allowing the entrepreneurs was invested in Water Health International (WHI), a firm that ample time to concentrate fully on building their foundations developed and uses innovative technology to purify water. WHI and continuing to work on their mission. The organization, community water systems deliver clean and affordable water to which started out with a budget of $50,000, now has revenue more than half a million people in India alone. Its technology is of $30 million a year. In addition to helping individual change currently in use in the Philippines, Mexico and Sri Lanka. makers, Ashoka helps maintain a network among social entrepreneurs to share valuable data. Rather than spending an exor- 36 — CA F E R O R M A N The Index of Global Philanthropy Acumen’s investments may not seem very spectacular compared with the billion-dollar projects of venture capital firms. But the results are nonetheless significant—the fund has helped create more than 20,000 jobs in its 24 enterprises, and provide critical goods and services to millions of people. These results are not by chance. The investments—split among the four broad portfolios of healthcare, housing, water and energy—are carefully selected. They have to be. Both social and financial returns are expected. To fulfill their goal of building financially sustainable firms that can deliver low-priced, essential goods and services to the world’s poor, Acumen needs to provide strong managerial support and sound financial investment. The key ingredients for business success—design, marketing, pricing and distribution—are applied in entrepreneurial models designed for the poor. Coupled with the right amount of finance, this leads to selfsufficiency and growth. Each project is evaluated for its financial sustainability, social impact and scale and cost effectiveness. All this is possible thanks to Acumen’s impressive team of 38 full-time employees and extensive network of donors and advisors. The fund, which raised $48 million in 2007 on the way to its goal of $100 million, employs individuals who have experience in more than 50 countries, in fields ranging from investment banking and management consulting to environmental protection and government. Investors and advisers come from the worlds of both philanthropy and business. Donors include Google.org, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Rockefeller Foundation, as well as numerous individual donors, while McKinsey & Co. and Goldman Sachs feature among the advisers. This experiment in philanthropy is a departure from existing practices in the field, proving that business basics have their place even in charitable giving. It does what the private sector excels at—delivering goods and services at the lowest cost to those who need them the most. Acumen Fund performs as advertised. — DAV I D J O H N BA K E R MAKING A BETTER FUTURE Universities and Colleges: $3.7 Billion A fter several years of decline after 9/11, the number of international students in the United States increased in the academic year 2006-2007. “Academic year 2006/07 was a turning point in the United States’ history of hosting international students,” says Dr. Allan Goodman, president and ceo of the Institute of International Education (iie), the Center for Global Prosperity’s partner for universities and colleges. Following no significant increase in the school year 2002-20003 and three subsequent years of decline, 2006-2007 saw a 3 percent increase in the number of international students enrolled in the U.S. over academic year 2005-2006. There was an even greater increase in the number of new international students arriving in the U.S. to begin their studies—10 percent. According to Open Doors, iie’s annual report on international student trends, these are the first significant increases since 2001-2002. These developments were applauded in the U.S. higher education community, which historically welcomes foreign students for their significant contributions to campus, community and U.S. intellectual and cultural life. Americans continue to be generous in their support for international students. According to an analysis of iie figures, Americans gave a total of $3.7 billion in private support to students from the developing world in the 2006-2007 academic year. This figure includes funds provided by U.S. colleges and universities and private sponsors including foundations, businesses, and religious organizations. Detailed calculations appear in the Methodology section on page 68. For nearly 30 percent of international students, the U.S. college or university or a U.S. private sponsor was the primary source of funding, a proportion exceeded only by international students’ own personal and family sources. iie reports that for the 2006–2007 academic year, 45 percent of international students in the U.S. were enrolled in U.S. graduate programs, 29 percent in undergraduate programs, 12 percent in Associate’s programs, and 14 percent in other academic programs such as intensive English language, non-degree or practical training programs. The Council of Graduate Schools (cgs ) most recent survey covering the 2006–2007 academic year indicates an increase of 7 percent in total international graduate enrollment for this year compared with an increase of 1 percent in the previous year. For all international students, business and management, engineering, and the physical, life and social sciences remained the top fields of study, accounting for specializations of over 50 percent of students. The $3.7 billion consisted of scholarships, grants, and other support provided by individual colleges and universities (95 percent) and contributions from private sponsors (5 percent), including ngo s and multinational corporations that sponsor their employees and dependents for study in the United States. The U.S. continues to welcome students from the developing world. In the 2006-2007 academic year, 60 percent came from the developing world. Of this group, 61 percent came from Asia, 18 percent from Latin America, 10 percent from Africa, 5 percent from the Middle East, 5 The Index of Global Philanthropy 37 percent from Europe, and less than 1 percent from Oceania. Student and other visa applications dropped following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, according to the U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Consular Affairs. An attendant decline in international student enrollment is generally attributed to the revised visa process for academic year 2003-2004, as are further declines for the following academic years. Responding to the drops in enrollment and in support of the U.S. interest in continuing to welcome international students, the U.S. government then focused on simplifying and expediting the student visa process, an effort that resulted in 600,000 student and exchange visitor visas issued in fiscal year 2007 (October 2006-September 2007). This record number represents an increase of 10 percent over the prior year and approximately 15 percent more than were issued in the year prior to the 9/11 attacks, confirming the trend. given the spate of natural disasters in recent times. After the 2004 tsunami, Saikat Dey, an M.B.A. student at Tuck, realized that his business skill set could help fishing communities get back on their feet after the devastation. “In these communities there’s usually one profession that sustains a whole village,” says Dey. “In southern India, that’s often fishing—so one key skill an M.B.A. student can contribute is awareness beyond the obvious to help people to become aware of the opportunities beyond fishing.” Aside from the immediate task of rebuilding the community and the fishing industry that supported it, Dey envisioned a micro-credit program to help the village sustain itself in the long run. This ability to see the larger picture and more importantly, to see the possibilities that lie ahead, makes the work of M.B.A. students in these areas all the more important. Competitive grants for socially conscious and sustainable business endeavors offer M.B.A. students another opportunity besides directly volunteering to apply their skills toward realworld entrepreneurship. In 1999, students from Berkeley’s Haas School of Business founded the Global Social Venture Competi- Business School Philanthropy It’s Not About the Money “M world against each other to see who can come up with a business plan that promises both high economic and social returns. GSVC awards cash prizes to the winners and judges business y past experience volunteering for various com- plans on sustainability as well as the ability of the plan to show munity projects showed me that I would never “a demonstrably greater impact on its social return on invest- be satisfied working solely for money and that I ment than existing firms in the industry.” Since the inception of wanted a career where I could help the needy directly,” says the competition in 1999, Columbia Business School, London Simone Lee, an M.B.A. student at the University of Pennsylva- Business School, the Indian School of Business, and the Yale nia’s Wharton School. Lee and 50 other students taking part in School of Management have partnered with Berkeley to over- the Wharton International Volunteer Program (WIVP) are moti- see the competition, representing a concerted effort in the vated by an eagerness to combine their knowledge of business business school community to promote the idea of socially with an interest in helping the world’s needy. In 2004, the stu- conscious entrepreneurship. dents participated in 21 projects in Africa, Asia, and Latin Amer- Winners of the competition include a team from Columbia ica that focused on issues ranging from health care and educa- Business School and Indian business school BITS Pilani who tion to micro-finance. came up with the idea to bring affordable and high-quality Lee’s project was to develop a fundraising strategy for healthcare services to rural India in a venture they call Mobile Kherwadi Social Welfare Assocation, a 75-year old non-govern- Medics. The team captured the grand prize of $25,000, which mental organization in Mumbai, India that provides vocational will be used to get Mobile Medics up and running. Another team training for people in the surrounding slums. Lee and her team from the Sloan School of Management at MIT won the Social formulated a plan to solicit funds from financial and informa- Impact Assessment Prize for developing a plan to provide tem- tion technology companies to support the NGO. perature-controlled, portable storage units to deliver vaccines to Other WIVP projects have integrated strategic and financial planning skills—the core of their business school curriculum— with hands-on, real-world projects. This collaborative effort people in developing countries. The team has estimated that as many as 4.3 million lives could be saved by their venture. Such interest among business students in philanthropic between M.B.A. students and local NGOs in developing coun- efforts in the developing world bodes well for future private- tries highlights a growing interest among students in merging sector involvement, as these students represent the future business sense with philanthropy outside the ivory tower of business leaders. Through direct volunteering and the creation academia and into the trenches. of business solutions to development conundrums, students For students at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College, the connection between business students and philanthropy seems mutually beneficial as well as timely, especially 38 tion (GSVC)—a competition pitting M.B.A. students around the The Index of Global Philanthropy are realizing that business and philanthropy are not mutually exclusive concepts but in fact quite a symbiotic pairing. — TAY LO R B O L Z Alternative Breaks Changing Lives Instead of Playing Beach Volleyball E very year, hundreds of Southern California college students flock to the beaches of Mexico for spring break. But Patrick Furlong, an undergraduate at Loyola Marymount University (LMU) in West Los Angeles, wasn’t one of them. Instead, motivated by his long-time commitment to education and social justice, Patrick spent his time participating in service immersion trips through LMU’s Alternative Breaks (AB) program. On his first AB trip, Patrick built homes in a poor community in Appalachia. Every year after that, he made another alternative break journey: Building a women’s center in Guatemala, forging Students paint the side of a building in Tianguistengo, Mexico, site of an alternative spring break trip offered by Loyola Marymount University. relationships at a community center in Ecuador, and working with ers—and one staff or faculty member work on issues like local coffee farmers in the Dominican Republic. HIV/AIDS education, hunger relief, sustainable development, Patrick’s AB experiences have touched and transformed him and immigration. In each case, the program aims to “promote in powerful ways. “I have seen poverty in a light that defies service and cultural exchange on the local, national, and inter- romance and beauty,” Patrick says. “Since I returned from the national level through hands-on, community-based learning.” Dominican Republic, poverty is more than something I look at Through cultural immersion, personal reflection, and spiritual from afar, it has a name: Tata, Yihara, Robby, Leo, Amouris, and examination, students become more aware of the structures Juan. Through the AB program, service has become more than that perpetuate social injustice and develop innovative solu- something I just do; it has become a core part of who I am.” But tions to the world’s most pressing issues. for Patrick, the impact has been more than personal and spiritual. And it doesn’t stop with them. Upon their return, AB stu- His experiences working with the poor during his spring vacation dents host a university-wide event to tell their peers about their prompted him to change his career trajectory by taking two years experiences and encourage community action. Students like to volunteer in Latin America. “I have come to know the reality of Patrick and Melissa often struggle with how to answer the call the rest of the world in such a way that I can no longer turn a blind to justice, but are able to imagine creative ways to incorporate eye to it,” Patrick says. “I want to be part of the change.” lessons learned abroad into their everyday lives. For some it The daughter of Salvadoran immigrants, Melissa Alvarenga means adopting a weekly service commitment, for others it also became deeply committed to LMU’s Alternative Breaks pro- means creating their own nonprofit, and for Patrick it meant gram as an undergraduate. Melissa learned about the Salvadoran living with the poor for two years after graduation. In any case, it civil war in San Salvador, explored the dynamics between Domini- seems this program is having a significant impact on those who cans and Haitians in the Dominican Republic, mourned the disap- dare to participate. — A D R I E N N E T YG E N H O F pearances and murders of the women of Juarez in Mexico, and discovered indigenous Mayan traditions in Guatemala. Melissa writes of her experiences: “Mother Theresa believed that ‘we cannot do great things, only small things with great love.’ The immersion trips that grounded my transformative college experience were about the small things that each student could do in their everyday lives. The trips were about learning and living the daily experiences of someone different from myself. Each Alternative Break was revolutionary, expanding the bounds which keep humans categorized by nation, economics, color, and language and replacing those things with examples of love.” Patrick and Melissa are examples of how Alternative Break Rochester Institute of Technology Helping Revive Croatia’s Tourism Industry B y the time the shelling of Dubrovnik ended in early 1992, more than two-thirds of the buildings in the Old Town, a UNESCO World Heritage site, were hit by projectiles. More than 200 people were killed in this Croatian city along the Adriatic coast. Dubrovnik, once a popular tourist destination in programs can shape the lives of college students while provid- the former Yugoslavia, was severely damaged and its people ing substantive help to the needy. Since the program’s incep- stunned by the brutality and senselessness of the siege. tion in 2002, LMU students have been able to choose among 15 After the Dayton/Paris peace agreements were signed in different destinations, from Northern Ireland to San Francisco. 1995, the Croatian government sought to regenerate its war- Groups comprised of 12 students—including two student lead- torn economy, including the tourism sector. Croatians realized The Index of Global Philanthropy 39 that in order to revitalize tourism, they needed a local workforce tion of education in the entire country. Due in part to the success of skilled in contemporary service sector management. The gov- ACMT as a private tuition-based institution, there are now 15 private ernment contacted the U.S. State Department for an American institutions of higher education in Croatia. ACMT, after initial sup- partner to help with their redevelopment plans and was referred port from the Croatian government, is now fully funded from stu- to the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) in Rochester, N.Y. dents’ tuition, making the program sustainable for the long run. The institute had a good reputation, due in large part to RIT’s Furthermore, ACMT has been a catalyst in the reconstruction of the successful M.B.A. program in Prague. tourism industry. About half of the students come from Croatia and RIT agreed to develop the American College of Manage- a majority of them stay in the country to work. Another early gradu- ment and Technology (ACMT), which opened in Dubrovnik in ate, Petra Starcevic, worked for a while in the United States, but 1997. ACMT is a partnership between RIT, the Croatian govern- returned to Croatia to help open the Dubrovnik Palace Hotel. Petra ment, and the University of Dubrovnik. At the start, ACMT now works for the British Council in the capital city of Zagreb, help- offered a two-year degree in hospitality and tourism manage- ing to implement the country’s civil service reform program. For its part, the Rochester school also benefits from this partnership because it enables professors to gain valuable international perspectives by teaching in Croatia. There are also plans to increase the number of American students from RIT who study abroad in Dubrovnik. The story of RIT in Croatia is an example of the growing trend of U.S. colleges and universities to establish branch campuses abroad, especially in the developing world. There is no central registry, but the Observatory for Borderless Education suggested recently more than 100 facilities fit the definition for an international branch campus. The vast majority have been established since the mid-1990s, and the campuses are concentrated in the Students from the American College of Management and Technology in Dubrovnik, Croatia are working during a community service day. Middle East and Southeast Asia, with growth currently occurring ment, and since then has added associate’s and bachelor’s tion noted that the difficulty for some foreign students to get degrees in hospitality and service management, a master of visas to study in the United States in the wake of 9/11 has added science in service management and certificate programs for further impetus to the opening of branch campuses. in India, China and Central Asia. The Chronicle of Higher Educa- local business professionals. Some 1,500 students have gradu- The Dubrovnik campus of RIT is all the more striking ated from ACMT since 1997 and over 150 students are enrolled because it began just two years after the Dayton/Paris Agree- each year. About half of the courses are taught by American ment, making it an important part of the reconstruction effort. professors and half by faculty members from Croatia. The city of Rochester in snowy upstate New York may seem ACMT was a true public-private partnership. Initial funding came from the Croatian government, which supplied the facility worlds apart from the Adriatic coast, but ACMT has drawn them close together. — K E V I N WAS K E L I S and subsidies for Croatian students to keep tuition low. RIT paid for initial development costs for the project, and the investment in a new building two years ago. The U.S. State Department chipped in after the program was up and running with grant funding for some of the training programs. And, finally, USAID provided funding for some scholarships for students from Montenegro. As in any true partnership, the benefits of the ACMT are enjoyed both by Croatia and the United States. For Croatia, RIT brought a pedagogical style that is more focused on practical knowledge and experience as opposed to theoretical concepts, adding a positive new element to higher education in the country. One of the first students, Ivan Bavcevic, recently told RIT’s university magazine: “The experience was amazing from the beginning. It was something totally different than what I was used to in education here.” Bavcevic now has his own consulting company. When ACMT opened there was only one other private institu- 40 The Index of Global Philanthropy MISSION TO DO GOOD Religious Organizations: $8.8 Billion A mericans are a distinctly religious people among developed world countries. In a nation founded on principles of religious freedom, America’s churches, synagogues and mosques are woven into the fabric of its social and civic life. In addition, religiously affiliated nonprofit organizations—offices of faith-based groups, missionary societies, and religious fellowship organizations—play a large role in American assistance to the developing world. For this 2008 edition of the Index, The Center for Global Prosperity partnered with the University of Notre Dame’s Center for the Study of Religion and Society in a pioneering study to determine the dimensions of such U.S. congregational giving for development assistance in 2006. This firstever national random sample survey of religious giving in the United States, combined with other data sources, yielded a total of $8.8 billion that U.S. religious organizations gave to developing countries in 2006. This number is almost twothirds higher than our previous religious giving estimate, which was collected from available sources, without the benefit of a national survey. Other sources included the data collected by the Billy Graham Center at Wheaton College to determine additional giving by mission agencies, which were not covered by the Notre Dame survey. The Notre Dame study identified new information on trends in congregational giving directly to developing world causes. About 57 percent of congregations report some financial donations to U.S.-based organizations that contribute to relief and development in foreign countries, with an average contribution in 2006 of $10,700 for all congregations. Since some large congregations gave very substantial amounts of money to these organizations, it is significant to note that the median congregational donation to U.S.