Comparison of pulmonary congestion severity using artificial intelligence-assisted scoring versus clinical experts: A secondary analysis of BLUSHED-AHF

Abstract

Aim: Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is the leading cause of cardiovascular hospitalizations in the United States. Detecting B-lines through lung ultrasound (LUS) can enhance clinicians' prognostic and diagnostic capabilities. Artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML)-based automated guidance systems may allow novice users to apply LUS to clinical care. We investigated whether an AI/ML automated LUS congestion score correlates with expert's interpretations of B-line quantification from an external patient dataset. Methods and results: This was a secondary analysis from the BLUSHED-AHF study which investigated the effect of LUS-guided therapy on patients with ADHF. In BLUSHED-AHF, LUS was performed and B-lines were quantified by ultrasound operators. Two experts then separately quantified the number of B-lines per ultrasound video clip recorded. Here, an AI/ML-based lung congestion score (LCS) was calculated for all LUS clips from BLUSHED-AHF. Spearman correlation was computed between LCS and counts from each of the original three raters. A total of 3858 LUS clips were analysed on 130 patients. The LCS demonstrated good agreement with the two experts' B-line quantification score (r = 0.894, 0.882). Both experts' B-line quantification scores had significantly better agreement with the LCS than they did with the ultrasound operator's score (p < 0.005, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Artificial intelligence/machine learning-based LCS correlated with expert-level B-line quantification. Future studies are needed to determine whether automated tools may assist novice users in LUS interpretation.