Browsing by Subject "Racial discrimination"
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Item Collective ethnic-racial identity and health outcomes among African American youth: Examination of promotive and protective effects(American Psychological Association, 2019-07) Zapolski, Tamika C.B.; Beutlich, Marcy R.; Fisher, Sycarah; Barnes-Najor, Jessica; Psychology, School of ScienceOBJECTIVES: Racial discrimination is associated with numerous negative health outcomes, including increased risk for depression and anxiety symptoms and substance use. Positive affect toward of one's ethnic or racial group (i.e., ethnic-racial identity affirmation) has been shown to buffer the negative effects of racial discrimination on health outcomes. The extent to which one believes his or her group is valued by others (i.e., positive collective ethnic-racial identity) has also been proposed to be protective. However, to date a limited body of research has examined the moderating effect of collective ethnic-racial identity on health, and among available studies, findings are mixed. METHOD: African American youth (N = 612; 58.2% female, M grade = 8) completed measures on experiences of discrimination, mood symptoms, substance use, ethnic-racial identity affirmation, and collective ethnic-racial identity (assessed using the Collective Self-Esteem Scale). RESULTS: Controlling for demographic variables and affirmation, a significant main effect was found for collective ethnic-racial identity, such that believing that others viewed your group positively was associated with better health outcomes among African American youth. However, collective ethnic-racial identity was not found to buffer the effects of discrimination on health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the importance of examining collective ethnic-racial identity and the promotive effect it can have on health outcomes for African Americans. More research is needed to better understand if there are health outcomes in which collective ethnic-racial identity may also mitigate risk as a consequence of racial discrimination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).Item Differential Risk: Gender and Racial Differences in the Relationship between Trauma, Discrimination, and Schizotypy(MDPI, 2024-04-25) Monette, Mahogany A.; Russell, Madisen T.; Abel, Danielle B.; Lewis, Jarrett T.; Mickens, Jessica L.; Myers, Evan J.; Hricovec, Megan M.; Cicero, David C.; Wolny, J.; Hetrick, William P.; Masucci, Michael D.; Cohen, Alex S.; Burgin, Christopher J.; Kwapil, Thomas R.; Minor, Kyle S.; Psychology, School of ScienceTraumatic experiences are associated with increased experiences of positive schizotypy. This may be especially important for People of Color, who experience higher rates of trauma and racial discrimination. No study to date has examined how racial disparities in traumatic experiences may impact schizotypy. Furthermore, of the studies that have examined the relationship between trauma and schizotypy, none have examined racial discrimination as a potential moderator. The present study examined if racial discrimination moderates the relationship between trauma and multidimensional (positive, negative, and disorganized) schizotypy. In a sample of 770 college students, we conducted chi-squared analyses, analyses of variance, and stepwise regressions. We found that Black students experienced significantly higher racial discrimination and trauma than Latinx and Asian students. Furthermore, Black and Latinx students experienced significantly more multidimensional schizotypy items than Asian students. Trauma and racial discrimination explained 8 to 23% of the variance in each dimension of schizotypy. Racial discrimination did not moderate the relationships between trauma and multidimensional schizotypy. Our findings suggest that we need to examine risk factors that may prevent recovery from psychotic disorders. Additionally, disorganized schizotypy showed the most robust associations and may be a critical site of intervention.Item The Experience of Racism on Behavioral Health Outcomes: the Moderating Impact of Mindfulness(Springer, 2018-06-04) Zapolski, Tamika C. B.; Faidley, Micah T.; Beutlich, Marcy R.; Psychology, School of ScienceResearch shows that racial discrimination results in adverse behavioral health outcomes for African–American young adults, including risk for depression, anxiety, and substance use. Although high levels of mindfulness have been shown to reduce risk for such health outcomes, it is unknown whether mindfulness can reduce risk as a consequence of racial discrimination, particularly among African Americans. Three-hundred and eighty-eight African–American young adults between the ages of 18 and 24 (M = 20.6, 62% female) completed measures assessing past-year experiences of racial discrimination, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, alcohol use, and trait mindfulness. A positive correlation was found between racial discrimination and the behavioral health outcomes, as well as a negative correlation between mindfulness and the behavioral health outcomes. Moreover, mindfulness was found to significantly