-based relief and development organizations was $2,500, indicating the range of participation, even by smaller and less wealthy congregations. About 33 percent of congregations made financial donations directly to programs in developing countries to assist in disaster relief, housing, food or clothing, schools, orphanages, and development projects. The average contribution was about $34,354 and the median amount $2,287. In addition, 37 percent of congregations contributed through support of short-term mission and service trips in 2006 (one to four weeks or for the summer). In these congregations, the average number of people who went on such trips was 12 and the median was four. Of the congregations sponsoring such trips, approximately 71 percent provided some financial support for the trips, with the average congregation that provided support reporting $5,293 for international relief and development and the median congregation providing $1,600. These amounts specifically excluded any time and resources for evangelism. For these short-term trips, congregational support was for items such as airfare and supplies. Notre Dame also collected information on longer-term mission trips, conducted by 51 percent of congregations. For this category, participating congregations reported an average of $6,327 for relief and development, and a median of $1,777. Support might involve airfare, supplies, defraying some or all of an employee’s salary, or housing support, among other things. Religious giving encompasses a wide variety of programs. For example, the River Road Unitarian Church in Bethesda, Maryland sponsors an annual mission in which a youth delegation travels to Santa Marta, El Salvador to work on community projects while living in local homes. Projects have included developing a computer center, building a fence around a health clinic, planting trees to prevent soil erosion, and helping to build a retaining wall. Rev. Olivia Holmes, director of the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations’ Office of International Relations, emphasized the value of such partnerships both to the receiving locality and to the congregation: “Rather than simply responding to requests for charity, congregations are getting more intentional about working as true partners in designing, implementing, and funding programs and projects,” she said. “Some have also begun to put their partnerships into their operating budget rather than raising money for it independently, thus emphasizing its importance to the congregation.” Saddleback Church in Lake Forest, California claims a network of 400,000 churches of various denominations worldwide that address social and health concerns, including aids , tuberculosis and malaria. Pastor Rick Warren advocates harnessing the power of local churches to assist developing world needs. According to Warren, “The church is the biggest network in the world. I can bring you to 10 million villages in the world that don’t have a doctor, don’t have a post office, they have nothing but a church. But it’s already on the ground, and we don’t have to hire staff.” Saddleback’s hiv/aids initiative is a part of the p.e.a.c.e. plan, an overarching humanitarian strategy launched in 2004 aimed at mobilizing 1 billion church members to live up to the p.e.a.c.e. acronym—Promote reconciliation, Equip servant leaders, Assist the poor, Care for the sick, and Educate the next generation. Wo r l d Vi s i o n It Takes a Child to Save a Village C lementine Umuhoza and Eliza McPike both turn nine in 2008. Both girls enjoy school, benefit from healthcare coverage and have a roof over their heads. But for Clementine, it has not always been that way. As a child growing up in Nyamagabe, Rwanda, her existence was precarious until the McPike family in Madison, Wisconsin, agreed to sponsor her future. Now both girls can sleep well at night, and dream of the possibilities that lie ahead. It all began in February 2004, with a visit to Rwanda by Senior Pastor Dale Chapin of the Christ Presbyterian Church in Madison, Wisconsin. Upon his return, he shared pictures and stories of the children he had met there, and encouraged memThe Index of Global Philanthropy 41 bers of the congregation to sponsor some of the children. The schools, and other groups sponsor specific children or specific response was remarkable—within two weeks, 60 families com- community projects in their own country or abroad. Today 280 mitted to the program. In March of that year, World Vision for- children are sponsored in the Madison program, and the con- mally linked the Madison congregation to an Area Development gregation has raised an additional $200,000 toward communi- Program in Nyamagabe, Rwanda, through their “Church to ty development in Nyamagabe. Community” program. World Vision, a Christian relief organiza- The program is simple and effective. The sponsors in Madi- tion founded in 1950 and headquartered in Monrovia, California, son send $35 each month to the Area Development Program in specializes in child sponsorship programs, which make up Nyamagabe. The program’s all-Rwandan staff then collaborates about half the group’s activities. Individuals, families, churches, with local leaders to ensure that the money is employed effective- Individual Effort Rick Hodes: Staying Power in Ethiopia W hen Rick Hodes left the sends them to surgeons around United States in 1985 the world for treatment. So on a Fulbright fellow- often is he at the airport to put ship to teach medicine in Addis patients on flights or meet Ababa, Ethiopia, he didn’t expect returning patients that he calls to still be living there 23 years himself a travel agent. And later, running two medical clinics. what is his goal as a travel Medical director for the Jew- agent? “To use the world’s ish Joint Distribution Committee medical resources to simply (JDC) clinics in Addis Ababa and help people continue their pres- Gondar, a doctor at the Mother ent journey on this planet.” While the JDC is the main Theresa Mission and a consultant at two local hospitals, Dr. Hodes Dr. Rick Hodes examines a local patient in Ethiopia, one of hundreds he might see on a busy day. wages, other organizations and has plenty to fill his time. In addition to all this, he supervises a JDC nutri- in Ethiopia, there is an immense range of individuals, like the Morton H. Meyerson tion program, is a quasi-travel agent and medical issues to deal with, among Family Tzedakah Fund, donate towards finds the time to raise a family. which spine disorders, heart disease and these life-saving journeys. With the cancer rank among the most common. $600,000 funding he received in 2006, Rick, as he prefers to be called, says his mission is “helping people who In all this, “Dr. Rick” finds time to be Dr. Hodes managed to run the clinics and nobody else is interested in helping.” a father. His family is quite different, programs, which include sending 15 During his time in Ethiopia, Hodes has though, from that of his friends and patients abroad for spinal surgery and provided medical care to thousands of brothers. His family is Ethiopian. Some of other special cases that cross his path. destitute people. As the JDC’s medical his children share his last name, others Recently, the congregation from the B’nai director, he oversees the health of do not. Over the years he’s adopted or Jehudah Temple in Kansas City raised Ethiopian emigrants to Israel. In these fostered 24 kids into his home. Most of $6,000 to fly one of Hode’s patients, two clinics alone, 8,000 patients were them have had serious health issues, and Betelhem, an 8-year old girl, to the U.S. served on a regular basis. But, while he among them, 21 surgeries have been for surgery on her severe scoliosis. considers himself an observant Jew, his performed. Of the 17 under his roof at busiest day of the week is Saturday, the the moment, 14 have serious conditions. Jewish Sabbath, at the Mother Theresa’s While Rick gives all his resources— While Rick sees his impact as changing lives one by one, his funding— whether it comes from individual donors Mission, where he might see up to 200 professional and personal—to help those who are moved by his life’s work or the patients on a busy day. in need, there’s only so much that can be JDC—gives thousands of people access done at the clinics. Complex operations to healthcare every year. But without most of whom are specialists, Hodes require specialist knowledge that isn’t Rick’s selfless dedication, these dollars treats whoever walks through his door. found in Ethiopia. When no more can be wouldn’t reach their potential. With one doctor for every 40,000 people done for his patients in Ethiopia, he Unlike his Rochester classmates, 42 funder of his work and pays his The Index of Global Philanthropy — DAV I D J O H N BA K E R ly. In each case, the money will provide basic necessities for the F i v e Ta l e n t s I n t e r n a t i o n a l sponsored child—such as food, shelter, clothes, and schooling. Gospel-Style Capitalism at Work Remaining funds are pooled together for the benefit of the entire community and are used for programs such as vocational training, AIDS awareness, clean water, and micro-loans. Their local approach allows them to deal with issues specific to the area such as genocide reconciliation counseling and local adult mentors to assist child-headed households. The program emphasizes I n the biblical parable of the talents, one servant was given five talents—a measure of gold and silver at the time—and invested them immediately to gain five more. According to the gospel, Jesus told the story to illustrate the rewards of being education, local institutions and sustainable development, and is diligent. Five Talents International, an Anglican microfinance geared towards the ultimate goal of self-sufficiency. organization headquartered in Vienna, Virginia, a Washington, But the members of the Presbyterian congregation in Madison D.C. suburb, tries to achieve the same return with its micro- give more than money. In 2005, seven members of the congregation loans and technical assistance. Created at the Lambeth Confer- made the trip to Nyamagabe, to see the progress that had been ence of Anglican Church leaders in 1998, Five Talents was the made and meet the children they sponsored. This has now become church’s response to poverty in the developing world. Now, a a tradition, with similar trips in 2006 and 2007, and a repeat planned decade later, it provides business loans, education and techni- for 2008. The visitors brought with them letters, pictures and school cal assistance to people of all faiths in nine developing coun- supplies from Madison donors. They used their time in Rwanda to tries from South America to Asia. build personal relationships with the children they sponsor. In 2005, Gretchen McPike went to Nyamagabe to visit her Since 1999, when Five Talents began operations, loans have been made to 20,000 business entrepreneurs in a dozen devel- sponsor child, Clementine Umuhoza. Her husband Jeff, a Madison oping countries. While some individuals receive loans, groups police officer, and their other daughter, Eliza’s sister Noelle, then in are the main recipients. Each member of the group co-guaran- 8th grade, followed suit in 2006. The trip allowed them to see in tees the repayment schedule. The loans vary in size from $56 to person how far their kindness had gone. With the McPike family’s just over $1,000, and are made through local churches or help, World Vision had not only taken care of Clementine’s basic microfinance institutions. Although $56 may not seem like a needs, but also built a house for her family and provided them all large amount, with an average monthly wage of $28 in Uganda, with healthcare. The visit brought the two distant families much it supplies a considerable cash injection to a small business. closer. As Gretchen McPike explains, “instead of just a picture on the side of my refrigerator, Clementine became a part of our lives.” In 1994, the world stood by as the genocide in Rwanda left Five Talents’ loans should not be mistaken for handouts. Following the principles of integrity, good stewardship and wise investment, the program thoroughly vets and regularly reviews all local over 1 million people dead, and millions more orphaned. Already partners. Each loan is coupled with sound business advice, and ravished by poverty and the onslaught of AIDs, the future of the there is a loan fee to cover the cost of the program. This charge children in the small village of Nyamagabe was bleak. But includes the application fee, business training and monitoring. Fees groups like the Madison congregation show that everyone can are set to cover local running costs, such as the salary of the loan get involved and anyone can make a difference. By reaching out officers, fuel, and office expenses, so that the loan programs can be child by child, the sponsors of Madison are reconstructing a self-sustaining. For instance, a group business loan of $282 in whole community. In partnership, the Nyamagabe community is Uganda carries a charge of $51 to be paid over a six-month period. not only surviving, but moving forward. Borrowers generally find this fee manageable—most clients return —INGRID BJERKE for another loan when they’ve completed the first one. One such borrower is Joy, who lives near the Rwandan border in Uganda. When her husband died of malaria in 2003, leaving her to care for six children, she started a brick-making business to make ends meet. A $150 loan from Five Talents helped her buy a plot of land and employ eight people to make bricks. Within four months, she had covered the cost of her loan and had $400 worth of stock waiting to be sold. Since then, and several loans later, she has expanded her business to include potato-growing and has opened a small store. Currently, she has 13 employees, and all her children are in school. Asha Hiranwar from Nagpur, India, is another participant in Volunteers and donors from Christ Presbyterian Church in Madison, Wisconsin sponsor children and support community efforts in Nyamagabe, Rwanda. the loan programs. The 48-year-old is the mother of two children and runs two businesses. Six years ago, when her family could The Index of Global Philanthropy 43 no longer survive on her husband’s income alone, she took out a $70 loan from the Community Development Society, a Five Talents’ partner, to start a tailoring business. After repaying the first loan, she applied for a second to open a general store. Today, her time is filled running both businesses. The extra money goes to giving her children a better education and medical care. All this is made possible by the commitment of volunteers and the generosity of individuals, churches and foundations across the United States and United Kingdom. In 2006, the $1,176,133 that was raised went to finance 12,000 loans and positively affect over 70,000 lives. While private donations enable loans to be made, a major part of Five Talents’ work is carried out by volunteers from supporting churches. Each year thousands of hours are contributed by business professionals who fly out to where the loans are disbursed and offer Foster Friess’s donor-advised fund through National Christian Foundation provides aid for schoolchildren in Galle, Sri Lanka. With the motto “Smart Christian Giving,” NCF was set up in business training to church leaders and entrepreneurs. The 1982 as a donor-advised fund—an alternative to direct giving — workshops cover the basics: business planning, marketing that has become an appealing option to those interested in low and record keeping. These hands-on training programs not administrative costs, a manageable time commitment, and gener- only equip loan recipients to run and expand their business, al ease of charitable giving. The National Philanthropic Trust but also enable the local loan officers to impart business labeled donor-advised funds, which allow contributors to enjoy the essentials to future clients. tax deduction and recommend charities to which their money can The Five Talents’ program benefits from the credibility of be channeled, one of the fastest-growing charitable vehicles. A the Anglican Church’s local presence worldwide. Because it is recent Chronicle of Philanthropy survey estimated total donor- financially self-sustaining, Five T Talents ensures that donors’ advised fund assets in the U.S. to be as high as $19.2 billion. philanthropic gifts of time and money will continue to give those Reflecting this general trend, contributions to NCF surged nearly at the bottom of the economic ladder a chance to better them- 25 percent, to $449 million, in 2006, and the foundation’s year- selves and those around them. end asset balance reached nearly $1 billion in the same year. — DAV I D J O H N BA K E R As with other donor-advised funds, NCF contributors are given “advisory status” and allowed to make suggestions on National Christian Foundation Offering Flexibility to Donors S and facilitator in the process. In essence, NCF is a link and intermediary between donors and its 15,000 church and ministry affiliates worldwide. Offering advice and support, as well as a everal years ago, Atlanta youth pastor Glenn Campbell plethora of giving options, NCF offers donors the flexibility and had a vision: to establish a ministry in South Africa to convenience that is increasingly in demand. It gives Christian counsel individuals and families touched by racism and contributors a way of fulfilling their religious giving aspirations the devastating effects of the AIDS epidemic. In order to realize his vision, however, Campbell needed the funds. Tapping into 44 where their money goes, while the foundation serves as guide while also getting a tax deduction. Donor-advised funds also offer the possibility of innovative the Christian tradition of tithing, or giving a percentage of one’s approaches to raising funds for a particular cause. In the after- income to a religious organization, Campbell approached sever- math of the 2004 tsunami in Indonesia, Foster Friess, founder al Atlanta businessmen active in local church giving about sup- of Brandywine Funds, set up a fund with NCF called “Friends of porting the ministry financially. The group wanted to establish a Foster” to aid reconstruction efforts. The fund, established as fund for the project but were hesitant to set up a private foun- an NCF Giving Fund in 2005, matches donations dollar for dol- dation, which has numerous hidden costs. Instead, the group lar and is targeted at helping the Sri Lankan city of Galle. Moti- chose to work with National Christian Foundation (NCF), a non- vated by a personal tie to Galle—his daughter-in-law is from profit dedicated to offering counsel and giving solutions to there—Friess became further interested after a visit to the dev- donors. For Bobby Reagan, one of the businessmen involved in astated areas. “To look into the eyes of a mother with three the project, the choice to work with NCF was clear: “Our group young children clinging to her skirt while they stand on the 20- needed to set up a [nonprofit], but we wanted to avoid all the by-20 foot concrete pad, which is all that remained of her home, administrative hassles,” he said. “We got a lot of help from NCF was life changing,” reflected Friess. To ensure that money was and now have a very efficient vehicle to channel our giving.” being used in the most efficient manner, Friess himself visited The Index of Global Philanthropy Galle and handpicked his projects and ministries. In this way, he sneak a letter to his parents, but when his father demanded that has maintained some control over the stewards of his money the uncle send Barnabas home, the uncle threw Barnabas out. and the causes which it funds. While Barnabas was living as a nomad, a friend introduced him to The stories of Foster Friess and pastor Glenn Campbell are the Protestant Christian faith. Instead of avenging himself, Barn- representative of an emerging trend among private donors— abas resolved to look forward. Nine years after leaving Nigeria for that is, managed charitable giving. National Christian Founda- the first time, Barnabas was finally able to go home. tion, and donor advised fund foundations like it, are expanding, But there was no work in Nigeria, and Barnabas soon reflecting a growing interest in this new giving vehicle. In pursuit returned to Gabon in order to help support his family. Without of achieving their charitable goals, more and more donors are proper documentation, he made the journey on a fishing boat. choosing to relinquish some control over their money in After three weeks he arrived—and was greeted by the police. exchange for the convenience, flexibility and expert guidance of But a miracle occurred—the police took them to a church rather managed giving. than the station. — TAY LO R B O L Z At the church, a Dutch expatriate gave Barnabas a job as a houseboy. When he heard more about Barnabas’s life, the Dutch- Bible Study Group Odyssey of an African Christian B man decided to introduce his houseboy to his bible study group. After Barnabas joined the bible study group, it was not long before they agreed to collectively finance his journey to the United States. With the support of a U.S. church and congregation he arnabas Agwuocha, a onetime “houseboy” in Gabon, received his high school equivalency diploma. He proceeded to now holds an M.B.A. from Nyack College in New York complete his bachelor’s degree at Toccoa Falls College in Georgia, state and is actively promoting new educational oppor- and went on to obtain an M.B.A. at Nyack. Both schools are affili- tunities in Africa. How he got from one point to the other is a ated with the Christian and Missionary Alliance, an evangelical story that combines tragedy and disaster with faith, hope and a Protestant sect. However, Barnabas never forgot his origins and new sense of what’s possible. his dream: to do something positive for his African homeland. The turning point in this story came one evening in a small As soon as he could muster the resources, Barnabas bible study group of white expatriates in Gabon. This evening returned to Nigeria. With funds raised from friends as well as was a little different—one of the members had brought his from his U.S. church and from a local village church in Africa, he “houseboy,” who had newly embraced the Protestant faith and completed several projects. He bought and distributed food, wished to take part in the group. Very soon, he asked to lead the and held an AIDS education seminar for over 1,500 youth. He group—he could not read or write, but wanted as much experi- initiated and funded construction of a local water supply sys- ence as he could get. When the bible study group learned more tem, which saves villagers miles of walking every day and helps about this houseboy’s life, they decided it was time to put their fights water-borne diseases. faith into action and help him further. Born in 1968 into a Nigerian family of 14 during that country’s But Barnabas is not resting yet. Currently he is planning a program of “adopting” schools in the slums of Africa. He will civil war, Barnabas spent his first three years on his mother’s back first identify and evaluate schools in need in Africa, then pres- as the family moved from place to place. After the war ended in ent a summary to schools and churches in the U.S. Once a 1970 and things settled down, Barnabas was able to go to elemen- school is adopted—that is, linked to a U.S. institution—a benefi- tary school. However, his father lost his teaching job just as the cial two-way exchange can begin. The U.S. institution can con- Nigerian government enforced austerity measures, so that Barn- tribute financially, or donate school and hygienic supplies. The abas had to leave school to help farm the family plot. Eventually program encourages student-to-student pen pals, and will the family could no longer support itself, and Barnabas’s father eventually include volunteer trips to Africa. The partnership will proposed the unthinkable: the young boy was to leave home. give the school in Africa a voice and resources. The U.S. institu- The idea was for Barnabas to go to Gabon to work for his tion will gain perspective and cultural knowledge. Already some uncle’s business. His uncle would provide him with food, U.S. schools have expressed interest in the project, and soon clothes, and a travel allowance, and help him complete school. Barnabas will travel to Africa to complete his selection. After five years, Barnabas would receive a settlement, including Barnabas’s story is not just the story of one successful proper immigration status and enough money to begin his own individual. It is the story of those who helped him, those who he business. The reality he met in Gabon was very different. will help, and those who they will help in turn. Barnabas For five years, Barnabas suffered a slave-like existence. His Agwuocha is the embodiment of successful international devel- uncle forced him to sleep on a concrete floor, eat scraps and work opment—where the donors offer a leg up, and the recipients 12-hour days at an illegal roadside market. He finally managed to take the step on their own. —INGRID BJERKE The Index of Global Philanthropy 45 A representative of the Aga Khan Foundation talks about the importance of renovating an historical building in Herat City, west of Kabul, Afghanistan as part of a wider rehabilitation project in support of historical cities. I N T E R N AT I O N A L P R I VAT E G I V I N G A World of Generosity Philanthropy outside of the United States, while lower on a per capita basis, is growing. Historically, higher taxes have meant that Europeans give abroad more through their governments than private charity. But now, the heightened public awareness of international poverty, concerns about lack of effectiveness in government aid, the creation of new tax incentives for private giving, and the ability of the Internet to connect people from around the world with new ideas and initiatives quickly and efficiently have led to a new interest in all things philanthropic. Tax incentives for charitable donations from individuals and companies have had the most significant impact on private giving in Europe and Asia. Greater tax incentives have led to the increase in both independent and corporate foundations as well. In France, the Aillagon Act of 2003 provided generous opportunities for corporations to get involved in philanthropy permitting companies to deduct 50 percent of contributions up to a limit of 0.5 percent of company sales. As of early 2007, there were 133 active corporate foundations in France—more than double the number of corporation foundations in 2003.1 Tax incen46 The Index of Global Philanthropy tives for individual donations have also led to increased private giving in France. For more information on France, see “Private Giving: The French Connection” on page 49. In Australia, legislation passed in 2001 allowed Australian citizens to establish Private Prescribed Funds (ppfs), trusts that allow businesses, families, and individuals to make taxdeductible donations.2 For more information on the general influence of tax incentives on philanthropy, please see “The Taxman Giveth” on page 50. Increased tax incentives have led to a significant change in the role of the individual in private giving in many European countries. In the Netherlands, household donations were 42.4 percent of all private donations to charities in 2005.3 Understanding the potential impact that individuals can have on private giving in these countries, ngo s are learning how to tap into the power of the Internet to easily connect donors to worth-projects overseas. Global Giving, a U.S.