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Item Active Gaming as a Form of Exercise to Induce Hypoalgesia(Liebert, 2017-08) Carey, Christopher; Naugle, Keith E.; Aqeel, Dania; Ohlman, Thomas; Naugle, Kelly M.; Kinesiology, School of Physical Education and Tourism ManagementObjective: An acute bout of moderate-to-vigorous exercise temporarily reduces pain sensitivity in healthy adults. Recently, active gaming has been rising in popularity as a means of light-to-moderate exercise and may be particularly suitable for deconditioned individuals. Whether the physical activity elicited in active games can produce a hypoalgesic effect remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether active videogames can reduce pressure and heat pain sensitivity in healthy adults. We also evaluated the relationship between the physical activity elicited by the games and the magnitude of the hypoalgesic response. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one healthy adults played four different active games on separate days, including Microsoft® Kinect Xbox® One's Fighter Within and Sports Rival's Tennis, and Nintendo® Wii™ Sports' Boxing and Tennis. Heat pain thresholds on the forearm and pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) on the trapezius and forearm were assessed immediately before and after a 15-minute active gaming or control session. Minutes spent in sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during active gaming were measured with an accelerometer. Results: The analyses revealed that PPTs at the forearm and trapezius significantly increased from pretest to posttest following Kinect Fighter Within. PPTs at the trapezius also significantly increased from pretest to posttest following Wii Boxing. The magnitude of the hypoalgesic response was significantly correlated with MVPA and sedentary time during gameplay. Conclusion: These results suggest that an active gaming session played at a moderate intensity is capable of temporarily reducing pain sensitivity.Item Active Virtual Reality Games Reduce Pain Sensitivity in Young, Healthy Adults(Frontiers, 2021-11) Evans, Eric; Naugle, Keith E.; Ovispo, Alex; Kaleth, Anthony S.; Arnold, Brent; Naugle, Kelly M.; Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesSeparately, both physical activity and virtual reality can attenuate pain sensitivity in healthy adults. What is unknown is whether virtual reality combined with physical activity (active virtual reality) could have a greater hypoalgesic effect compared to non-active virtual reality distraction (passive virtual reality engagement). Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether playing physically active virtual reality games exert a greater hypoalgesic effect than a non-active virtual reality game. Methods: Participants (n = 36) played three different active virtual reality games (Beat Saber, Holopoint, and Hot Squat) and one non-active virtual reality game (Relax Walk) for 15 min on four different visits. During gameplay, participants wore accelerometers on the thigh, wrist, and waist to measure movement intensity and quantity. Pressure pain thresholds were measured on the forearm and thigh immediately prior to gameplay (pretest) and immediately following each gaming bout (posttest). Results: Analysis of the accelerometer data indicated that Hot Squat elicited greater whole-body and lower body moderate to vigorous physical activity compared to the other games. The ANOVA revealed an overall hypoalgesic effect of the virtual reality games on the forearm, regardless of game type. Results also showed a significant hypoalgesic effect on the thigh following gameplay for Hot Squat, Holopoint, and Relax Walk VR. The magnitude of pain reduction was significantly greater during Hot Squat compared to the other games. Conclusion: Virtual reality gameplay exerted a hypoalgesic effect on experimental pressure pain. Additionally, the data provided evidence of a potential enhanced hypoalgesic effect of physically active virtual reality compared to non-active VR on pressure pain sensitivity.Item Applying theory to overcome internal barriers for healthy behavior change in adults with intellectual disabilities(Sage, 2021-06) Oliver, Amy; Munk, Niki; Stanton-Nichols, Kathleen A; Health Sciences, School of Health and Human SciencesAdults with disabilities are 57% less physically active than individuals without disabilities and two times as likely to be obese. With obesity, adults with