moderate the effect of racial discrimination on mood symptoms. Although mindfulness was found to lessen the effect of racial discrimination on alcohol use, this difference was not statistically significant. In line with previous literature, racial discrimination was shown to have a negative impact on behavioral health outcomes among African Americans. Moreover, our findings provide support for the buffering effect of mindfulness on mood symptoms as a consequence discrimination. This suggests that increasing mindfulness may be an effective strategy to include in interventions targeting improvement in mood symptoms for African–American young adults. However, alternative strategies may be more appropriate to address outcomes, such as alcohol use, as a consequence of racial discrimination.Item Racial Discrimination and Alcohol Use Among Adolescents: The Role of Emotion Regulation(2024-08) Khazvand, Shirin; Zapolski, Tamika; Cyders, Melissa; Dir, Ally; Wu, WeiBackground: Racial discrimination has been consistently associated with risk for alcohol use outcomes among racial/ethnic minority groups. This is particularly concerning given that engagement in alcohol use during adolescence has significant downstream effects on an individual's health into adulthood. Understanding factors that influence the relationship between racial discrimination and alcohol outcomes are needed to better understand the risk pathway and to identify malleable targets for interventions to reduce alcohol use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents. One potential candidate is emotion regulation as there is evidence that exposure to discrimination is associated with emotion regulation difficulties, and that emotion regulation difficulties are associated with alcohol outcomes. It is also plausible that emotion regulation is an external factor that strengthens or weakens to direct association between racial discrimination and alcohol use. Thus, the current study examined difficulties in emotion regulation (as measured by the State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, S-DERS) as a mediator and moderator separately on the relationship between racial discrimination related stress (RDRS) and alcohol outcomes (i.e., use, quantity, frequency, alcohol use disorder, binge drinking, high intensity alcohol use) and risk for problems associated with substance use. To better understand the nuances within the emotion regulation construct, this study also examined the four subscales of the S-DERS (e.g., difficulties in nonacceptance, modulation, lack of awareness, lack of clarity) in a parallel mediation and moderation model to account for each domain’s unique effect on the racial discrimination-alcohol pathway. Methods: 714 self-identifying racial/ethnic minority adolescents aged 10-19 years old (62.9% male, mean age 16.21 years old, 58.1% African American/Black, 19% American, 9.9% Hispanic/Latino, 9.7% Asian American/Pacific Islander, 1.3% Middle Eastern/North African) completed an online questionnaire that included measures assessing experiences of racial discrimination related stress, state difficulties in emotion regulation, and alcohol outcomes. Results: Findings indicated a significant indirect effect of RDRS on alcohol outcomes through total state difficulties in emotion regulation (past year use b = 0.002, p <0.001; frequency b = 0.005, p <0.001; quantity b = 0.003, p <0.001; alcohol use disorder b = 0.056, p <0.001; binge drinking b = 0.004, p <0.001; high intensity alcohol use b = 0.003, p <0.001; risk for problems associated with substance use b = 0.007, p <0.001). When examining the subscales of emotion regulation, a significant indirect effect was found for difficulties in modulation within the relationship between RDRS and past year use, quantity, frequency, alcohol use disorder, binge drinking, and high-intensity alcohol use, but not for risk for problems associated with substance use. There were no significant indirect effects observed for the other subscales of emotion regulation. Additionally, when examining whether S-DERS or the S-DERS subscales moderated the relationship between RDRS and alcohol outcomes, no significant effects were found. Conclusion: These findings expand our understanding on potential mechanisms that underlie the racial discrimination-alcohol risk pathway among racial/ethnic minority adolescents, which may in turn help clarify the multifaceted nature of emotion regulation. As such, findings suggest that a unique effect was found for difficulties in modulation of emotions when accounting for the other domains of emotion regulation when examining the RDRS and alcohol outcomes relationship. Given that this study was cross-sectional, additional research utilizing a prospective study design can build off the current findings to confirm the proposed temporal pathway between RDRS, emotion regulation, and alcohol use outcomes. Moreover, findings suggest that difficulties in modulation and emotion regulation may be important constructs to include within treatments aimed at reducing alcohol use and prevention efforts among racial/ethnic minority adolescents experiencing racial discrimination related distress.Item The relationship between racial discrimination and substance use: Does locus of control help explain risk?