-based nonprofit, recently launched Global Vision International Charitable Trust in the U.K. The new service links individuals who want to fund projects in developing countries to grassroots ngo s by means of the Internet. The innovative model of Global Giving has spurred interest in launching similar initiatives in Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, and Spain. DATA A N D T R E N D S The only comparative measures for private giving from donor countries have been the figures that countries send in to the oecd for publication in the annual Development Co-operation Report. The numbers, called “grants by private voluntary agencies,” however, are incomplete since they do not include corporations, do not fully reflect religious giving, and are based, for the most part, on outThe Index of Global Philanthropy 47 dated and voluntary surveys. With the growth in international private giving and improved measurement by the Center for Global Prosperity through its Index of Global Philanthropy, there has been increased interest by donor countries in better measuring their private giving and in documenting success stories. Working with partners in several countries, the Center for Global Prosperity is continuing its efforts to provide a more comprehensive picture of international private giving from donor countries. This year, we obtained private giving estimates for two additional countries, France and Norway— FIGURE 1 Incomplete Private Giving Numbers Submitted to OECD and More Complete Private Giving for France, Norway, U.K., and the U.S. in billions of $, 2006 Billions 0 U.S.$ 0.5 United States United Kingdom 1.0 1.61 0.54 1.35 Canada 1.10 Australia 0.62 Switzerland 0.40 France 0.39 Japan 0.34 0.32 Netherlands 0.28 Belgium 0.25 Norway 0.25 Italy 0.12 Austria 0.12 Denmark 0.07 New Zealand 0.05 Finland 0.03 Sweden 0.01 Greece 0.01 Luxembourg 0.01 � Private giving number submitted to OECD � More comprehensive private giving number Portugal 0.00 Spain 0.00 48 2.0 9.04 Germany Ireland 1.5 a breakthrough since neither of these countries reported private giving numbers to the oecd in the past. Adding these two countries to the U.S. and the U.K. brings to four the number of countries for which we now have improved private giving estimates. In France, a new partner, Centre d’Étude et de Récherche sur la Philanthropie (CerPhi), developed a private giving estimate. In Norway, we worked with Norad, Norway’s international development agency, to compile data on international giving by non-governmental organizations. In the U.K., we partnered for a second year with Charities Aid Foundation, which provided a comprehensive private giving number for the United Kingdom. Contacts in other countries have also been helpful in assisting our research on private giving to the developing world, even though we do not yet have comprehensive numbers from them. For this year’s report, we established new contacts in Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, the Sources: Charities Aid Foundation and CaritasData, Charity Trends 2007, 2007; CerPhi, 2007; Hudson Institute, 2007-2008. The Index of Global Philanthropy Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. The lack of rigorous research and collection of private giving numbers in most donor countries continues to be a challenge for the accurate measurement of charitable contributions. We continue to expand our network and set the stage for obtaining improved numbers in the future. The Australian Centre for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Studies, for instance, even though its focus is on philanthropy within Australia, has provided valuable contacts with organizations in both Australia and New Zealand for further research on international private giving. The Centre for NonProfit Management at Trinity College in Dublin helped us to better understand the international ngo sector in Ireland and the role it plays in comparison to the rest of Europe. Contacts at the Canada Revenue Agency estimated that there are at least 82,000 registered charities in Canada, which would make the Canadian nonprofit sector one of the largest in the world. Officials at Imagine Canada, a nonprofit organization that works with other nonprofits to help them create relationships with the private sector, say that the majority of Canada’s contributions for international causes is channeled through religious organizations. In 2006, C$26 million (US$29.5 million) was donated to the Catholic Church for international causes. Additionally, the Conference Board of 34.80 Private Giving: The French Connection Data on French private giving has been piece- rather than their taxable income, a system total contributions, or ¤412 million ($465 meal since there is no central database on that provides individuals with ample motiva- million) of private contributions, were philanthropic efforts,with data on private giv- tion to respond to major appeals,such as the received by international NGOs.5 The figure ing to developing countries even harder to tsunami relief effort in 2005.That year, Cer- does not include gifts in-kind, and therefore come by.However,there are indications that Phi estimated that individual private giving is very likely underestimated. recent changes in tax laws and greater sup- in France hit an all-time high, raising ¤300 French foundations also have an impor- port of international causes by the French million-350 million ($369 million-$431 mil- tant role in private giving to the develop- public has led to an increase in French pri- lion) in additional donations.3 ing world. Out of the estimated 634 foun- vate giving to the developing world. In a recent poll, international causes dations, 5 percent are engaged in Even though the data is spotty, one ranked high for the French among individ- “development assistance and internation- French researcher used a survey of private ual giving priorities. Out of 16 categories, al relations” and spent an estimated ¤57 giving in France to estimate that from 1991- “Third World countries, development assis- million ($53.7 million) on this area in 2001, 2000 French private giving grew by 45 per- tance” ranked fourth, while two other cat- according to the latest data available.6 cent; faster than the growth of GDP during egories in international giving—“war crimes, This estimate is conservative, since a por- the same period.1 According to data compiled natural disasters through the world” and tion of foundations that are involved in by the French think tank CerPhi,French indi- “human rights and civil liberties”—ranked “social, charitable and humanitarian issues” vidual private giving continued to grow into eighth and eleventh respectively. The and that also work on international caus- the current decade as legislation was passed importance of international causes as a es are not counted. Corporate founda- in 2003 to provide greater opportunities for charitable focus is further reflected in the tions also engage in international charita- tax deductions on charitable donations French philanthropic landscape. Since 1991, ble causes. Of the 317 foundations affiliated claimed by individuals.2 Unlike other donor French international NGOs have received with corporations, one-third were involved countries,France allows individuals to make a large proportion of their funding from in charity for international causes in 2006.7 the deduction directly from taxes they owe private sources. In 2003, 63 percent of — CAT H E R I N E F I S H E R 4 Canada will be conducting a survey next year on corporate giving to international causes for the first time. In Germany, the Global Public Policy Institute (gppi) is researching private giving numbers for Germany, and the Center for Global Prosperity has shared research methodologies and data with the gppi. Figure 1 (opposite) shows the “grants by private voluntary agencies” data for all the donor countries as reported by the oecd and the improved private giving estimates for the U.S., the U.K., France and Norway. Private giving to the developing world from France and Norway was estimated to be $389 million and $254 million respectively. As noted, neither of these countries has reported a private giving number to the oecd, and this is reflected in Figure 1. These estimates, therefore, provide new insight into French and Norwegian private giving. While the Norwegian estimate is a fairly accurate reflection of all international private giving in that country, the French number is likely underestimated since it captures only individual donations, not corporate or foundation giving. The U.K. private giving estimate was again significantly larger than what the U.K. government sends into the oecd—the $1.6 billion figure Charities Aid Foundation compiled is three times the $543 million sent by the U.K. government to the oecd for 2006. For information on the sources and methods used to reach these private giving estimates, see the Methodology section on page 68. In 2006, private giving to the developing world from the few donor countries that collect measurements declined, probably because aid to tsunami victims came to an end. In Australia, for instance, community donations and other income raised by Australian ngos for overseas aid and development were down $131 million in 2006.4 In France, the ¤300 million-350 million ($369 million-$430 million) in private giving that was raised for tsunami relief in 2005 did not reoccur in 2006.5 In general, Charities Aid Foundation (caf) reported that in the 2005/2006 fiscal year private giving among ngos focused on international causes was down from 2004/2005 donations.6 Regardless of any understandable post-tsunami downtrend in charitable donations for disaster relief, private The Index of Global Philanthropy 49 The Taxman Giveth While private philanthropy in the United rate taxpayers can deduct up to ¤20,405 charities and, in 2007, they extended this States has long benefited from favorable ($27,343) from their taxable income for measure to include private foundations. tax breaks, other donor countries are only donations to certain foundations. In addi- According to Statistics Canada, charitable beginning to catch up, offering individuals tion to this,individuals can benefit from a fur- giving rose by 8.3 percent between 2005 and corporations increasingly generous ther deduction of up to ¤307,000 ($411,390) and 2006—from C$7.9 billion (US$6.5 bil- tax incentives to give charitably. Although, if they donate to a newly established foun- lion) to C$8.5 billion (US$7 billion). tax incentives for philanthropy vary wide- dation. Since 2002, France has relaxed reg- The Australian government over the last ly outside of the United States, the evidence ulations on the creation of corporate and decade has rolled out a series of income tax is that governments from Canada to Aus- public utility foundations and provided greater measures designed to encourage both per- tralia are making giving more attractive tax benefits for corporations active in philan- sonal and corporate philanthropy. Fore- through greater tax benefits. thropy. These more favorable fiscal and legal most among the initiatives has been the In Europe,the United Kingdom is a leader environments for foundations have coincid- introduction of Prescribed Private Funds in philanthropic tax benefits. Both individual ed with a boom in the foundation sector over (PPFs), private gift deductible funds, which and corporate donations are fully deductible the past decade.Between 28 and 40 percent allow individuals, families, and businesses from taxable income. Donors can give under of foundations in Germany, France, Belgium to support charitable causes. Since the the Gift Aid and Payroll Giving schemes. and Finland were set up in the last 10 years. scheme began in 2001, over 452 funds While Gift Aid allows individuals and corpo- Several EU countries have taken steps have been set up, and, as of April 2006, rations to donate to U.K.charities,Payroll Giv- to encourage cross-border donations.Recent these funds had some A$421 million ing streamlines the giving process by allow- tax reform in Poland and Slovenia permits (US$311 million) under investment and ing employers to deduct employees’donations donations to foundations in EU states to have made grants of A$90 million (US$66 straight from their gross salary.According to benefit from tax breaks. Italy provides incen- million) to charitable organizations. Workplace Giving UK, a fundraising organi- tives to donate to foundations carrying out While its neighbor, New Zealand, has zation that promotes giving in the work- humanitarian initiatives in non-OECD coun- had a less generous tax system, revisions place,Payroll Giving continues to raise more tries. And as of January 2008, the Nether- that came into force on April 1, 2008 are donations and attract more participants lands granted charitable organizations in changing that.The new changes abolish the each year. Fiscal year 2007 saw a 4.6 percent the EU the same tax privileges as similar NZ$1,890 (US$1,352) rebate threshold on increase in the monies raised and a 6.5 per- Dutch-based institutions. This goes even individual donations and the 5 percent cent rise the in the numbers of donors from further than the U.S. tax code, which has yet deduction limit on charitable donations the previous year. to recognize foreign nonprofit organizations. made by corporations. Also, a payroll giv- Elsewhere in Europe,Germany has intro- Outside of Europe, Canada has made ing scheme has been proposed as one of duced tax reforms to encourage the cre- giving more attractive. In 2006, the gov- a set of measures designed to make char- ation of foundations and donations to them. ernment eliminated capital gains tax on itable giving easier. Since 2000, German individual and corpo- donations of publicly listed securities to giving to the developing world continued to be a high global priority. In the U.K., international projects received the largest amount of private donations among charitable causes in 2006.7 In other countries—Australia, France, and the Netherlands—private giving to international assistance ranks among the top five charitable causes for private donations.8 Giving internationally is also a high priority in Ireland. In 2006, international ngos raised from private sources 27 percent of the total amount of funds raised by the entire Irish nonprofit sector. This is impressive, since international ngos make up only 1.5 percent of Irish nonprofits.9 50 The Index of Global Philanthropy — DAV I D J O H N BA K E R Working with these new European and Asian partners, we continue to advance the numbers and knowledge base of international private giving. There are still, however, large gaps in the research. As we have seen, the government is, for many of these countries, the major player in international aid and development efforts. Comprehensive data on private giving efforts to the developing world is still in the early development stages. As we continue our research efforts on private giving to the developing world, we will be actively addressing these challenges and working closely with existing and new partners to bridge the information gap. I N T E R N AT I O N A L P R I VAT E G I V I N G Stories of Success and Hope As in the United States, a wide variety of private organizations in other countries are involved in giving to developing countries—foundations, corporations, charities, and religious organizations. The stories that follow illustrate some of the successful strategies and approaches followed by these international organizations. They demonstrate the same kind of creativity and generosity in these international groups as that characterizing their U.S. counterparts. Philanthropy, in the end, is not about numbers, but about people. These are but a sample of the stories that could be told—but enough to illustrate the power of giving in the lives of individuals. In t e r n at i o n a l P r i vat e Gi v i n g Hope for a Troubled Region P erhaps the most to 34,000 in-patients and renowned of Islamic 365,000 outpatients, and con- charities is the Aga Khan ducted 17,000 surgical opera- Foundation, with headquarters tions, including 519 open-heart in Switzerland, founded in 1967 surgeries. by the Aga Khan, the head of a In addition to the Karachi transnational community of facilities, the Aga Khan Founda- Ismaili Muslims and a noted tion has developed an extensive philanthropist. The foundation’s global network of institutions: mission is to develop and pro- the Aga Khan Agency for Micro- mote creative solutions to prob- finance; Aga Khan Fund for Eco- lems that impede social devel- nomic Development; the Aga opment, primarily in Asia and East Africa. It has branches and The Aga Khan Foundation and the French government contributed to a medical clinic in Kabul, Afghanistan that was opened in 2006. independent affiliates in 15 countries, including the United States. The crown jewel of this network is the Aga Khan University Khan Planning and Building Services; the Aga Khan Education Services; the Aga Khan Trust Fund for Culture; and the University of Central Asia. The foundation is heavily involved in the critical task of in Karachi, Pakistan, which was chartered by the government institutional development. It has built and now operates the there as an international university with the authority to oper- Aga Khan Academy in Mombasa, Kenya. This is the first of a ate programs, branches, and campuses anywhere in the world. planned network of Aga Khan Academies dedicated to expand- Its Faculty of Health Sciences was planned with the support of ing access to education at an international standard of excel- the Harvard Medical School, and McGill and McMaster universi- lence in Asia and Africa. The network will feature a curriculum ties. It presently includes a Medical College and a School of based on the international baccalaureate. At the center of this Nursing, located together on an 84-acre campus. The Aga Khan approach is a broad education from kindergarten years University Hospital is a world-class medical center where care through high school. The academies will also feature a robust is provided to all patients in need. In 2002, it provided services system of international student and teacher exchange proThe Index of Global Philanthropy 51 The Aga Khan Foundation has a forward-looking perspective on development assistance. It seeks to promote laws and corporate policies that favor indigenous philanthropic giving. The grant funded meetings to explore ways and means of enhancing this giving. The key findings were published in 2006 and found that Pakistani Americans gave $250 million in cash and in kind and $43.5 million hours of volunteer time per year. The average Pakistani American household contributes 3.5 percent of its income to worthy causes, and there was a significant potential for more giving. The foundation has a forward-looking perspective on development assistance. It seeks to promote laws and corporate policies that favor indigenous philanthropic giving, thereby facilitating a break from dependency on foreign aid. It also actively promotes volunteerism as a vital way for local organizations to root themselves in a renewable “citizen base.” It is keenly interested in forging new models for partnerships involving government, business and citizen organizations to improve health, education and welfare services to the poor. —JEREMIAH NORRIS grams between academies in different countries as well as with allied schools, including Phillips Academy in the United States and the Schule Schloss Salem in Germany. Proficiency in at least two languages, with English as the medium of instruction, and progressive mastery of information technologies, will be hallmarks of the program. Admission to these academies is merit-based and means-blind. Fighting the Malaria Scourge in Ethiopia bai and Hyderabad), Pakistan (Karachi), Afghanistan, Kyrgyzs- M tan (Osh), Tajikistan (Khorog and Dushanbe), Syria, and Mali. under five. In the Tigray region of Ethiopia, for example, over In addition to Mombasa, schools are planned for Nairobi in Kenya as well as in Tanzania, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, Mozambique, Bangladesh, India (Mum- The Aga Khan Foundation also supports charitable works alaria affects somewhere between 300 million and 500 million people every year, with more than 1 million deaths per year. Some 90 percent of these are in Africa, many of them pregnant women and children half of the people live in areas affected by Plasmodium falci- by others. This is particularly the case with the Pakistani dias- parum, a strain of malaria resistant to single stand-alone anti- pora which offers some good examples of charitable giving. malarial treatments. For the people of the Tigray, malaria is an For instance, Pakistani American physicians, among other epidemic where fully half of the population live beyond the professional groups, have been involved in philanthropic pro- reach of healthcare facilities. Since the inception of the Tigray grams on behalf of Pakistan. During the 1970s Pakistanis immi- Project in 2005, however, these people have gained a new part- grating to the U. S. included a high number of physicians, engi- ner in their battle against malaria—the Swiss pharmaceutical neers, scientists and other highly trained professionals. The company Novartis. Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy (PCP) estimates that there are at least 50,000 immigrants living in the United States today. The Association of Pakistani Physicians of North America An initiative of Novartis Italy, the Tigray Project seeks to provide local communities with the know-how for early diagnosis and treatment of malaria, while respecting local traditions was established in 1977, and has since grown into a conglomer- and customs. Using Novartis Italy’s disease management ate of affiliated organizations and initiatives. The association approach, it channels the efforts of the partners into four areas: sponsors charitable activities both in Pakistan and the United 1) health education for early diagnosis; 2) training activities to States. For example, a medical alumni association has promote accurate diagnosis and early treatment with Coartem, programs for Pakistani physicians in America to return home to an anti-malarial medicine that has achieved cure rates of up to provide training and services to hospitals and medical colleges. 95 percent in areas of multi-drug resistance; 3) distribution of In 2002 the Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy, which was 52 International Corporation free diagnostic tests (RDTs) for health facilities; and 4) disease set up in Pakistan to facilitate philanthropic activities, received monitoring through data collection and analysis. To better a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation in a project coordinat- achieve disease management at the community level, the proj- ed by the Aga Khan Foundation for research on existing diaspo- ect was designed as a public-private partnership between ra philanthropy initiatives in Pakistan and the United States. Novartis Italy, the Italian Ministry of Health, the World Health The Index of Global Philanthropy Organization, the health authorities of Tigray, the San Gallicano “from the orange-flavored and very sweet soft drink”). Hospital in Rome, the Italian Dermatological Hospital in the Tigray capital of Mekelle, and Tigray communities. The most critical contribution in the project comes from Tigray is just one of the regions benefiting from the distribution of Coartem. Novartis Italy provides the drug at manufacturing cost to 30 developing countries. In 2006, more than 62 the Community Health Workers (CHWs), who are the key to the million treatments of Coartem were delivered to help save an community-led management initiative because they live in the estimated 200,000 lives. communities and are trusted. One such CHW is a farmer in the — CAT H E R I N E F I S H E R village of Kunkira village who goes by the name of Fanta. When he is not tending his fields, Fanta serves as the area’s CHW, or “barefoot doctor” in his clinic under the trees—supplied with two stools, boxes of malaria diagnosis kits, rubber gloves, a patient registry, alcohol, and absorbent cotton. Each barefoot doctor is educated and trained by the Tigray Health Office, aided by its healthcare partners, while the diagnostic equip- International Corporation Bringing the ‘Beautiful Game’ to Less-Than-Beautiful Places region, since CHWs make it possible to provide rapid on-site I diagnosis and treatment of malaria. For instance, when a moth- came out to play what is widely known as the “beautiful er brought her feverish child to Fanta’s clinic under the trees, game”—soccer. One of the most popular sports in the world, Fanta first checked for pallor, a symptom he learned about dur- soccer, called “football” in most countries, is often used to ing his medical training. When that test provided no conclusive bridge many social, cultural or religious gaps. ment and Coartem are supplied by Novartis Italy, WHO and the Italian government. Fanta’s unpaid service is a lifeline to the people of the Tigray results, Fanta put on a pair of rubber gloves and pricked the n 2006, the conflict between Hezbollah and Israel left hundreds dead, and many more wounded. The fighting also took a serious toll on the infrastructure of the country. In the rubble left by fire and warfare, however, groups of children An effort to have soccer heal the wounds of the Lebanon finger of the child to collect blood for the diagnostics test. conflict came about through direct correspondence between Amazingly, the diagnostics test provided results in 15 minutes— the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Massimo Moratti, the they were negative. owner of Milan’s professional soccer team, called Inter Milan. A recent evaluation of the project showed that the efforts of With considerable official support—from the Lebanese Football Novartis Italy and its partners have not been in vain. As of June Association, Minister of Youth Affairs and Sport, Paralympic 2007, the project has had a total of 200,000 patients in 50 vil- Federation, and Gabriele Checchia, the Italian ambassador to lages that were treated with Coartem. The project has also cre- Lebanon—Inter Milan was able to start one of its “Inter Campus ated a network of 114 healthcare workers knowledgeable in diag- Worldwide” programs for Lebanese children after the conflict nostic and therapeutic roles, as well as 33 CHWs that operate in between Israel and Hezbollah finally abated. The Inter Milan villages throughout Tigray. The vitality of the healthcare network staff and local crew helped children from ages 8 to 14 that had represents the success of the partners in assisting local commu- to deal with the harsh reality of war. nites in the ownership and sustainability of the community-level The Inter Campus camp in Lebanon was established in the management of malaria. Amazingly, the Tigray Project has been able to make a significant impact on a mere budget of $525,000, with $400,000 coming from Novartis Italy and the rest from the Italian government. In June 2007, Novartis Italy received the Sodalitas Social Award issued by the Italian Congress to recognize corporate commitment to social responsibility and sustainability for the success of the Tigray Project. What the efforts of Novartis Italy and its partners show is that effective partnerships between dedicated actors can produce an amazing impact for those most in need. For those in the Tigray region of Ethiopia, this has helped save thousands of lives and aided the management of malaria in local communities. The impact of Novartis Italy’s efforts should not be measured by the direct involvement of the company and its partners, but in the sustainability of the Tigray project and Coartem distribution by people like Fanta (who acknowledged that his name is derived The Inter Campus program of Milan’s professional soccer team provides instruction and inspiration to young players in several countries. The Index of Global Philanthropy 53 TFSR sees Africa as a place to empower individuals to take part in the development process. The strategy is simple—to provide rural artisans in Africa with tools and training that will empower them economically. Tibnine military base, where Italy’s peacekeeping contingent was headquartered. Busloads of Lebanese youngsters flocked enthusiastically to the site, where they enjoyed a kick-about in their complimentary Inter Milan jerseys on a former minefield that had been swept by Italian soldiers. The team’s Inter Campus Worldwide project was founded in 1996 at a time when European soccer—rocked by bribery scandals—was taking a serious look at itself and the role their athletic clubs played in the lives of young people. Since then, Inter Milan, known formally as FC Internazionale Milano SpA, has made great strides in ensuring the well-being of at-risk children. Originally founded in 1908, “Inter”—as it is known to its legions of fans—is the only club to remain in the most competitive tier of Italian soccer without having once been relegated to a lower category. The team has won 23 domestic Italian titles, and seven international trophies, including two European Champion cups. Even in this highly competitive environment, Inter has found time to aid children who live in difficult circumstances. group have used their income to build permanent homes or to “The concept of the Inter Campus project is to nurture purchase commercial property at local trade centers. The young players in their own environment, close to their families group was also able to buy a generator to better meet the and friends,” says Massimo Moretti, head of the program. Inter needs of its customers. On top of everything else, the Mabaale Campus camps integrate crucial elements in children’s lives to group is now able to share its prosperity with the community, provide a safe and secure environment for them to play, learn offering jobs to outside individuals, while group members use and grow up. The program contributes to educational facilities their extra income to hire local people to work on their farms. and develops programs to deal with social ills such as AIDS and The Mabaale Metalwork and Mechanics group, however, is not a helping hand to juvenile prisoners. Inter also works to deflate an isolated instance of the impact of Tools for Self Reliance. racist and prejudiced attitudes by having young people from Many other artisans and craft workers across Africa have simi- different ethnic and religious groups play together on the same lar stories. field. In Bosnia, for instance, Serbs, Muslims and Croats play together and share in the spirit of sportsmanship. With campuses in 17 countries—including Mexico, Brazil, Registered in the United Kingdom in 1980, Tools for Self Reliance (TFSR) was started by a handful of First World activists who were disillusioned by their own experiences of Morocco, Israel and China—Inter has assisted over 12,000 chil- development projects in Africa and the failure of overseas dren, with the help of over 200 local personnel. The opportunity development assistance to trickle down to the grassroots. The to relax, have fun and socialize with their peers helps kids goal of these activists was to provide “practical help for practi- achieve some normalcy in their lives. By using the popular cal people.” Instead of viewing Africa as a macroeconomic appeal of soccer in the world, Inter has kept children away from development project, TFSR sees Africa as a place to empower societal ills such as extreme poverty, drugs, gangs, alcohol and individuals to take part in the development process. The TFSR intolerance. Truly a “beautiful game.” strategy is simple—to provide rural artisans in Africa with tools — CA F E R O R M A N and training that will empower them economically. All TFSR projects are based on two central principles. The I n t e r n a t i o n a l Vo l u n t e e r i n g Practical Help for Practical People T 54 first is to help individuals become self-reliant. Projects focus on transferring knowledge of the tools and trade to the individuals and communities through training sessions. For example, with sewing machine kits provided by TFSR, one group in Ghana was he Mabaale Metalwork and Mechanics group in Ugan- able to transfer the skills of using and repairing a sewing da was established in 2001 by its ten members and an machine to 19 artisans who could further teach their local com- auto-mechanic kit from Tools for Self Reliance, a U.K. munities. The second principle is that people working and liv- organization fostering grass-roots development. That single ing in their own countries are best placed to know their own auto-mechanic kit, assembled in England from donors’ gifts, situations and to decide what is useful to them and what isn’t. has had an astonishing effect on the group and the community Therefore, TFSR works with local partner organizations to pro- in Uganda. Members of the Mabaale Metalwork and Mechanics vide tools and training to people in Ghana, Uganda, Tanzania, The Index of Global Philanthropy and Zimbabwe. These local partners include the Centre for the Development of People, Girls Growth and Development, Net- bank against flooding. Momin is one of many people whose lives have been trans- work of Local Artisans, and the Organization of Collective Co- formed by NLT’s medical and social services. Founded in 1972 operatives in Zimbabwe. as a U.K.-based income-generation project for those disabled TFSR is active both in the U.K. and the countries of the by leprosy, today NLT is an autonomous Nepali charity man- local partner organization. In the U.K., the focus is on identify- aged and staffed by Nepalis. The group generates 25 percent ing and forming partnerships with local organizations, design- of its revenue through the sale of handicrafts, with the rest ing projects, fundraising and constructing tool kits and sewing coming from private donations, foundation grants and other kits to send abroad. These kits are the backbone of TFSR’s charitable sources. Their holistic approach to eradicating lep- operations and include vital tools ranging from screwdrivers to rosy deals not only with the physical challenges of the disease, hand-operated pillar drills. but also with the social and economic effects of what is still Once the tool kits and sewing kits are constructed, they are considered a divine curse by many in Nepal. Activities include sent abroad to local partner organizations that request specific quantities for local communities and individuals. These local partners work with the communities to train individuals on the use and repair of the tools, giving them the means to be selfreliant. In Uganda, the Uganda Rural Development Training Centre (URDT) has worked with TFSR for over ten years. Projects sponsored by URDT and supported by TFSR include setting up common facility workshops for local people to make car repairs and produce plane planks, as well as networking local artisans to help them organize into local associations. One such association is the Network of Local Artisans in Kasese (NOLA), which itself has since become a local partner organization of TFSR. Another artisan enterprise associated with URDT, the Banakampala Tailoring and Dobi services, was established in 2003 after receiving a tool kit from TFSR. The experience of one member of the Banakampala group shows how the delivery The Nepal Leprosy Trust helps those afflicted with Hansen’s disease become part of self-help groups that contribute to the community. of the tool kit can affect an individual: Ibrahim Muwonge has been able—thanks to his work in the group—to buy a motorcy- everything from the multi-functional Lalgadh Leprosy Services cle and cattle to improve the situation of his family. It is this Centre in southeast Nepal—which functions as a clinic, a impact on the individual and community level that brings training center, and a manufacturing operation—to small TFSR’s motto to life—practical help for practical people. workshops in and around Kathmandu, which produce — C AT H E R I N E F I S H E R Himalayan Handicraft goods in leather, felt and batik that are sold around the world. If left untreated, leprosy, caused by the bacterium I n t e r n a t i o n a l Vo l u n t e e r i n g Helping Lepers Heal and Overcome Stigma M Mycobacterium leprae, can cause severe and permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs and eyes. Even though the body can be rid of the leprosy bacilli, sufferers are often left with nerve damage that deprives them of the ability to feel. The hands, feet and eyes of those affected by leprosy are most at uslim Momin is afflicted with leprosy. Now in his 50s, risk. Without feeling in the limbs, infection and damage often Momin spent much of his life as a social outcast, lead to deformity and ulceration. stooped by the effects of Hansen’s disease, as lep- At Lalgadh, an extensive range of in-patient and out- rosy is formally known. But this is no longer the case. Now, patient services are offered. These include diagnostic servic- through the efforts of the Nepal Leprosy Trust, Momin is an es, multi-drug therapy (MDT), reconstructive surgery, foot- active and respected member of his community. He is part of a care and physiotherapy. The prevention of impairment and self-help group with other leprosy victims that has set up a pre- disability service (POID) provides critical education and train- school, installed a water pump, arranged adult literacy classes ing for sufferers on preventing and managing impairments. and established small businesses in the community. Currently, The provision of special footwear and appliances are also the group is lobbying local government to strengthen the river- offered. As part of this rehabilitation service, the Self-Care The Index of Global Philanthropy 55 The holistic approach to eradicating leprosy deals not only with the physical challenges of the disease, but also with the social and economic effects of what is still considered a divine curse by many in Nepal. While no profit is made, a small fee is charged for the general services and footwear. Medicines and treatment is provided to leprosy patients at no cost. Part of the rehabilitation process is securing a sustainable livelihood. Ganaur Shah, an old man disabled by leprosy, knows this better than most. Forced by leprosy to give up his vegetable-selling business, he spent his time caring for his son’s buffaloes and selling their milk, for which he received no payment. Now, after receiving a loan through his self-help group, Ganaur sells milk from his own buffalo. From the monthly profit, he makes a living and can repay the loan. Between the Leprosy Services Centre and the 200-plus income-generation projects, thousands of lives are touched. While personal health and socioeconomic rehabilitation alone are impressive gifts, the changes that Nepal Leprosy Trust empowers individuals to accomplish in their communities are why it exists. — DAV I D J O H N BA K E R Training Centre enables people to take individual responsibility for living with the physical consequences of leprosy. This ensures a successful reintegration of cured people back into their communities. The STEP concept (Stigma Elimination Program) is the driving force behind NLT’s work. Leprosy sufferers, banished to the fringes of society, are equipped to be agents of change in their own lives and in their communities. Self-help groups play a major role in this process. The Trust trains individuals affected by leprosy to go back into their communities and International Colleges Fairtrade Gives a Fair Shake W hen a student at the Queen’s University of Belfast grabs an americano at Chapter’s Café on the way to a 9 a.m. lecture—a guaranteed minimum portion of the 95 pence price goes to the producers in the developing support each other through income generation projects and world. Four hours later, the student buys a banana and orange micro-credits provided by NLT. These self-help groups end juice on campus to go with lunch—again, a fair portion of the up contributing to the wider community, approaching local £1.25 cost goes to producers in the developing world. After a 3 leaders with ways they can help improve facilities. The p.m. tutorial is finished, the student goes to a campus café with groups give those marginalized in society a voice that can be friends and buys a cup of tea, contributing again to the sustain- heard and the power to educate their communities about ability of developing world producers. A good day’s work: two leprosy. Since 2002, 31 self-help groups have been estab- lectures, one tutorial, 150 pages read and perhaps a couple of lished with a total of 1,100 members. Of these groups, 19 quid towards local sustainability and better working conditions operate without any direct funding from NLT, and two of them have become local NGOs. All of NLT’s work is done on a shoestring budget. With an income of $563,923 in 2006, 25 percent of which came from income-generation projects, NLT really does make a little go a long away. This is made possible by the commitment of the UK and Ireland-based staff who assist with fundraising and technical support. The four part-time employees and six volunteers are part of a larger network of individuals who give of their time and money in support of NLT’s work. In Nepal, the group employs some 180 Nepalis and has government permission to employ up to seven expatriates. In 2006, the hospital at Lalgadh received 37,902 visits from patients. The center not only serves as a leprosy and skin disease treatment clinic for around 2.5 million people, but also provides general medical services to the surrounding districts. 56 The Index of Global Philanthropy Cocoa farmers from Ghana who are taking part in Fairtrade chocolate production present gifts to then-Chancellor Gordon Brown of the U.K. for farmers and workers in poor countries. This student and more than a million others attending uni- have jumped thirty-fold from $33 million in 1998 to $975 million in 2007. Today, over 3,000 products are available to pur- versities in the U.K. have the opportunity to make an impact on chase, from coffee and wine to flowers and chocolate to cotton the sustainable development of poor communities around the clothes and soccer balls. world on a daily basis. How? Simply by acting as normal stu- The Fairtrade Foundation, the U.K. branch of Fairtrade dent consumers and purchasing a cup of coffee or a bar of Labeling Organisations International, provides the independent chocolate. certification of the supply chain and licenses the use of the Thanks to the Fairtrade Foundation, Queen’s Belfast is FAIRTRADE mark as a consumer guarantee on products. While one of many universities across the U.K. that offer their stu- goods sold under Fairtrade terms are guaranteed to receive the dents a range of commodity products that pay developing Fairtrade minimum and premium—the cost of sustainable pro- world producers a price that not only covers the costs of sus- duction plus a little extra for community development—produc- tainable production, but also gives them a little extra to invest ers are subject to minimum requirements if they are to sell to in the future of their community. Since October 2003, when the Fairtrade label. These include capacity building and eco- Oxford Brookes University (the other university in Oxford) nomic growth of the organization. became the world’s first “Fairtrade University,” an additional Kuapa Kokoo, a cocoa farmers’ cooperative in Ghana, ben- 60 U.K. universities and colleges have received this status. To efits from Fairtrade prices. The organization represents 45,000 gain this recognition, Fairtrade foods must be sold in all cam- of Ghana’s cocoa farmers and consists of a Farmers’ Union, pus shops and used in all cafés, restaurants, and bars on which elects the cooperative’s regional and national represen- campus. In addition, Fairtrade foods, such as coffee and tea, tatives; a Farmers’ Trust that distributes money from the Fair- are to be served at all meetings hosted by the university and trade premium for community projects; and a credit union that Student Union and are served in all university and Student offers credit and banking services to the farmers. In this case Union management offices. Both the university and the stu- the premium has gone to fund the building of wells and schools dent bodies must be committed to increasing Fairtrade con- and the development of healthcare and sanitation services. sumption on campus. These are developments that benefit not just the farmers, but The University of Manchester turned to sourcing Fairtrade products in 2005 to accomplish “more effective community also the wider community. With the help of several partners, Kuapa Kokoo launched service” among staff and students, one of the goals of the uni- its own brand of chocolate in 1998 to increase its profitability. versity’s strategic plan. Since then, staff and students alike All profits from Divine Chocolate are distributed equally among have been voting with their purchasing power. Every year the the farmers. Today, Divine Chocolate Ltd. is still co-owned by university consumes 1.5 million cups of Fairtrade coffee, the cooperative and sells a range of chocolate products in the 300,000 cups of tea, 100,000 cups of hot chocolate, 1 million U.S., the U.K. and other European countries. sachets of sugar, 75,000 bananas, 75,000 bottles of fruit juice Ultimately, Fairtrade is only as successful as consumer and 20,000 chocolate bars. During the 2008 Fairtrade Fort- power. And students across the U.K. have been exercising this. night, a yearly two-week promotional period, the university Universities and their students are making consumption choic- launched a Fairtrade Cola, Ubuntu, stocked university