disabilities also face increased risk of comorbid disabilities stemming from obesity. The purpose of this theoretical case study was to identify key behavioral change theories which may be utilized to increase physical activity levels in adults with intellectual disabilities. The Self-Efficacy Theory and Self-Determination Theory both present constructs for understanding behavior change, and many of these constructs are interrelated which strongly suggests many behavioral change theories identify internal barriers for change. With theoretical case studies, these theories are examined within the context of adapted physical activity to depict how the Self-Efficacy Theory and Self-Determination Theory could be utilized to increase physical activity in individuals with intellectual disabilities.Item BMI, leisure-time physical activity, and physical fitness in adults in China: results from a series of national surveys, 2000–14(Elsevier, 2016-06) Tian, Ye; Jiang, Chongmin; Wang, Mei; Cai, Rui; Zhang, Yanfeng; He, Zihong; Wang, Huan; Wu, Dongming; Wang, Fubaihui; Tang, Qiang; Yang, Yang; Zhao, Jin; Lv, Shaojun; Zhou, Weihai; Yu, Bo; Lan, Jiang; Yang, Xinping; Zhang, Linxia; Tian, Hui; Gu, Zhuangzhuang; Song, Yiqing; Huang, Tianyi; McNaughton, Lars R.; Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public HealthBackground Obesity, physical inactivity, and reduced physical fitness contribute to the rising burden of chronic diseases in China. We investigated these factors in Chinese adults over a 14-year period (2000–14) using data from randomised national surveys. Methods We did four national surveys in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2014 among Chinese adults aged 20–59 years. We used BMI to assess underweight (<18·5 kg/m2), overweight (≥23·0 to <27·5 kg/m2), and obesity (≥27·5 kg/m2). Central obesity was defined as a waist circumference greater than 90 cm in men and greater than 85 cm in women. We assessed leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) by whether or not participants had completed the recommended minimum 150 min of moderate or 75 min of vigorous exercise per week. Indices for assessment of physical fitness were forced vital capacity, resting heart rate, hand grip strength, sit and reach distance, and time standing on one leg. Findings 151 656 (78%) of 193 440 adults responded to the survey in 2000, 163 386 (84%) in 2005, 154 931 (80%) in 2010, and 146 703 (76%) in 2014. The prevalence of obesity increased from 8·6% in 2000, to 10·3% in 2005, 12·2% in 2010, and 12·9% in 2014 (estimated increase 0·32% per year, 95% CI 0·30–0·33; p<0·0001). The equivalent estimates were 37·4%, 39·2%, 40·7%, and 41·2% for overweight (estimated increase 0·27% per year, 95% CI 0·25–0·30; p<0·0001) and 13·9%, 18·3%, 22·1%, and 24·9% for central obesity (estimated increase 0·78% per year, 0·76–0·80; p<0·0001). The prevalence of overweight, obesity, and central obesity increased with age (all p<0·0001) and was higher in men than in women (all p<0·0001). We noted a simultaneous decrease in the prevalence of underweight (estimated decrease of 0·06% per year, 95% CI 0·04–0·07; p<0·0001). The proportion of adults meeting the minimum LTPA recommendation increased over time (17·2% in 2000, 18·1% in 2005, and 22·8% in 2014), with the estimated prevalence change per year being 0·33% (95% CI 0·24–0·42; p<0·0001) for underweight people, 0·50% (0·47–0·53; p<0·0001) for normal-weight people, 0·37% (0·34–0·40; p<0·0001) for overweight people, and 0·06% (0·00–0·13; p=0·044) for obese people. We noted deteriorations over time in all measures of physical fitness in normal-weight adults (all p<0·0001), apart from resting heart rate (p=0·69). Interpretation Despite increased participation in LTPA, we noted increases in overweight or obesity and a decrease in physical fitness in Chinese adults. Continued nationwide interventions are needed to promote physical activity and other healthy lifestyle behaviours in China.Item A Community Needs Assessment of the Physical Activity and Food Environment in a Predominantly Hispanic U.S. City(Springer, 2016-09) Lebron, Cynthia; Stoutenberg, Mark; Portacio, Francia; Zollinger, Terrell W.; Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public HealthIntroduction: Hispanics suffer disproportionately compared with non-Hispanic Whites from health conditions that are affected by physical inactivity and poor dietary habits. Method: A needs assessment was conducted in Hialeah, Florida, the