Genetic analysis of triplicated genes affecting sex-specific skeletal deficits in Down syndrome model mice

Abstract

Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the triplication of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), resulting in skeletal insufficiency and altered bone development. DS mouse models recapitulate these deficits, including sexual dimorphism in long bone alterations. Historically, Ts65Dn mice provided much of the insight behind DS-related skeletal deficits with ~100 trisomic orthologous genes, but there are concerns about genetic fidelity in this model due to included triplication of genes not homologous to Hsa21. A new DS mouse model, Ts66Yah, subtracted the non-Hsa21 homologous trisomic genes from Ts65Dn but has not been evaluated for long bone deficits. Comparing skeletal phenotypes between these models can indicate the contributions of non-Hsa21 trisomic genes and whether the Ts66Yah mouse is relevant as a model for DS-associated skeletal deficits. After assessing individual densitometric, morphometric, and mechanical variables in male and female Ts66Yah femurs at similar ages to when skeletal deficits had been observed in Ts65Dn mice, structural phenotypes were directly compared to those of Ts65Dn mice using a novel multivariate principal components analysis (PCA) method to generate composite scores. Overall, structural and mechanical bone phenotypes of the femur appear milder in Ts66Yah compared to Ts65Dn mice. The appearance of developmental trabecular microarchitecture deficits, but not other abnormalities, were evident earlier in Ts65Dn than Ts66Yah mice. Dyrk1a, a gene triplicated in both models, affected skeletal structure differently in each model, likely through differing gene interactions. The novel component score analysis incorporating PCA detected subclinical phenotypes lost in individual analyses, which could be advantageous when determining overall skeletal deficits.