bars with es and the trade chain is responding. While Fairtrade products Fairtrade wine and sold Fairtrade flowers on Mother’s Day. The are often a little more expensive than other brands, U.K. stu- retail value of Fairtrade foodstuffs sold on the campus is dents are willing to pay the price to help offer developing world around $3.7 million per year. communities a better tomorrow. Also the university was the first of 15 U.K. universities to — DAV I D J O H N BA K E R be part of the One Water project. All profits from One Water, a not-for-profit bottled water brand, go to Playpumps, a charity that builds innovative water-pumping devices to deliver fresh, clean water to communities in Africa (see our story on Playpumps in last year’s Index). According to Duncan Goose, the brain behind One Water, for every 75,000 bottles of water sold, a roundabout play pump is funded. So far the University of Manchester has fully funded two play pumps and is close to funding a further two. Fairtrade universities are part of the exponential growth in I n t e r n a t i o n a l Vo l u n t e e r i n g Aiding Those Left Behind C aring for China (CFC), which started out as a British agency that sent English language teachers to China in the early 1980s, throws a lifeline to some of those left behind by China’s explosive economic growth in recent years. the U.K. Fairtrade movement over the past decade. In the last CFC, which employed 188 people in 2006, provides health and nine years, estimated U.K. retail sales of Fairtrade products education services to orphans and to some of the poorest peoThe Index of Global Philanthropy 57 ple in China. Except for a small number of overseas volunteers, all the employees are Chinese. While overseas volunteers, often medical professionals, offer specialist advice and training, the vast majority of the work is carried out by the Chinese professionals and staff, ensuring the continued development of local healthcare professionals. CFC runs its two main programs in the central Chinese province of Shaanxi: Caring for China’s Children (CFCC) and Health for China (HFC). The initiatives are operated out of three childcare centers—two in the provincial capital Xian and the third in Hanzhong, a city further south—and a specialist surgery unit at a state-owned hospital. Since 1995, when the first center, Hephzibah, opened in Xian, over 60 percent of the 768 children have been adopted. Those numbers tell only part of the story, however. The majority of the children at Caring for China have physical or Hundreds of thousands of babies are abandoned in China every year as the one-child policy and traditional emphasis on male heirs have prompted many parents to abandon girls or boys with special needs. intellectual disabilities and other serious medical issues. In 2006, over 90 percent of the children under care had disabilities. Amy Joy, now 13, was one of those children when she was spotted in a local Welfare Center five years ago by CFC staff. to become contributing members to society. While the children are treated primarily for medical issues at the fully equipped pediatric unit in Xian, many resources also go into education and occupational training. At the “Children’s Village” outside Hanzhong, the Sunrise School educates the children and prepares them for the working world. The learning process is tailored to the individual child’s needs. For example, the “Little Scholars” class is for children who have physical disabilities but good intellectual ability, while the “Little Workers” class is for those who are intellectually disabled but physically able. Providing healthcare and education for abandoned children is only part of Caring for China’s strategy to develop health services for the 12 million people who live in and around Xian and Hanzhong. In addition to training Chinese professionals to work Orphans at the Shekinah Shalom orphanage in Hanzhong enjoy their new dolls, gifts from a foreign volunteer. in their own facilities, CFC runs a variety of childcare and nursing courses for staff from state orphanages. This includes developing trainers and leaders to further educate those in the profes- She had severe cerebral palsy, no speech, and was unable to move. After being transferred to the CFC care center in The other major CFC program, Health for China, for Hanzhong, she was given the care and treatment she needed. It instance, through agreements with local health authorities, was here she met her new mother, Sheila McNamara, a child- arranges for CFC medical professionals to train village and care volunteer from the UK working with CFC. Now adopted and community doctors in its Rural Development Program. As of living with Sheila in the U.K., Amy Joy has been quick to learn September 2007, 80 village doctors had been trained. Free the language of her new country. Though wheelchair bound, medical care is also offered to the poor in the communities she has made many friends in school and was recently given an around Xian. For those who cannot reach the health centers, a Outstanding Achievement Award for remarkable academic mobile clinic offers rehabilitation, immunization and preventive progress despite her disabilities. care services. Hundreds of thousands of babies are abandoned in China 58 sion. This way, thousands of children can receive quality care. Caring for China received $850,000 in donations in 2006, every year as the one-child policy and traditional emphasis on including $207,000 from U.S. citizens and similar amounts male heirs have prompted many parents to abandon girls or from those in the U.K., Australia and Ireland. Among other boys with special needs at train stations or even along the road- expenses, this money goes to child sponsorship, paying the side. CFC staff gives some of these children not only a chance wages of the Chinese caregivers and doctors, and to the at life, but also an opportunity to know the love of a family and upkeep of life-saving equipment. This doesn’t count the thou- The Index of Global Philanthropy sands of hours volunteered by medical professionals who train from corporations and other organizations. The funds are allo- local staff and professionals. While billion-dollar donations cated to several focus areas: HIV/AIDS, gender-based violence, grab the headlines, Caring for China demonstrates how far a water and sanitation, peace-building and community restruc- little can go. turing, civil society and good governance. NCA’s work has — DAV I D J O H N BA K E R touched many such as the Thai girl King who are in need. An NCA project in Afghanistan shows another type of work undertaken by the group. The NCA aided the successful impleInternational Religious Giving And the Greatest of These Is Love I mentation of a solar panel project in a village in the Faryab province of Afghanistan, as part of the “barefoot engineers” program in India and other developing countries. In 2004, Norwegian Church Aid began to search for an n 1999, an 11-year-old girl in Thailand named King found out effective and suitable source of energy for poor villagers in first that her mother, then also her father and sister had Afghanistan. The majority of people in the country have no AIDS. King’s mother was the first to die, and in 2001, her access to electricity. The inhabitants rely on diesel, wood, and sister, Mai, died at the age of four. As her father grew weaker, King kerosene to perform daily activities such as cooking and light- became breadwinner, nurse and housekeeper. Then a local Thai ing. These energy sources are expensive, ineffective and harm- partner of a Scandinavian aid group, Norwegian Church Aid, ful to both the environment and the women who operate them. heard of King’s situation, and sprang into action. Aided by funds Because the country enjoys 300 days of sunlight a year, solar from the Norwegian group, the local partner, Fung Sai, gave King energy was a natural choice to help remedy this situation. To a plot of land for growing vegeta- ensure that the village select- bles and raising poultry. They ed for the project would be also financed proper medical financially and technically attention for King’s father, and self-sufficient, the villagers gave King a scholarship that were included throughout the enabled her to continue her process. They determined education. Today, King attends how much they were able to the University of Rajahbat in pay for electricity, and select- nearby Chiang Rai. King will ed their own representatives, never get her family back, but one male and one female, to with the help of NCA, she has lead the project. The repre- regained her life. sentatives were then sent to the Barefoot College in Tilona Norwegian Church Aid grew out of the ashes of World War II, when the Protestant Norwegian Church Aid helped Thai student King care for her family when they suffered from AIDS and supported her at university. in the Indian state of Rajasthan to study the engineering of solar panels. Upon National Association in Norway raised funds to relieve the suffering of the civilian population in their return, they had gained both the confidence and the skills a Germany wasted by its defeat in the war. German forces had necessary to install and operate solar panels. They are now occupied Norway during the war, but in 1947 the church group responsible for training new technicians. allowed love to triumph over bitterness and took the initiative to aid the population across the North Sea. In 1953, Norwegian Church Aid became a permanent With the electricity generated by the solar panels, women were able to increase their productivity by creating marketable crafts in the evening, while children, who spend most of the day organization and in 1962 it expanded its work from disaster working, can study in the evening. Not only has this project provid- relief to long-term development projects. Today, NCA works ed energy for the villagers, it has both improved women’s health with over 500 local partners through 25 regional offices in 65 and elevated women to a position of higher influence within their countries. The organization is supported by the Protestant societies. The project is now being extended to other villages. churches of Norway, and is considered the group’s instrument So the NCA continues the work around the world that it for global justice. Total income peaked at $144 million in 2006, began 60 years ago. The motto for its Lenten Campaign in with the government providing roughly half of this to form an 2008 shows that the objective remains much the same: “War effective public-private partnership. The remaining funds are and terror steal dreams. Together we can take them back.” It’s a derived from various sources, including the fundraising Lenten plea for help that many Norwegians, now as well as then, find Campaign, the Christmas gift shop, bequests and donations difficult to resist. —INGRID BJERKE The Index of Global Philanthropy 59 60 The Index of Global Philanthropy A group of Indian school children rides a cycle van to reach school near Kolkata. India is the leading recipient of remittances. G L O B A L R E M I T TA N C E S Sending Money Home For a long time, remittances were mostly just a line item in balance of payments tables, part of the invisible transfers in international payments flows that were not actually captured in statistics but included as estimates to round out the figures that were. With the globalization of the economy and the greater movement of labor worldwide, however, these funds that migrant workers send back home have reached a level that is attracting much more serious attention. Developing countries received a record high $221 billion in remittances in 2006, coming from all countries.1 A growing body of research shows that remittances have a positive impact on the individuals, communities, and the countries that receive them. On the micro level, remittances play an important role in alleviating poverty by supplementing the income of individuals and providing added resources to communities.2 The Index of Global Philanthropy 61 Money sent back by a family member working abroad helps households purchase basic goods, or pay for education and healthcare, or fund businesses and create jobs that reduce poverty. On the macro level, remittances are an important source of foreign exchange for developing countries.3 These flows provide critical capital flows that supplement those from foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and exports. Remittances can finance a developing country’s current account deficit, bolstering the overall balance of payments and supporting its currency. R E M I T TA N C E F L O W S In 2006, remittances sent home by migrants working abroad to all countries around the globe, both developed and developing, reached an all-time high, according to World Bank figures.4 Total remittance inflows for all countries reached an estimated $297 billion in 2006. This is more than double the amount in 2000. The developing country inflows of $221 billion represented 74 percent of total remittances (see Figure 1 below). Developing countries that received the most remittances in 2006, based on World Bank estimates, were India, with $25.7 billion; Mexico, with $24.7 billion; China, with $23.3 billion, and the Philippines with $14.9 billion.5 FIGURE 1 Remittances Received by All Countries and by Developing Countries in Billions of $, 2000-2006 $300 250 U.S.$ BILLIONS 200 150 100 � All Countries � Developing Countries 50 0 2000 2001 2002 Source: World Bank, Migration and Remittance, 2007 62 The Index of Global Philanthropy 2003 2004 2005 2006 These countries account for 40 percent of total remittance inflows and continue to receive the lion’s share of remittances since they have the largest migrant populations throughout the world. However, countries receiving much smaller amounts of remittances can also register a big impact from these payments. With just over $1 billion in remittances in 2006, Tajikistan, one of the Central Asian republics that used to be part of the Soviet Union, received only a fraction of the $25.7 billion in remittances that went to India, one of the world’s largest emerging economies. But, as can be seen in Table 1 on page 64, that much smaller amount represented more than a third, 36 percent, of Tajikistan’s total gross domestic product. India’s remittances, on the other hand, made up only 3 percent of that country’s gdp. Looking at another measure of the significance of these inflows, Tajikistan’s remittances were more than eight times the capital coming in through foreign direct investment (fdi). Even for India’s much bigger economy, remittances were more than three times fdi inflows. The story is similar for Moldova, a sliver of a country in Eastern Europe, also part of the former Soviet Union. In all 3 countries remittances vastly exceed ODA, ranging from 2 to 12 times larger. Nearly half of Moldova’s remittances, 47 percent, are in the informal sector of the economy (compared to only 16 percent for India). These funds can provide even more leverage when they are ultimately channeled into the formal financial system. The World Bank’s Migration and Remittance Team, led by senior economist Dilip Ratha, sees a number of economic and political factors accounting for the large increase in remittance flows since 2000. First, the increased pressure to monitor financial flows since the terrorist attacks in September 2001 has provided better data on financial flows worldwide. Second, the reduction of transaction costs and the expansion of financial services for remittances have provided individuals with more opportunities to send money back home. Third, the depreciation of the U.S. dollar has increased the value of remittances sent in other currencies. Finally, Ratha’s team found, the growth in the number of migrants working abroad and the increase in their earnings have boosted the amount of remittances being sent back home. Capitalism, Remittances and Democracy Economists are paying more attention instance, the number of remit- than ever to remittances, but the political tance recipients in Mexico impact of these capital inflows has often increased from 665,000 to been overlooked. An analysis of how over 1 million within one year. remittances affect democratization in The resulting stability—similar Mexico shows that their political impact to economic growth and is increasingly important. inequality reduction—can Remittances to Mexico totaled $24.7 billion in 2006, making the country one of the world’s largest recipients.1 Citi- contribute to democratic regime durability. In 2006, remittances were Entire villages in Mexico benefit from remittances. zens received $242 per capita on aver- Mexico’s second-largest foreign age, up from $77 in 2000.2 In high- exchange inflow, equal in value to 70 per- percent of the municipal budget allocat- migration intensity states, this number cent of the country’s oil exports. In contrast ed to public works in the recipient com- even rose to over $600. Parallel to this to exports of goods, however, exporting munities,8 in part because they are highly rise of family remittances, Mexican labor does not require building up infra- concentrated—nearly two-thirds go to hometown associations (HTAs) in the structure that helps develop productive the four states Zacatecas, Guanajuato, United States have multiplied in number capacity. As labor exports nonetheless lead Jalisco and Michoacán.9 to over 2,000.4 Their collective remit- to remittances and thus foreign exchange tances finance 20 percent of public receipts, the pressure to undertake government co-finances collective remit- works in recipient communities.5 reforms needed for export-led growth is tances through the “3-for-1 program,” attenuated. which federal, state and municipal gov- 3 Three key macroeconomic effects of remittances impact democratic consolida- At the same time, remittances may To encourage this flow, the Mexican ernments each contribute one dollar for tion in Mexico: remittances impinge on the weaken the reliance of households on every dollar raised by HTAs. This type of magnitude and distribution of the Mexican political patronage, thus contributing to public-private partnerships can improve GDP; the country’s economic stability; and electoral victories by opposition parties. governance in recipient communities by its foreign exchange reserves. Those municipalities which elected oppo- providing a platform for negotiations sition parties between 2000 and 2002, between migrants, communities and the study, remittances promote economic for instance, received on average over three layers of government.10 Mexican growth in Mexico, albeit only to a small one-third more in remittances per house- migrants, exposed to an established According to a 2007 World Bank extent. More important, they significant- hold than those which remained loyal to democracy in the U.S., are thought to ly reduce inequality, as measured by the the state party, PRI. 7 Elections are a key transmit and demand democratic values GINI coefficient, since they flow in large element of vertical accountability, ensur- and behavior,11 and this flow of ideas, part to municipalities that are rural and ing the responsiveness of the government termed “social remittances,”12 helps pro- highly marginal. Growth and declining to the demands of its citizens. They were mote a culture of accountability and inequality are important for sustaining a vitally important to Mexico’s democrati- transparency in their home country.13 democratic regime. zation as the country’s transition came in 6 Since the majority of remittances are sent to support family members in large part through the ballot box. While much smaller in absolute terms With remittances playing such a large role in the Mexican economy and culture, following their impact on democratic migrants’ home countries, they tend to than family remittances, remittances practices there and throughout the rise whenever GDP per capita falls. During from hometown associations have a developing world will be important in the so-called Tequila crisis in 1994, when huge impact on communities. These measuring their full impact. the peso was drastically devalued, for funds represent on average more than 20 — C H R I ST I A N S C H U ST E R The Index of Global Philanthropy 63 TA B L E 1 The Impact of Remittances on the Economies of India, Moldova, and Tajikistan, 2006 India Moldova Tajikistan $25.7 $1.2 $1.0 3% 36% 36% as a % of Foreign Direct Investment 323% 463% 855% as a % of Official Development Assistance 1,235% 480% 193% Total Remittance Inflows in 2006 (billions of U.S.$) as a % of GDP Share of Formal and Informal Remittances 84%-16% 53%-47% n/a Source: Migration Policy Institute, Remittance Profiles, 2007. R E M I T TA N C E S F R O M D O N O R C O U N T R I E S TO T H E D EV E LO P I N G WO R L D The main focus of our report on remittances is the outflows of remittances from the 22 donor countries on the Development Assistance Committee (dac ) to the developing world. The Index estimates that in 2006 these remittances totaled $122.4 billion, an 8 percent increase from our 2005 estimate of $112.8 billion. The 2006 total exceeds Official Development Assistance and is 63 percent of all private investment and lending to the developing world. These remittance estimates are based on data from multilateral agencies. Details on how we arrived at the remittance calculations can be found in the Methodology section on page 68. lion in 2006, an increase of 5.1 percent from the 2005 estimate of $35.0 billion. Germany topped the list of European countries in the amount sent to developing countries. Remittance outflows from Germany totaled $6.8 billion in 2006, a 26 percent increase from our 2005 estimate. The major recipients of these flows were Serbia and Montenegro, Lebanon, and Turkey. Other European countries with large remittance outflows include Spain, the United Kingdom, and France. The most significant single remittance corridor of the European countries is Spain to Latin America. In 2006, migrants living in Spain sent an estimated $4.7 billion in remittances to Latin America.6 This was a record high for remittances sent from Spain to any region, as well as remittances sent from a European country to any single region. R E M I T TA N C E S F R O M O T H E R DONOR COUNTRIES Other donor countries—Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand—had an increase in remittances to the developing world in 2006. Remittances from Canada totaled $6.8 billion in 2006, the second highest outflow from donor countries after the United States. Japan also sent a large share of remittances to the developing world, totaling $3.7 billion. Remittance flows from Australia and New Zealand totaled $3.2 billion and $330 million respectively. R E M I T TA N C E S F R O M T H E U . S . : $ 7 1 . 5 B I L L I O N A detailed breakdown of remittance estimates for the donor countries in 2006 is shown in Figure 2 on page 65. The United States sent the most remittances to the developing world, totaling $71.5 billion, a 16 percent increase from 2005. The main recipients of these remittances were countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, as can be seen in Table 2 on page 66. These countries received $45.3 billion in remittances from the U.S., or 63 percent of the total sent from the U.S. to developing countries. Mexico was once again the largest recipient of remittance outflows from the U.S., receiving an estimated $20 billion in 2006. Countries outside of Latin America that also received large amounts of remittances from the U.S. included the Philippines, with $7.6 billion; India, $4.8 billion; and China, $4.5 billion. R E M I T TA N C E S F R O M E U R O P E : $ 3 6 . 