largest enclave of Cubans in the United States, to assess the perspectives of community stakeholders and members regarding the roles of physical activity and nutrition environments. Interviews were performed with community stakeholders (n = 21), and responses were grouped into major themes. Surveys were conducted with community members (n = 85). Descriptive analyses were used to categorize responses and potential differences across responses were explored. Results: Both community members and stakeholders reported that the local park system was a major asset to healthy living in Hialeah and agreed that traffic issues and a lack of walkability were major barriers to being physically active; however, there was variability in the response to the quality of the food environment. Conclusion: The perspectives of the community members and stakeholders will be valuable in highlighting pathways to enhancing the health and wellness of the residents of Hialeah.Item Differences among physical activity actigraphy algorithms in three chronic illness populations(2022) Alder, Megan L.; Still, Carolyn H.; Wierenga, Kelly L.; Pignatiello, Grant A.; Moore, Shirley M.Objectives: In three chronic illness populations and in a combined sample, we assessed differences in two algorithms to determine wear time (WT%) and four algorithms to determine: Kilocalories, light physical activity (PA), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and metabolic equivalents (METs). Methods: Data were collected from 29 people living with HIV (PLHIV), 27 participants recovering from a cardiac event, and 15 participants with hypertension (HTN). Participants wore the ActiGraphTM wGT3X-BT for > 3 days on their hip. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess differences among the algorithms. Results: No differences were found between the two algorithms to assess WT% or among the four algorithms to assess kilocalories in each of the chronic illness populations or in the combined sample. Significant differences were found among the four algorithms for light PA (p < .001) and METs (p < .001) in each chronic illness population and in the combined sample. MVPA was significantly different among the four algorithms in the PLHIV (p=.007) and in the combined sample (p < .001), but not in the cardiac (p=.064) or HTN samples (p=.200). Discussion: Our findings indicate that the choice of algorithm does make a difference in PA determination. Differences in algorithms should be considered when comparing PA across different chronic illness populations.Item Does Vibration Training Improve Physical Function and Quality of Life in Fibromyalgia Syndrome?(Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2010-04-09) Kaleth, Anthony S.; Ang, Dennis C.; Streepey, Jefferson W.; Mikesky, Alan E.; Bahamonde, Rafael E.; Dilts, SandiExercise and physical activity recommendations are an integral component of the overall management of fibromyalgia. Unfortunately, despite the known health, fitness, and symptom relief benefits, underlying pain and fatigue prevent most from initiating (or maintaining) physical activity and exercise programs, thereby contributing to sedentary lifestyles that lead to low levels of aerobic and muscular fitness. Therefore, it is important to identify alternative approaches to exercise programming in the overall management of fibromyalgia. Vibration training is a relatively new approach to exercise that has been shown to elicit numerous benefits; however little is known about the effects of this training method in fibromyalgia. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of vibration training in improving musculoskeletal function, balance and postural control, and health-related quality of life in patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia.Item Effect of Experimental Change in Children’s Sleep Duration on Television Viewing and Physical Activity(Wiley, 2016) Hart, Chantelle N.; Hawley, Nicola; Davey, Adam; Carskadon, Mary; Raynor, Hollie; Jelalian, Elissa; Owens, Judith; Considine, Robert; Wing, Rena R.; Department of Medicine, School of MedicineBackground Paediatric observational studies demonstrate associations between sleep, television viewing and potential changes in daytime activity levels. Objective(s) To determine whether experimental changes in sleep lead to changes in children's sedentary and physical activities. Methods Using a within-subject counterbalanced design, 37 children 8–11 years old completed a 