Persistent Short Sleep Duration From Pregnancy to 2 to 7 Years After Delivery and Metabolic Health

Abstract

Importance: Short sleep duration during pregnancy and the perimenopausal period has been associated with adverse cardiometabolic outcomes. However, it remains unclear how sleep duration changes after delivery and whether such changes are associated with the cardiometabolic health of birthing people. Objective: To investigate whether persistently short sleep during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with incident hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Design, setting, and participants: This secondary analysis of the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-Be Heart Health Study (NuMoM2b-HHS), an ongoing prospective cohort study, was conducted between September 5, 2023, and March 1, 2024, in 8 US academic medical centers. Participants were aged 18 years or older at NuMoM2b enrollment; recruited during their first pregnancy between October 1, 2010, and September 30, 2013; and followed up for a mean (SD) of 3.1 (0.9) years after delivery. Exposures: Self-reported short sleep duration (<7 hours) during pregnancy and 2 to 7 years after delivery was defined as persistent short sleep. Main outcomes and measures: Incident hypertension and metabolic syndrome (MetS) at follow-up. Regression models were used to estimate relative risks of incident hypertension and MetS by sleep duration pattern. Hypertension analyses excluded participants with hypertension at baseline, and MetS analyses excluded participants with MetS at baseline. Multivariable models included a priori covariates of baseline age and time from delivery to follow-up. Incident hypertension analyses included an additional covariate of body mass index at baseline. Results: Among 3922 participants (mean [SD] age, 27.3 [5.4] years; 598 Hispanic [15.2%], 485 non-Hispanic Black [12.4%], and 2542 non-Hispanic White [64.8%]), 565 individuals (14.4%) experienced persistent short sleep. Non-Hispanic Black (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.17; 95% CI, 1.59-2.97) and unmarried (aOR, 1.68, 95% CI, 1.29-2.19) participants were significantly more likely to experience persistent short sleep compared with non-Hispanic White and married participants, respectively. Persistent short sleep was associated with higher odds of incident MetS (aOR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.21-2.11) but not incident hypertension (aOR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.69-1.19). Conclusions and relevance: In this study, short sleep duration that persisted from pregnancy to 2 to 7 years after delivery was associated with a greater risk for adverse cardiometabolic outcomes. Future studies should explore whether sleep-targeted interventions during and after pregnancy are associated with improved cardiometabolic health outcomes, particularly among populations at increased risk.