8 B I L L I O N Remittance outflows from European donors totaled $36.8 bil64 The Index of Global Philanthropy L E V E R AG I N G R E M I T TA N C E S F O R D E V E L O P M E N T With remittances outpacing ODA and predictions that this pattern will continue in the following years, more attention is being paid to how these capital flows can be better leveraged for economic growth. Governments and civil societies both in the countries that send remittances as well as those receiving them are looking for ways to multiply the positive effects from remittances. Remittances channeled through the formal financial system have an important role in bringing poor people into the financial services sector. “The notion that remittances can lead to financial development in developing countries is based on the concept that money transferred through financial institutions paves the way for recipients to demand and gain access to other financial products and services, which they might not have otherwise,” says Manuel Orozco, a leading scholar on migration issues.7 At the macro level, a World Bank study found that remittances translate into bank deposits and credits at a one-to-five ratio—that is, a 1 percentage-point increase in remittances as a percent of gdp leads to an approximately 5 percentage-point increase in bank deposits and bank credit as a percent of gdp .8 Additionally, the research showed a positive link between remittance recipient households and the use of financial institutions. Households receiving remittances through financial institutions FIGURE 2 Remittances from OECD Donor Countries to Developing Countries in Billions of $, 2006 US$ Billions 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 United States Canada 6.8 Germany 6.8 Spain 6.7 United Kingdom 6.6 France 6.0 Japan 3.7 Italy 3.5 Australia 3.2 Netherlands 1.3 Switzerland 1.2 Austria 1.0 Sweden 1.0 Greece 0.8 Denmark 0.5 Norway 0.4 Belgium 0.4 New Zealand 0.3 Portugal 0.3 Ireland 0.2 Finland 0.1 Luxembourg 0.1 were more likely to have bank accounts and receive bank credit than households not receiving funds through financial institutions. For example in El Salvador, remittancereceiving households are twice as likely to have deposit accounts in financial institutions when remittances are channeled through banks. El Salvador is also the home to another type of program for leveraging remittances, “Joining Hands for El Salvador.” This private-public partnership was founded by Banco Agricola, in conjunction with the Pan American Development Foundation, together with Salvadoran migrants living in the U.S., and their communities of origin. The objective of the program is to provide more and better educational opportunities for children in El Salvador through community projects implemented trans-nationally by Salvadoran migrants living in the U.S. Two-thirds of the funding for the projects selected comes 71.5 from Banco Agricola, while the remaining one-third is supplied by U.S.-based migrants through remittances and gifts-in-kind. The program has produced impressive results. An estimated 28,500 students in El Salvador and 39 Salvadoran hometown associations in the U.S. have benefited since the program began in 2004. Fifty educational projects have been completed to date, including computer centers, expanded or remodeled schools, student resources centers, libraries, science laboratories, and other initiatives. In the remote mountain village of Santa Marta, for example, Joining Hands, with the help of remittances from migrants in the U.S., invested more than $52,000 to build a brand-new computer lab and science lab in the village school, making it the only one of its kind in the area. “Twenty years ago, this seemed like a dream,” says school principal Juan Argueta. “Now it’s a reality. Despite that fact that we come from such a poor community, our students can receive an education that is just as good as or better than in urban schools.”9 E N H A N C I N G R E M I T TA N C E F L O W S Source:World Bank, Migration and Remittances,, 2007; InterAmerican Development Bank, Sending Money Home, 2007; InterAmerican Development Bank, ‘Remittances from Spain to Latin America in 2006’, 2007. Governments in countries receiving remittances can enhance the benefit from these capital inflows by Total 122.4 The Index of Global Philanthropy 65 TA B L E 2 Remittances from the U.S. to Developing Countries by Region in Billions of $, 2006 Region Remittances Received Latin America and 45.3 enacting policies that promote them. F I N A N C I A L L I T E R AC Y the Western Hemisphere OPENS DOORS Many developing countries Asia 21.1 While 80-90 percent of money sent understand the importance of remitPhilippines 7.6 India 4.8 home to developing countries goes to tance inflows and have provided a China 4.5 pay for basic needs, the remaining 10variety of incentives including: 1) tax Africa 1.5 20 percent of it may be put into breaks on interest earned from Middle East 2.6 savings and investments, either by remittances; 2) special category Eastern Europe 1.0 individuals or communities that deposit accounts that allow the hold(excluding the E.U.) receive them, according to one interers to keep their money in foreign Total 71.5 national agency estimate.13 If more of currency and draw special interest; 3) Source:World Bank, Migration and Remittances, 2007; InterAmerican these savings went into bank accounts matching of collective remittance Development Bank, Sending Money Home, 2007. rather than a sock under the mattress, funds as done through hometown these funds could achieve greater associations, and 4) investment leverage for economic development. opportunities for migrant returnees, such as preferential A number of obstacles keep these funds out of banks. access to capital goods and raw materials.10 Not only are these countries promoting policies that channel One of the biggest obstacles is migrant workers’ distrust of remittances through the formal financial system, but they financial institutions, based on bad experiences back home, are supporting long-term poverty reduction in the couninability to communicate with bank employees in the host tries by providing incentives that increase saving and country, or just lack of knowledge about how banks work investment opportunities. Other developing countries, and what services they offer. To overcome some of this however, still have policies that effectively hinder remitresistance, many organizations focus on increasing tances and prevent them from entering formal financial financial literacy among migrant workers. systems.11 Some of these policies limit the amount of forMigrants sending money home have the most eign exchange in the country or actually tax remittances. important role in getting these funds into the financial secFor example, remittances in Ecuador, one of only a handtor with their choice of formal or informal means of remitful of countries that still tax remittances, are charged a 12 ting. While they control the flow of money that goes back percent value-added tax. to their families, they cannot control some factors that The private sector also has a role to play in influence the amount of money actually collected by their leveraging remittances for development.12 Financial families. High transaction fees, undisclosed operation fees, institutions both in countries that receive and send unfavorable exchange rates, and excessive insurance for the remittances have begun to see the benefit of these flows transaction can swallow up a good chunk of the remittance not only for development, but for their own businesses. payment before it reaches the final destination. One of the (See the story on page 67 about what Wells Fargo is doing goals of a financial literacy program is to educate remitters in this regard.) In countries that send remittances, the about these costs and how they can preserve more of their financial sector has begun to reduce remittance costs and money by using the financial system. promote cross-selling of other financial services. The Non-governmental organizations, corporations, and financial sectors in countries that receive remittances multilateral agencies have developed a wide variety of finanhave begun to securitize against future remittances flows cial literacy programs, from simple pamphlets in multiple to fund projects. The strategies work in both cases languages to closed circuit television programs in embassies. because of the stability of these flows. Microfinance The Appleseed Foundation, a Washington D.C.-based institutions can also rely on this stability, using the histo- NGO, for instance, provides migrants with educational ry of remittance flows as a way of measuring pamphlets on financial topics. These pamphlets, available in creditworthiness in potential customers. English and Spanish, not only explain how to send money 66 The Index of Global Philanthropy The Wells Fargo Wagon Still A-Comin’ Down the Street number. The mother told her daughter The folks who inhabit River City, Iowa, in This expertise benefited Juanita Meredith Willson’s The Music Man, wait Alvarez when she had a problem with her that the number was right, but the Wells expectantly every week for the Wells remittance transfer. (Juanita’s name has Fargo representative, based on his own Fargo wagon to come down the street been changed to protect her confidential- experience remitting home, suspected and bring them maple sugar, curtains or ity.) Juanita had used Wells Fargo’s Inter- the problem wasn’t the account itself. a gray mackinaw from a distant shop. national Remittance Account Services to Rather, it was more likely that the moth- The former stagecoach operator, now a send money from her home in California er, who was illiterate, was not writing it diversified multinational bank based in to her mother in Guatemala. The service down correctly, and was too embar- San Francisco, is still bringing good allowed her to transfer money from her rassed to admit to her daughter that things to people in remote small towns, Wells Fargo account to an account in the fault might be hers. He called the but in a much different way. The bank Guatemala. Once the transfer was com- mother himself and asked to speak to has worked to build up its business of pleted, Juanita provided her mother with another family member to verify the sending remittances from migrant work- the corresponding account number to number once again. The mother’s six- ers in the United States to their families take to the partner bank in Guatemala year-old grandson was able to get the in Latin America and elsewhere. and pick up the money. account number right so that she could In an effort to make sure the prod- After she rode for hours from her return to the bank and get her money. Illiteracy, transportation, and the uct still gets to its end destination, the village to the nearest town with a branch bank has established a special customer of the partner bank, Juanita’s mother accessibility of financial institutions service for global remittances. Members arrived there only to be told that the are some of the most common prob- of this in-house team are more likely to account did not exist. There was no fur- lems in sending remittances. For the understand the customers’ problems: ther explanation, and so the mother Wells Fargo representative in this case, Virtually all of them come from coun- returned home without the money. When the call was personal because it was tries that receive remittances and they Juanita heard what happened, she called about a remitter who, like himself, had use these remittance products them- the Global Remittance Customer Service encountered one of the many road- selves to send money home. They are department at Wells Fargo. blocks to sending money back home. After confirming that the account In line with Wells Fargo tradition, he the issues with remittances and can did in fact exist, the Wells Fargo repre- was able to help out in this instance literally speak the language of the cus- sentative suggested that Juanita call and get the money to its destination. tomers who call in with their problems. her mother to confirm the account able to help because they understand back home, but how to open a checking or savings account, how to buy a home, and how to reduce taxes.14 While our focus in this report is on 2006, early indications are that several global macroeconomic factors combined in 2007 to alter remittance flows. Chief among these were the dramatic fall of the U.S. dollar against most other currencies and a slowdown in the U.S. economy toward the end of the year, which may turn into a full-blown recession in 2008. These factors may have combined to actually reduce overall remittance flows out of the U.S. Not only do migrant workers who remain send home less, it may be worth less when exchanged into the receiving country's currency because of the — CAT H E R I N E F I S H E R dollar’s decline. The economic slowdown in the United States also means that some migrant workers are leaving the country, either to return home, where there may actually be more opportunities right now (as seems to be the case in Brazil), or to other developed countries with more opportunity and a stronger currency, such as Canada, Australia or European Union countries. However, it is too early to tell how the situation will affect remittance flows globally in 2007, and whether increases from some countries will compensate for the possible decline in the U.S. That will be the focus of our report on remittances in next year’s Index. � The Index of Global Philanthropy 67 reported in the Index. International giving for developing countries by corporate foundations was also estimated, but this figure is accounted for in the corporate giving section of the Index . Corporations M E A S U R I N G I N T E R N AT I O N A L G I V I N G Sources and Methodology U.S. International Giving Foundations The Foundation Center provided the data on U.S. foundations’ 2006 giving to the developing world to the Center for Global Prosperity. Supported by over 600 foundations, the Center is the leading U.S. authority on foundation philanthropy. It maintains a comprehensive database on U.S. grant-makers and their grant-making programs. The center conducts research, education and training programs, and serves as a forum for nonprofits and grant-makers to share knowledge and thus to advance philanthropy. The Foundation Center’s overall estimates of international giving by foundations include all grants awarded by U.S. foundations to recipients outside the U.S. and its territories, and to U.S.-based international programs. The figure for foundation giving for developing countries includes: 1) grants that go directly to developing country recipients for projects in program areas including international development and relief, the environment, education, and human rights and civil liberties; 2) grants to U.S.-based international programs benefiting developing countries; 3) and, grants for global health programs. Countries were classified as “developing” based on the 2006 “Official Development Assistant Recipient List” of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (oecd). The Center’s estimates of overall foundation giving for developing countries were prepared based on an analysis of grants of $10,000 or more awarded by a sample of 1,263 of the largest U.S. foundations and on total actual giving (including grants of any amount) by all 71,000+ U.S. grant-making foundations. The 1,263 foundations included in the grants sample awarded 140,484 grants totaling $19.1 billion, which represents over half of total grant dollars awarded to organizations by all U.S. independent, corporate, community and grant-making operating foundations in 2006. International giving by foundations in the sample accounted for just over 70 percent of total international giving by all U.S. private and community foundations. The Foundation Center determined that overall giving to international causes worldwide was $6 billion ($6,011,996): $5.6 billion by independent, community, and operating foundations and $408 million by corporate foundations. The Foundation Center estimated the proportion that targeted the developing world based on a detailed analysis of its entire grants data set for 2006—closely examining the geographic focus of giving—and actual giving by all grant-making U.S. foundations. The estimated ratio for foundation giving for developing countries as a share of international giving for non-corporate foundations was 71.3 percent. Applied to the figure of $5.6 billion in overall international giving by noncorporate foundations, the Center derived the figure of $4 billion 68 The Index of Global Philanthropy For this year’s Index we once again worked with the Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy (cecp) and the Partnership for Quality Medical Donations (pqmd) as partners to calculate U.S. corporate giving to the developing world. In addition, the Center for Global Prosperity (cgp) systematically reviewed giving information for Fortune 500 companies whose giving was not included in either cecp or pqmd reporting. The total corporate philanthropy figure of $5,492,857,883 includes $205,034,320 in cash and in-kind contributions from corporations and corporate foundations surveyed in a cecp study; $4,777,755,840 by pqmd member organizations in in-kind medical donations, including transport, duties, storage and in-country transport; and, $510,067,723 in corporate giving gathered by researchers at the Center for Global Prosperity through research on companies not included in the cecp and pqmd surveys. The Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy is an international forum of corporate CEOs and chairpersons dedicated to raising the level and quality of corporate philanthropy by engaging the public, private and independent sectors. cecp conducts an annual survey of corporate giving among its more than 150 members. In addition, cecp conducted a special followup survey for cgp that focused on U.S. giving to the developing world. Whenever available, cecp used figures reported by companies providing dollar amounts for giving to the developing world. For those companies that did not provide such data, cecp developed a ratio of giving that went to the developing world in total cash and in-kind giving. This ratio was created using data from the set of companies that responded to the cecp and follow-up survey done for cgp. The average proportion across companies was 58 percent. For each company that only responded to the annual cecp survey, analysts then multiplied total international giving by 58 percent to arrive at the correct proportion for the developing world. This process, in combination with the responses to the follow-up cgp survey, resulted in a total of $171,755,230 in cash and in-kind giving to the developing world. This calculation excluded giving by pharmaceutical companies, whose in-kind contributions are reported separately in the Index based on information provided by pqmd (see below). In the cecp survey, six pharmaceutical companies reported international cash giving. Two of the six provided specific dollar figures for cash giving to the developing world; the remaining four provided figures of their entire giving to international causes without a breakout for developing countries. pqmd informed cgp that approximately 10 percent of cash giving by pharmaceutical companies goes to the developing world. Using this estimate, cecp calculated a total of $33,279,090 for cash giving by pharmaceutical companies. Adding $171,755,230 and $33,279,090 results in the cecp figure of $205,034,320. The Partnership for Quality Medical Donations comprises non-governmental organizations and pharmaceutical and medical supply manufacturers dedicated to effective pharmaceutical and medical supply donations, delivery and distribution of medical products. A pqmd survey found in-kind donations for international development causes by U.S. pharmaceutical companies and medical supply manufacturers to be $3,341,088,000 for 2006. About 95 percent of this figure reflects donations for which specific figures were available; pqmd interpolated the remaining 5 percent based on 2005 figures and the rate of growth for 2006. Based on information provided by companies and by private and voluntary organizations, we obtained percentage estimates for all the add-on costs that companies pay to get their products to recipients in the developing world. There is a 10 percent add-on for transport, insurance, and handling, totaling $334,108,800; an 18 percent add-on for duties, taxes and tariffs, totaling $601,395,840; and, a 15 percent add-on for storage, distribution, and in-country transport, totaling $501,713,200. Adding these additional expenses to the $3,341,088,000 provides us with a pharmaceutical and medical supplies giving number of $4,777,755,840. The Center for Global Prosperity conducted an extensive review of Fortune 500 companies not represented in either the cecp or pqmd surveys. They conducted this research through a review of annual reports, Internet searches, and telephone contacts of approximately 400 of these companies, tallying a total of $510,067,723 in cash and in-kind giving from 104 companies for which figures were available. Private and Voluntary Organizations cgp once again collaborated with the Urban Institute’s Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy (cnp) to determine the dollar value of private international development assistance projects run by private and voluntary organizations (pvos). Building on its earlier research on international pvos, the cnp examined approximately 4,300 “990”taxexemption forms that pvos filed with the Internal Revenue Service, primarily for 2006 (for 2005 when 2006 was not yet available). The cnp also used some information from the 2007 usaid Report on Voluntary Agencies (VolAg) list, reflecting 2005 data, for relevant agencies that did not file 990s, the most recent report available. This group of organizations included newly registered pvos with an international focus. To add this cohort to the study, the data set of all nonprofit organizations newly registered with the IRS for the 2005/2006 period (organizations not captured in last year’s effort) was processed using an automated classification program that removed organizations that had no international projects. For example, all community theaters and neighborhood associations were excluded because they would be domestic organizations. Environmental, human service, or health care organizations that could have both domestic and international activities remained. In order to align the cnp data set with cgp specifications, the cnp removed all organizations that primarily supported activities in developed countries. Any organizations showing any possible international development activity were manually reviewed. A number of approaches were required to differentiate international and domestic program activities, expenses and contributions for these organizations. For each of the largest 150 organizations not on the VolAg list, the cnp reviewed “990” forms, organization websites, and annual reports to help to determine the international to domestic ratio. For organizations included in the 2007 VolAg list, the cnp used the ratio of international to domestic program expenses, individually calculated for each organization. In some cases, precise numbers could be determined; in others, the cnp used the best available information to estimate the ratio. For smaller organizations not included in the VolAg report, the cnp sampled 100 990-forms of randomly selected organizations in order to determine the average distribution of domestic and international activities. For this sample of smaller organizations, the cnp determined the percentage of total activities accounted for by international activities. The cnp then applied this percentage to the total private contributions of organizations not included in the 990form top 150 list or the VolAg organizations not filing 990s, including both cash and in-kind contributions, to determine the total amount of pvo contributions for international activities. The cnp worked with the Foundation Center to eliminate doublecounting that could occur if foundation grants to pvos were included in the private contributions reported by the pvos in 990s or the VolAg report. To eliminate this double-counting, the cnp prepared a list of the 200 largest pvos. The Foundation Center matched this list with the grants received by the organizations and determined whether or not the grants were intended for developing countries. The total amount of international foundation grants to U.S.