3-week study. Children slept their typical amount during a baseline week and were then randomized to increase or decrease mean time in bed by 1.5 h/night for 1 week; the alternate schedule was completed the final week. Children wore actigraphs on their non-dominant wrist and completed 3-d physical activity recalls each week. Results Children reported watching more television (p < 0.001) and demonstrated lower daytime actigraph-measured activity counts per epoch (p = 0.03) when sleep was decreased (compared with increased). However, total actigraph-measured activity counts accrued throughout the entire waking period were higher when sleep was decreased (and children were awake for longer) than when it was increased (p < 0.001). Conclusion(s) Short sleep during childhood may lead to increased television viewing and decreased mean activity levels. Although additional time awake may help to counteract negative effects of short sleep, increases in reported sedentary activities could contribute to weight gain over time.Item Enhanced Bone Size, Microarchitecture, and Strength in Female Runners with a History of Playing Multidirectional Sports(Wolters Kluwer, 2022-12) Warden, Stuart J.; Sventeckis, Austin M.; Surowiec, Rachel K.; Fuchs, Robyn K.; Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human SciencesPurpose: Female runners have high rates of bone stress injuries (BSIs), including stress reactions and fractures. The current study explored multidirectional sports (MDS) played when younger as a potential means of building stronger bones to reduce BSI risk in these athletes. Methods: Female collegiate-level cross-country runners were recruited into groups: 1) RUN: history of training and/or competing in cross-country, recreational running/jogging, swimming and/or cycling only and 2) RUN+MDS: additional prior history of training and/or competing in soccer or basketball. High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography was used to assess the distal tibia, common BSI sites (diaphysis of the tibia, fibula and 2nd metatarsal), and high-risk BSI sites (base of the 2nd metatarsal, navicular and proximal diaphysis of the 5th metatarsal). Scans of the radius were used as control sites. Results: At the distal tibia, RUN+MDS (n=18) had enhanced cortical area (+17.1%) and thickness (+15.8%) and greater trabecular bone volume fraction (+14.6%) and thickness (+8.3%) compared to RUN (n=14) (all p<0.005). Failure load was 19.5% higher in RUN+MDS (p<0.001). The fibula diaphysis in RUN+MDS had 11.6% greater total area and 11.1% greater failure load (all p≤0.03). At the 2nd metatarsal diaphysis, total area in RUN+MDS was 10.4% larger with greater cortical area and thickness and 18.6% greater failure load (all p<0.05). RUN+MDS had greater trabecular thickness at the base of the 2nd metatarsal and navicular and greater cortical area and thickness at the proximal diaphysis of the 5th metatarsal (all p≤0.02). No differences were observed at the tibial diaphysis or radius. Conclusion: These findings support recommendations that athletes delay specialization in running and play MDS when younger to build a more robust skeleton and potentially prevent BSIs.Item Future Directions for Transforming Kinesiology Implementation Science Into Society(Human Kinetics Journals, 2023) Alamilla, Rafael A.; Keith, NiCole R.; Hasson, Rebecca E.; Welk, Gregory J.; Riebe, Deborah; Wilcox, Sara; Pate, Russell R.Physical activity policy can play a crucial role in ensuring that individuals, communities, and societies can obtain the wide range of health benefits associated with regular physical activity participation. Policies such as Title IX, the Americans With Disabilities Act, and state physical education laws have all increased opportunities for millions of Americans to participate in physical activity. With that said, how policies are developed and implemented vary considerably. The purpose of this manuscript is to contrast an academic conceptual framework with a pragmatic approach for policy implementation. In an ideal world, polices would be developed from foundational knowledge, scaled up to community-level interventions, and implemented in a sequential fashion. However, policy implementation is a disorderly process that requires a practical methodology. The National Physical Activity Plan encompasses strategies and tactics across 10 key societal sectors—and highlights the disorderly process of policy implementation across the various sectors.