(Elsevier, 2022-04-19) Khazvand, Shirin; Zapolski, Tamika C.B.; Cyders, Melissa A.; Pietri, Evava S.; Neurology, School of MedicineIntroduction: Exposure to racial discrimination has been consistently linked with risk for substance use. However, outside of externalizing and affect-based factors, few other mechanisms have been examined. One potential candidate is locus of control, a learning processes that involves the degree to which one attributes rewards as resulting from their own control (internal locus of control) versus outside control (external locus of control). There is evidence that exposure to stressors is associated with locus of control, with a separate body of literature linking locus of control with substance use. Thus, it is plausible that locus of control may be a mechanism underlying the relationship between racial discrimination and substance use. Methods: The current study investigated this pathway among 503 racial/ethnic minority adults aged 18-35 who completed an online questionnaire including measures on racial discrimination related stress, locus of control, and substance use. Results: Results indicated a significant indirect effect between racial discrimination related stress, two external domains of locus of control (i.e., powerful others and chance), and substance use. A significant indirect effect was not found for internal locus of control. Conclusion: These findings expand our understanding on potential mechanisms that underlie the racial discrimination-substance use risk pathway among racial/ethnic minority adults, which may in turn provide important targets for substance use intervention programming.Item Trauma and racial discrimination: examining their association with marijuana behaviors among black young adults(2022-08) Rowe, Alia T.; Zapolski, Tamika; Stewart, Jesse; Cyders, Melissa; Eliacin, JohanneMarijuana use has been shown to increase and peak during young adulthood (i.e., ages 18-35). However, it appears that Black individuals do not decline in use at rates similar to other race groups. Marijuana use among Black adults has been linked to more problems such as increased arrests, greater mental health disorder diagnoses, and substance dependence. The biopsychosocial model of racism and race-based theoretical framework aims to understand how factors such as racial discrimination as a traumatic event could be associated with marijuana behaviors, particularly among Black adults. The present study aims to examine the association between racial discrimination and marijuana use and problem use above and beyond trauma exposure. Further, I aimed to explore whether gender or vocation (college, community, and military) moderated the relationships. 391 Black adults (57.5% female; mean age 24.9) completed measures on marijuana use and problems, trauma exposure, and racial discrimination distress. Hierarchical linear regression and Hayes PROCESS macro were used to evaluate the study aims. Racial discrimination distress was associated with marijuana use above and beyond trauma exposure (R2=.016, p=.004). However, racial discrimination distress did not add significant variance within the model for problem marijuana use (R2=.001, p=.419). Additionally, moderation by gender and vocation were not supported in either model. Taken together, the present results support that examining psychological and health outcomes among Black young adults should include an evaluation of racial discrimination distress. Further, future studies should continue to evaluate sociodemographic factors in larger more representative community-based studies to better understand potential variation in risk among Black young adults.Item What can parents do? Examining the role of parental support on the negative relationship between racial discrimination, depression, and drug use among African American youth(Sage, 2016-07) Zapolski, Tamika C. B.; Fisher, Sycarah; Hsu, Wei-Wen; Barnes, Jessica; Psychology, School of ScienceAfrican American youth who experience racial discrimination are at heightened risk to use drugs as a coping response to distress. Based on the buffer-stress hypothesis, we proposed that parental support would attenuate this effect. Participants were 1,521 African American youth between 4th and 12th grade. As hypothesized, a mediation pathway was observed between racial discrimination, depression symptoms, and drug use. This effect was observed for both genders, although the pathway was partially mediated for males. Additionally, as hypothesized, parental support buffered the negative effect of depression symptomatology on drug use as a consequence of discrimination. Our findings highlight the impact racial discrimination has on health outcomes for African American youth and the importance of managing youth's emotional responses to discrimination. Moreover, findings illuminate the protective role of supportive parenting within the risk model and should thus be considered as an important component within prevention programming for this population of youth.