-based organizations for development purposes, approximately $841 million, was subtracted from the estimate or private contributions for development determined from the 2006 pvo database total—approximately $13.73 billion —resulting in a subtotal of $12.9 billion. In order to eliminate double-counting of corporate contributions of pharmaceuticals and other medical supplies or equipment that are accounted for in the Corporations section of the Index, cnp reviewed the VolAg data and 990 forms for all organizations active in “health development and assistance.” These organizations reported a total of $2.3 billion in in-kind contributions. This amount was deducted from the private contribution subtotal of $12.9 billion, resulting in a final total of $10.6 billion in private contributions received by U.S. pvos and spent in international relief and development. The cnp conducted a “matched set” comparison of donations by over 2,000 pvos in 2005 and 2006, indicating an overall drop of approximately 10 percent across the entire group, with the largest pvos showing the greatest percentage drop and smaller organizations showing modest increases. Experts conjecture that some global organizations such as the Red Cross redirected funds that had in the past gone to international causes to the U.S. for Hurricane Katrina relief, thus reducing their proportion of funds that went abroad. In addition, the 2005 figures included funds responding to needs following the late 2004 Asian tsunami. This year’s figure reflects notable increases in foundation grants and in-kind pharmaceutical donations, and thus attendant increases in the subtractions from the cnp database, as well as refined methodological screens by cnp resulting in more precise calculations. International Volunteer Time The Index estimate of the value of U.S. volunteer time for developing countries in 2006 is based on a new methodology and the use of new data sources. Previous editions of the Index based their estimates on a 2001 Independent Sector study of volunteer time and a Bureau of Labor Statistics/Independent Sector calculation of a volunteer’s average annual wage. Because the Independent Sector study has not been updated, we sought an approach that would use more recent data and thus turned to the latest survey data on volunteerism collected by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (bls) and the relevant bls/Independent Sector calculation of the average annual wage. The U.S. Census Bureau conducts the monthly Current Population Survey (cps) of about 50,000 households for the bls. This survey, which recently added a volunteer supplement, is the foremost source of information on U.S. labor force characteristics. Recent studies on American domestic and international volunteerism from Washington University in St. Louis and the U.S. Corporation for National and Community Service (cncs) also base their calculations and analyses on these data. Once we confirmed with Independent Sector that their study has not been updated since 2001 and given that the cps was now including some information on international volunteerism, we turned our attention to using this data, devising a new methodology that would yield information on volunteering for international assistance causes. We consulted with researchers at the Center for Social Development at Washington University and with bls staff familiar with the cps volunteer supplement on determining the most accurate method of capturing the value of U.S. volunteerism for international development assistance causes in its entirety using available cps data. While Washington University only calculates the value of time volunteered outside of the U.S. and its territories, the Index, wishing to capture the figure for overall assistance to the developing world, includes in addition to those people who volunteered abroad, those who volunteered in the U.S. for an organization that supports international development assistance. We thus focused on two groups of people who answered the volunteer supplement: those who volunteered for an international type organization; and those who indicated that they volunteered outside of the U.S. The Index of Global Philanthropy 69 The cps volunteer supplement’s universe is all U.S. volunteerism. The Index of Global Philanthropy’s focus is the subset of volunteerism for international development assistance causes. As discussed above, the Index defines volunteerism for international development assistance causes to include those volunteers who traveled abroad, and those volunteers who volunteered in the U.S. for organizations that support international development assistance. The cps tallies individual volunteer time spent abroad and—separately—the type of organization for which the individual volunteered. Thus we know overall how many people volunteered abroad and how much time they spent doing so and we know how many people volunteered for U.S.-based international “type” organizations and how much time they spent for those organizations. For this second category—the broad metric of Americans who volunteered for international “type” organizations, the data does not provide a breakdown of where the time was spent—i.e. abroad or in the U.S. Because the bls analysis of the cps data does not distinguish between volunteering at home and volunteering abroad for an international type organization, survey respondents who volunteered for an international type organization and answered that they volunteered abroad might be counted in both groups. To avoid this double-counting, we used Stata, a statistical analysis software package, to eliminate those people from the international type organization group who had also volunteered for abroad. This analysis left us with two completely distinct groups of volunteers: those who volunteered abroad and those who volunteered in the U.S. in support of international development assistance causes. We then calculated the value of U.S. volunteers’ time spent abroad by multiplying the 2006 average hourly wage of a volunteer by the the estimate of total U.S. volunteer hours abroad as calculated from the 2006 volunteer supplement data. Based on Bureau of Labor Statistics figures, the Independent Sector determined a volunteer’s average hourly wage to be $18.77 in 2006. Multiplying the 102,442,061 U.S. volunteer hours contributed overseas by the volunteer’s average hourly wage of $18.77 brings the dollar value of U.S. volunteer hours contributed overseas to $1,992,837,485. We calculated the value of the time volunteered in support of international development assistance causes while in the U.S. by using Stata software to calculate from cps data the average yearly number of hours volunteered in support of international development assistance causes while based in the U.S. and multiplying this with the average hourly wage. Those who volunteered solely on U.S. soil for international development assistance causes numbered 89,000. This figure, multiplied by the 151 average hours volunteered by this group in 2006, yields a total of 13,439,000 hours. Multiplying 13,439,000 by the volunteer’s average annual wage of $18.77 brings the dollar value of U.S. volunteer hours contributed on U.S. soil for international development assistance causes to $252,250,030. By adding the economic value of U.S. volunteers’ time dedicated to international causes at home to the economic value of those who volunteered abroad, we estimated the total value of U.S. volunteer time for international causes to be $2,245,087,515 or $2.25 billion. Universities and Colleges The cgp once again partnered with the Institute for International Education (iie) for this year’s Index. Our figure of $3.7 billion for private support from universities and colleges for students from developing countries was derived from data in iie’s annual international student census, Open Doors, which gathers data on international students in the U.S. and on U.S. students abroad. Open Doors data covers the 583,000 international students who studied in the U.S. in the 2006/07 academic year, and includes cost breakdowns of their tuition and fees, living expenses, and their sources of support. Open Doors provides data on the number of all international students coming to the U.S. from all regions of the world, including Africa, Asia, 70 The Index of Global Philanthropy Middle East, Europe, Latin America, North America and Oceania. The Index of Global Philanthropy focuses on the developing world, defined to comprise the countries that receive Official Development Assistance from the oecd donor countries. For the 2008 Index we refined the regional analysis to deduct from the total number of students from each predominantly developing world region the number of students who came to the U.S. from the few developed countries within the region. This allowed us to determine a total number of students from developed countries within developing world regions. For example, we deducted the number of students from Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Brunei from Asia because these are developed countries. In a similar vein, for Europe— a region that overwhelmingly comprises developed countries—we identified the few oecd aid recipient countries and added the number of students from these countries to the worldwide total. We then determined that 60 percent of international students came to the U.S. from the developing world by calculating the proportion of students from developing world countries relative to the worldwide total. Of this group of students from the developing world, 61 percent came from Asia, 18 percent from Latin America, 10 percent from Africa, 5 percent from the Middle East, 5 percent from Europe and less than 1 percent from Oceania. The analysis for Open Doors accounted for various cost categories of international students in the U.S. in order to produce a total for all expenses for all international students in the U.S. in 2006/07 of $14,499,100,000. Among the sources of these funds were personal and family contributions, home governments, foreign private sponsors, international organizations, U.S. sources, and employment. According to Open Doors, the portion of this $14.5 billion total that came from U.S. sources was $6,279,700,000. Also, according to Open Doors, 0.6 percent of the $14.5 billion total—$86,994,600—was provided by the U.S. government. Subtracting $86,994,600 in U.S. government support from $6,279,700,000 yields $6,192,705,400 in support from U.S. sources other than the U.S. government, including universities and colleges and various private sponsors. Multiplying this figure by the 60 percent that represents the portion of students from the developing world yields a total of $3,715,623,240 or $3.7 billion for students from the developing world. For the 2008 Index we were better able to coordinate publication schedules to use iie’s most recent data, thus arriving at our figures for 2006 based on data from the 2006/07 academic year. iie’s methodology for the survey includes a country classification system that organizes places of origin into regional groupings based on the U.S. Department of State’s definition of world regions and states. The survey defines an international student as “an individual who is enrolled for courses at a higher education institution in the United States on a temporary visa.” The survey of 2,702 regionally accredited U.S. institutions was updated and refreshed using the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (ipeds), produced by the U.S. Department of Education and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s sevis (Student and Exchange Visitor Information System). The overall institutional response rate was 65.2 percent. Nearly 96 percent of responding institutions reported enrollment of international students. Religious Giving The cgp is proud to break new ground in the 2008 Index with the results of a survey on giving for international relief and development by U.S. religious congregations in 2006. The survey was conducted by David Sikkink, associate professor of Sociology at the University of Notre Dame and a fellow in its Center for the Study of Religion and Society. Survey questions for cgp on congregational giving for international development assistance were added to the Notre Dame Congregational Survey, a broader inquiry into patterns of congregational life, funded by the Metanexus Institute and the John Templeton Foundation. The survey was administered for Notre Dame by the Center for Marketing and Opinion Research in North Canton, Ohio. The Notre Dame data comprise all U.S. religious denominations. By combining these results with data from the Billy Graham Center on giving by Protestant mission agencies (denominational boards, nondenominational societies and other organizations involved in overseas development assistance) and with data from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, the Index has produced a unique and comprehensive estimate of religious giving to the developing world. The Notre Dame congregational survey is based on a random sample of congregations in the United States. Respondents then answered several questions about their overseas donations in 2006. Congregations were selected by a random sample of Americans. Thus, larger congregations—congregations with a greater number of members—had a higher probability of selection. The researchers therefore weighted the data to account for congregational size to create reliable estimates that comprise the total amount of giving. Information was collected on: 1) congregational giving to U.S.-based organizations that assist in overseas relief and development; 2) total direct giving to programs in foreign countries; 3) support for relief and development through short-term mission trips; and 4) support for relief and development through longer-term mission trips. In all cases, support for direct religious or evangelical activities was not included. For example, the giving numbers collected addressed only traditional assistance activities such as in health, education, and the environment. The results were extrapolated based on the estimate of approximately 331,000 congregations in the U.S., a number recognized by scholars in the field to be in the middle range of estimates. The survey determined that 1) about 188,670 congregations gave a total of approximately $2 billion to U.S.-based relief and development organizations; 2) about 119,160 congregations contributed a total of $4.24 billion directly to programs in foreign countries; 3) about 86,963 congregations financially supported short-term mission trips to foreign countries by providing $460 million in support; and 4) about 168,810 congregations reported support for longer-term mission trips for relief and development by providing $1.07 billion in support. The contributions of organizations in Notre Dame’s first category— U.S.-based organizations that assist in overseas relief and development— are included in the Billy Graham Center’s Mission Handbook and/or the Urban Institute’s Center for Nonprofits and Philanthropy’s (cnp) survey for the cgp on giving by pvos (see the methodology for pvos). Thus the Index needed to account for double-counting and potential triple-counting among the three data sets. A manual review determined that all sources comprising Notre Dame’s first category were captured in the Billy Graham Center Mission Handbook and/or the cnp study and are thus not included in the Index figure for Notre Dame representing congregational giving. The total for the three remaining categories in the Notre Dame study—direct giving ($4.24 billion), short-term trips ($460 million) and longer-term trips ($1.07 billion)—is $5.77 billion. The Billy Graham Center (bgc) at Wheaton College’s most recent study of giving by approximately 700 U.S. mission agencies—Protestant religious organizations engaged in assistance—comprises giving data for 2005. The bgc reports a total of $5.24 billion in contributions for mission agencies from grants, individual giving, bequests, and giving inkind. It does not include funds given by U.S. churches and is thus not duplicative of Notre Dame data in categories 2 through 4 above. The bgc confirms that the funds went to traditional assistance activities. The figure includes contributions by a number of largely non-denominational nonprofit organizations also represented in the Index’s pvo number, determined by the cnp. To account for this overlap, the cnp matched their database with the bgc’s 2006 Mission Handbook list of organizations (organizational list updated for 2006 with dollar figures from 2005) to determine that there was $2.3 billion in overlap. Subtracting this amount from the bgc’s total of $5.24 billion provides a total of $2.9 in unique giving by religious organizations included in the Billy Graham Center study. Finally, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) most recent data on assistance (2005) reports $0.07 billion—in funds not captured in the Notre Dame or cnp studies. The rounded component figures are as follows: Notre Dame figure of $5.8 billion, Billy Graham Center of $2.9 billion and Mormon Church of $0.1 billion result in a total of $8.8 billion. International Private Giving This year the Index featured new international private giving estimates for France, Norway, and the United Kingdom. Like our private giving estimate for the U.S., these estimates provide a more complete picture of private giving to the developing world than what these governments actually send into the oecd and are reported in the annual Development Cooperation Report on donor aid. For the United Kingdom, we worked again with the Charities Aid Foundation which compiled a much larger private giving number than what the U.K. sends into the oecd. In the case of France and Norway, these countries did not send in any private giving number to the oecd. Thus, this year’s Index provides unique estimates for France and Norway, as there have been no estimates for these countries. France To obtain our private giving estimate for France, the Index partnered with the Centre d’Étude et de Récherche sur la Philanthropie (CerPhi), a Paris based think-tank that conducts research on French philanthropy. CerPhi collected data and analyzed available private giving data from individuals, foundations, and corporations to the developing world. While CerPhi researched data for all three areas, information for 2006 was available only for individual private giving. Therefore, the 2008 Index reported just on this individual giving as the total for French private giving. The number in the Index, thus, underestimates the actual full private giving by France. For example, corporate giving of $192 million in 2005 is significant and, if this had been included in the 2006 number, would have increased their total private giving by one and a half times. We look forward to obtaining updated numbers for these other categories in the future, so we can report a more comprehensive private giving number for France in next year’s Index. To arrive at individual donation estimates, CerPhi reported on two categories: 1) general international causes; and 2) international children’s causes. The estimate for individual donations to general international causes was ¤216 million ($266 million), and the estimate for individual donations to international children’s causes was ¤100 million ($123 million). Together, these totaled ¤316 million. Using a conversion factor from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis for a euro-to-dollar exchange rate of 0.812, the total French private giving number was estimated at $389 million. Norway The private giving estimate for Norway is based on research performed by Center for Global Prosperity staff in consultation with Norwegian government officials and ngo representatives. We were able to estimate ngo private giving, but did not have a number for foundations, corporation or church giving, so our estimate is likely under-reported. Under Norwegian law, 90 percent of funding to ngos is sponsored by the Norwegian government, while the remaining 10 percent is required to be funded privately by the ngo. With this in mind, the Index obtained a list of ngos that are involved in international causes from the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad). We then obtained the budgets of the 97 ngos involved in international causes. Once a comprehensive list was compiled, we calculated 10 percent of the total of all ngo budgets in 2006. To make the figure even more The Index of Global Philanthropy 71 accurate, we contacted the largest 30 ngoS to inquire if private funds raised by these organizations were greater than our estimated 10 percent. We were able to obtain larger figures for 18 of the 30 ngos that were contacted. Our total for private grants to international ngos in Norway was 1,316,686,666 kroner. Using the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Norwegian krone-to-dollar conversion rate of 0.192879 resulted in estimated private giving for Norway to the developing world of $254 million. United Kingdom To obtain our private giving estimate for the United Kingdom, the Index partnered with Charities Aid Foundation (caf) for a second Trend, a comprehensive guide to year. caf annually publishes Charity Trend the U.K.’s philanthropic sector. This publication provides detailed information on the budgets of charitable organizations, such as foundations, corporations, trusts, and ngos, as well as, an analysis of trends in U.K. philanthropy. caf provided us with two estimates for private giving in the U.K.: 1) private income to international charities; and 2) private expenditures by grant-making trusts. To avoid double-counting, we elected not to use the private expenditures by grant-making trusts, since portions of trust funding might be given directly to charities and would thus be counted in the international charities figure. Therefore, we used the private income to international charities figure of £888 million. This figure represents private income raised by 33 international charities. We used a conversion rate of 0.5501, published by the oecd, for converting British pounds to dollars. This provided us with an estimate of $1.614 billion in U.K. private giving to the developing world as compared to the U.K. Government figure of $543 million that is sent into the oecd. Remittances While there is no standardized method for estimating remittances, many of the major international organizations and financial institutions have created their own systems for estimating these important financial flows. In many cases this has led to inconsistencies in estimates that focus on the same countries. For example, Banco de Mexico estimated that remittances from the U.S. to Mexico were $23.1 billion in 2006, while the Dallas Federal Reserve estimated remittances from the U.S. to Mexico in the same year to be $21.5 billion. The Luxembourg Group on Remittances is set to release a guide on remittances sometime in 2008 that discusses the various approaches and methodologies used to estimate remittances, which should take us closer to achieving improved consistency in measuring these important flows. This year the Index has improved the methodology used to provide estimates for remittances sent from the oecd donor countries to the developing world. This year’s data are simplified by using two sources, the World Bank’s bilateral remittance matrix and the Inter-American Development Bank’s survey data. The World Bank’s bilateral remittance matrix provides a comprehensive source that is comparable across all countries. The Inter-American Development Bank’s surveys are used exclusively for U.S. and Spanish remittances to Latin American and the Caribbean, because of the accuracy and thorough nature of their survey data. We did not use Bureau of Economic Analysis remittance data, because we wanted to better assure the compatibility of U.S. remittance estimates with other oecd countries. Both of the sources used in this year’s Index are internationally recognized for their consistency in remittance estimates. (For a detailed account of sources and remittance estimates please see the table below.) Inter-American Development Bank Estimates for remittances sent to Latin American countries (lac) from the U.S. and Spain are based on survey data reported by the Inter-Amer- 72 The Index of Global Philanthropy ican Development Bank’s Multilateral Investment Fund (mif). The mif commissioned Bendixen and Associates, an independent polling and research firm, to conduct the surveys among immigrant populations living in the U.S. and Spain. Bendixen and Associates conducted surveys that obtained a national sample representative of the remitting immigrant population in the countries. Once survey data were collected, the polling firm was able to use the national sample to estimate the amount of remittances sent home by the larger immigrant populations of these countries. For the U.S.-lac remittance corridor, Bendixen and Associates interviewed 2,511 Latin American immigrants by phone in Spanish in 2006. Additional information was obtained through focus groups of Latin American trans-national families. The remittance senders that were interviewed or that participated in focus groups lived in New York City, Los Angeles, and Miami. The remittance recipients lived in Mexico, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Ecuador, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Haiti. The remittance estimate for the U.S.-lac remittance corridor totaled $45.3 billion. In the case of the Spain-lac remittance corridor, Bendixen and Associates interviewed 1,100 Latin American immigrants living in Spain in 2006. The remittance senders were immigrants from Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Argentina, the Dominican Republic, Bolivia, and Paraguay. The remittance estimate for the Spain-lac remittance corridor totaled $4.7 billion. Although remittance estimates for the U.S.-lac and Spain-lac remittance corridors are widely available from other sources, the survey method used by Bendixen and Associates provides the most accurate estimate. Since survey data is collected through interviews, estimates are more likely to capture both formal and informal remittances; therefore providing a more accurate remittance estimate. Survey data also has the advantage of capturing the remittance-sending habits of the illegal immigrant population. However, it should be noted that hesitations on the side of these individuals to provide information can result in a reluctance to participate in surveys. Additionally, survey data can provide a more robust population sample for national estimates. As with the case in the Spain-lac survey data, Bendixen and Associates was able to Remittances from the 22 OECD Donor Countries in Billions of $ United States IDB World Bank Total 45.3 26.2 6.8 6.8 2.0 6.6 6.0 3.7 3.5 3.2 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 72.3 71.5 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.0 3.7 3.5 3.2 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 122.4 Canada Germany Spain 4.7 United Kingdom France Japan Italy Australia Netherlands Switzerland Austria Sweden Greece Denmark Norway Belgium New Zealand Portugal Ireland Finland Luxembourg Total 50.0 not only capture a sample of remittance senders in mainland Spain, but also those in Spain’s island territories. World Bank For all remittance estimates from the oecd donor countries to the dac recipient countries, excluding the U.S-lac and the Spain-lac remittance corridors, the World Bank’s bilateral remittance matrix was used. The Index uses this source since it is a comprehensive method for estimating remittances of migrant stock, and identifies key factors in remittance-sending such as per capita income of migrants. The bilateral remittance matrix also allowed us to determine remittance flows to only the dac recipient countries. The bilateral remittances matrix was created by World Bank senior economists Dilip Ratha and William Shaw as a complement to the World Bank’s bilateral migration matrix. Unlike other methodologies that estimate remittances, the bilateral remittances matrix estimates bilateral remittance flows based on the total amount received by a country. The reason for estimating remittances from the receiving side is to accurately estimate remittances channeled through financial sectors that may be accredited to a country other than the actual source. To solve this problem, the bilateral remittances matrix calculates remittances sent from all migrants living abroad to their home countries. The Index of Global Philanthropy uses the World Bank method, which is based on migrant stock, per capita income in the destination country, and per capita income in the source country. The estimate not only takes into account the stock of migrants residing in a country, but the fluctuation of income of both the migrants and their families in their home countries. This is important in determining remittances, since income variances on both sides of the transaction influence the amount of money sent home. The World Bank’s bilateral remittance matrix provides estimates from all countries that send remittances to each country that receives them. The matrix lists 212 countries as both receivers and senders. For our research we collected the remittances sent from just the 22 oecd donor countries to all dac recipient countries. This calculation for each donor country involved going through 212 countries to identify which were dac recipient developing countries and adding up these amount in order to arrive at a total for each donor country. Acknowledgments In compiling the 2008 Index of Global Philanthropy, the Center for Global Prosperity (cgp) has benefited from the research, analysis and counsel of a number of partners—leading experts in their fields—that provided us with data, assisted us in sorting through methodological challenges, and steered us in useful directions to provide a unique compendium of information and context to understand the varied and complex field of international private assistance. The Foundation Center once again was our partner on foundation giving, providing data and working collaboratively with the Urban Institute’s Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy (cnp) to ensure the accuracy of the information on foundation giving. In addition, the Center helped us to understand trends in foundation giving for a better understanding of the field. We are grateful to Josie Atienza, assistant director of research, for her patience and care in providing essential data, for her constructive collaboration with the cnp to coordinate data, and for her guidance on the world of international foundations. Among out partners on data for corporate giving, we are grateful for the time, attention and imagination of program manager Margaret Coady at the Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy (cecp), who designed and administered a supplemental survey for cgp to gain data on international giving specifically for the developing world by cecp’s member organizations in addition to information gathered in their core annual survey. We are also grateful to CECP executive director Charles Moore for his support of the collaboration. Lori Warrens, executive director at the Partnership for Quality Medical Donations (pqmd), provided essential data and invaluable counsel on the dimensions and nature of pharmaceutical and medical supply donations. Our partner for data on giving by private and voluntary organizations (pvos) was for the second year the Urban Institute’s Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy (cnp), an eminent leader in the field. The cnp’s National Center for Charitable Statistics program director Tom Pollak once again gathered data with intellectual rigor. His thoughtful analysis of the methodological challenges that inevitably arose led to a reliable dataset that enabled new coordination with other Index program areas, thus enabling expanded insight into the respective private philanthropy sectors. Tom provided continuing insight into the field to the benefit of the comprehensive analysis. We are also grateful to cnp director Elizabeth Boris for her support and guidance. Institute of International Education (iie) director of research and evaluation Rhajika Bhandari provided invaluable counsel on the analysis of complex data on giving to developing world students by U.S. colleges and universities. iie is among the world’s largest and most experienced international education and training organizations. Rhajika was consistently thoughtful and patient as she commented on our methodology. We were also fortunate to have the advice and support of iie executive vice president Peggy Blumenthal. Index data on religious giving for development assistance breaks new ground with the information gathered and analyzed by David Sikkink at Notre Dame. David designed and analyzed an addendum to the comprehensive Notre Dame Congregational Survey specifically for the Index, focused on congregational giving to the developing world. He navigated the inevitable methodological and analytical challenges that attended this new approach with unfailing patience and good cheer. He was thoughtful and generous with his time, both in working with the cgp and in coordinating with other partners. We are also grateful for the advice and assistance of Scott Moreau at the Billy Graham Center at Wheaton College. Thanks also to Eric Wunderlich of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for additional information on Mormon giving. The cgp is grateful to Stephanie White at the Bureau of Labor Statistics for guiding us through the details of the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey data and pointing us to the methodological applications that would yield information essential to the analyses. In the research of data and trends on international private giving, the Index benefited greatly from the support of several prominent international organizations. For the first year the Index partnered with the Centre d’Étude et de Récherche sur la Philanthropie (CerPhi) to assist us in obtaining a private giving figure for France. With the help of Charles Sellen and Antoine Vaccaro, president and co-founder of CerPhi, we were able to publish one of the first private giving estimates of philanthropy to the developing world from France. This year, we also partnered with the Australian Centre for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Studies for the first time and with the generous help of senior research fellow Kym Madden, we were able to better comprehend Australian and New Zealand private giving to the developing world. Other organizations that assisted us in research on international private giving included the Global Public Policy Institute in Berlin, Germany and the Centre for Non-profit Management at Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland. At Charities Aid Foundation in U.K., we would like to thank Liz Goodey, head of research, for all of her hard work and dedication to U.K. philanthropy, as well as for sharing caf’s statistics. Finally, we would like to thank the remittance and economics experts at the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the Migration Policy Institute for their estimates of remittance flows from the developed world to the developing world, as well as their analysis of the impact of remittances on developing countries. � The Index of Global Philanthropy 73 Co-operation (OECD). Final ODA Flows 2006. Paris: OECD, 2007, p. 1. 15 Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation (OECD). Development Co-operation Report 2007, Vol. 9 No. 1, 2008. Table 13. 16 Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation (OECD). Final ODA Flows 2006. Paris: OECD, 2007, p. 4. ENDNOTES Global Philanthropy: Reinventing Assistance (pages 4–21) 4–21 1 2 3 Tom Watson, “How Social Networks Encourage New Models of Giving and Personal Involvement,” www.giving.casefoundation .org/givingguide/ news/watson, January 23, 2008. 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June 14, 2007 2 Facebook Statistics, http://www.facebook.com/ press/info.php?statistics. 3 Comscore, http://www.comscore.com/ press/release.asp?press=1519. 4 The Wall Street Journal Online, http://online.wsj .com/public/article/SB118765256378003494.html August 21,2007. 5 Kiva, http://www.kiva.org/about/facts. 6 Kiva, http://www.kiva.org/app.php?page= businesses&action= about&id=24257. “WHO’s Bad Medicine,” The Wall Street Journal, January 21, 2004. 4 “Out of Africa: Mobile Telecoms.” 5 Geof Brown, “Botswana’s Unique Success Story.” The Jamaica Observer, November 2, 2007. http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/ columns/ html/20071102T0100000500_128958_OBS _BOTSWANA_S_UNIQUE_SUCCESS _STORY.asp. 6 Africa Development Indicators 2007, World Bank, http://siteresources .worldbank.org/ INTSTATINAFR/Resources/adi2007_final.pdf 7 IMF Country Report No. 07/228, July 2007, p. 21. 8 Scott Baldauf, “Rwanda Aims to Become Africa’s High-Tech Hub,” Christian Science Monitor, September 17, 2007. Private Giving: The French Connection (page 49) 49 1 9 David Carr, “Citizen Bono Brings Africa to the Idle Rich,” New York Times, March 5, 2007. Debt Relief and ODA (page 16) 16 2 1 Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation (OECD). Final ODA Flows 2006. Paris: OECD, 2007, p. 1. The Myth of the 0.7% Solution (page 18) 18 1 Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation (OECD). Final ODA Flows 2006. Paris: OECD, 2007. p. 12. 2 Group of Eight (G8). Summit Documents: Africa. Gleneagles; G8, 2005. pg. 2, 11 – 12. http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/PostG8_ Gleneagles_ Africa,0.pdf. International Private Giving: A World of Generosity (pages 46–59) 46–59 1 2 3 Ernst & Young, Centre français des fondations. “Panorama 2007 des fondations d’entreprise: Une montée en puissance des créations et des ressources allouées“ (2007 Panorama of corporate foundations: A significant increase in creations and resources allocated), 2007. Available at http://www.ey.com/global/ content.nsf/France/Index_etudes_association Philanthropy New Zealand, Generosity and Taxation: An Overview, Wellington, Saints Information, 2006. Dr. Th. N.M. Schuyt, B.M. Gouwenbery, R.H.F.P. Bekkers, and M.M. Miejer, Geven in Nederland 2007–Summary of principle findings, Den Haag, Elsevier, 2007. pp. 2, 7. 4 Australian Council for International Development (ACFID). “Total funds raised by NGOs,” Facts and Figures. Available at http://www.acfid .asn.au/ resources/facts-and-figures/total-fundsraised-by-australian-ngos 5 CerPhi, Association française des fundraisers. “La générosité des Français?” (“The generosity of Frenchmen?”), 12th edition, 2007. Available at http://www.cerphi.org/pdf_publications/ LaGenerositeDesFrancais-dec.pdf. 6 Charities Aid Foundation and Caritas Data, Charity Trends 2007, London, Caritas Data, July 2007. Information provided in supplement by Liz Goodey at Charities Aid Foundation. 7 Charities Aid Foundation, Charity Trends 2007. 8 Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Voluntary Work, Australia, Canberra; ABS, 2007, p. 13. Fondation de France and TNS-Sofres (2007), “Baromètre 2007 de la générosité en France” (2007 Barometer of generosity in France), available at http://www.fdf.org/download/ Barometre_2007.pdf. 3 CerPhi, Association française des fundraisers (2007), “La générosité des Français” (“The generosity of Frenchmen”), 12th edition, available at http://www.cerphi.org/pdf_publica tions/LaGenerositeDesFrancais-dec.pdf, p.9. CerPhi, “La générosité des Français” p. 8. 4 Fondation de France and TNS-Sofres (2007), “Baromètre 2007 de la générosité en France” (2007 Barometer of generosity in France), available at http://www.fdf.org/download/ Barometre_2007.pdf 5 Commission Coopération-Développement (2005), “Argent et organisations de solidarité internationale 2002-2003” (Money and international relief organizations, 2002-2003), available at http://www.diplomatie .gouv.fr/fr/ IMG/pdf/Argent_OSI_2005_B.pdf 6 Fondation de France (2005), “Enquête nationale auprès des fondations” (”National inquiry into French foundations”), available at http://www .fdf.org/download/2005_etude_fondations.pdf 7 Fondation de France (2006), “La contribution des entreprises au secteur des fondations françaises” (”The contribution of corporations to the French foundations sector”), available at http://www.fdf.org/download/ entreprises_ fondations_FdF_2006.pdf 11 Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias, “Remittances and Development,” p. 57. 12 Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias, “Remittances and Development,” pp. 60-63 13 “Worldwide remittance flows to developing countries in 2006,” International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Remittance Forum, 2007. Available at: http://www.ifad.org/ events/remittances/maps/remittance.htm 14 Pamphlets provided by Appleseed, including the “Sending Money Back Home” pamphlet, are available at http://www.appleseeds.net/ Publications/ReportsToolkits/FinancialAccess Brochures/tabid/103/Default.aspx Capitalism, Remittances and Democracy (page 63) 63 1 Migration Policy Institute, “Remittance Profiles,” Migration Facts, Stats and Maps, MPI Data Hub, February 2008. Available at: http://www.migrationinformation .org/datahub/remit_pdf/All_regions.pdf, pp. 22, 32, 38 and 46 2 Banco de México (BANXICO), Balanza de Pagos de México, 2007. 3 Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía y Informática (INEGI), Banco de Información Económica, 2007. 4 Rafael Alarcón, The Development of Home Town Associations in the United States and the Use of Social Remittances in Mexico. Tijuana: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 2004, p. 6. 5 Global Remittances: Sending Money Home (pages 60-67) 60-67 1 2 3 Dilip Ratha, Sankey Mohapatra, K.M. Vijayalakshmi, Zhimei Xu, “Migration and Development Brief 3: Remittance Trends 2007,” World Bank, Washington D.C., 2007, p. 2– Figure 1: Remittances and capital flows to developing countries. Dilip Ratha, “Leveraging Remittances for Development,” Migration Policy Institute, Washington, D.C., 2007, p. 3. Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias, “Remittances and Development: Trends, Impacts, and Policy Options,” Migration Policy Institute, Washington, D.C., 2006, p. 31. 4 Dilip Ratha, et. al., “Migration and Development Brief 3,” p. 2. 5 Migration Policy Institute, “Remittance Profiles,” Migration Facts, Stats and Maps, MPI Data Hub, February 2008. Available at: http://www.migrationinformation .org/datahub/remit_pdf/All_regions.pdf, pp. 22, 32, 38 and 46. 6 Remittances from Spain to Latin America in 2006, Inter-American Development Bank. 7 The Development Impact of Workers’ Remittances in Latin America—Volume I: Main Findings, World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2006. p. 44 8 The Development Impact of Workers’ Remittances in Latin America, p. 46. Schuyt et al., Geven in Nederland 2007, p. 3 9 Centre for Non-profit Management, Trinity College Dublin, “Exploring the Irish Fundraising Landscape,” 2007, p. 10 Available at http://www.cnm .tcd.ie/publications/FR%20 Report%20designed%20final.pdf J.-P. Landau, (2004), “Les nouvelles contributions financières internationales” (“New international financial contributions”), Report to the President of the French Republic, p. 35, available at http://lesrapports.ladocumentation francaise.fr/BRP/044000440/0000.pdf 10 Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias, “Remittances and Development,” p. 58. 9 Del Toro, Natasha, “Partnership for Education,” Americas, February 2008, p. 49. M. Orozco and M. Lapointe, Mexican Hometown Associations and Development Opportunities. Journal of International Affairs, Spring 2004, Vol. 57, p. 39. 6 P. Fajnzylber, and H. López, Close to Home: The Development Impact of Remittances in Latin America–Conference Edition. Washington DC: World Bank, 2007, p. 48. 7 Tobias Pfutze, Do Remittances Promote Democratization? Job Market Paper. New York: New York University, forthcoming, p. 8 8 Orozco and Lapointe, 2004, p. 39 9 M. Orozco, and K. Welle, Hometown Associations and Development: A look at Ownership, Sustainability, Correspondence, and Replicability, Washington DC: Inter-American Dialogue, 2005, p. 15. 10 C. Adida, and D. Girod, Do Remittances Improve Governance?Remittance Flows and Public Goods in Mexico, 1995 – 2000. Unpublished Manuscript. Palo Alto: Stanford University, forthcoming, p. 5. 11 G. Goodman, and J. Hiskey, Exit Without Leaving: Political Disengagement in High Migration Municipalities in Mexico. Comparative Politics, Vol. 40.2, January 2008, forthcoming, p. 5. 12 Devesh Kapur, Remittances: The New Development Mantra? Paper prepared for the G-24 Technical Group Meeting. Cambridge: Harvard University , 2003, p. 29. 13 PNUD, Informe Sobre Desarrollo Humano México 2006 – 2007 – Migración y Desarrollo Humano. México, D.F.: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, 2007, p. 130. The Index of Global Philanthropy 75 Hudson Institute Center for Global Prosperity Staff Dr. Carol C. Adelman, Director (1) Da r r e l l D e l a m a i d e , E d i t o r ( 2 ) Je r e m i a h No r r i s , S e n i o r A n a l ys t ( 3 ) D r . Ju d i t h S i e g e l , S e n i o r A n a l ys t ( 4 ) S a m a n t h a Gr ays o n , P r o g r a m s M a n a g e r ( 5 ) C at h e r i n e M . Fi s h e r , R e s e a r c h A s s i s t a n t ( 6 ) Dav i d Jo h n B a k e r , I n t e r n ( 7 ) In g r i d B j e r k e , In t e r n ( 8 ) Tay l o r B o l z , In t e r n ( 9 ) C a f e r O r m a n , In t e r n ( 1 0 ) A d r i e n n e Ty g e n h o f, I n t e r n ( 1 1 ) K e v i n Wa s k e l i s , In t e r n ( 1 2 ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Photograph Credits 76 Page 3 Bruce Boyajian Page 33 Catherine Fisher Page 53 Courtesy of Intern Milan Page 4 Chris Hondros/Getty Images Page 35 Maureen Orth Page 55 Courtesy of Nepal Leprosy Trust Page 7 Jon Dietz Page 36 Courtesy of Ashoka Page 56 Page 8 Courtesy of Kiva.org Page 39 Courtesy of Center for Service in Action Jane Mingay/AP/WPA Pool/ Reuters/Corbis Page 10 Per-Andres Pettersson/Getty Images Page 40 Jon Dietz Courtesy of Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation Courtesy of American College of Management and Technology Page 58 Page 22 Page 59 Courtesy of Norwegian Church Aid Page 42 Page 60 Page 23 Courtesy of Center for Service in Action Courtesy of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Deshakalyan Chowdhury/AFP/ Getty Images Page 25 Courtesy of Entra 21 Page 43 Courtesy of Christ Presbyterian Church Page 63 Patrick Frilet/Hemis/Corbis Page 27 Courtesy of Motorola Page 44 Page 28 Courtesy of Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation Courtesy of National Christian Foundation Page 46 Massoud Hossaini/AFP/Getty Images Above: Photos 1, 2 , 5, 6, 7 by Bruce Boyajian, photos 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 by Samantha Grayson Page 32 Leon Adelman Page 51 Ahmad Masood/AFP/Getty Images The Index of Global Philanthropy Global philanthropy is becoming a truly worldwide phenomenon. Over the last two decades, the United States and Europe have led a dramatic growth in philanthropy and remittances to developing countries. In the U.S., twenty-one donors gave $100 million or more in 2006. London, now hailed as “Switzerland-on-Thames,” has seen a rise in younger entrepreneurs, hedge fund managers, and private investors donating to charities in record amounts or even creating their own foundations. Whatever it is called—social entrepreneurship, philanthro-capitalism, venture philanthropy, or, most recently, creative capitalism—the lines between business and philanthropy continue to blur. This trend in philanthropy has been dubbed the “double bottom line,” or making money and helping a charitable cause at the same time. Our third annual Index of Global Philanthropy shows, more than ever, the entrepreneurial approaches to development, in new, creative philanthropic and government aid programs. These focus on homegrown solutions by local entrepreneurs and grassroots organizations that work with their peers from developed countries in real partnerships, not as donors and recipients. Empowering people to take care of themselves will lead to the open markets and open societies essential for sustaining economic growth and democratic freedoms in developing countries. $14.95 ISBN: 1-55813-155-8 w w w. h u d s o n . o r g