Browsing by Subject "Minerals"
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Item Calcium-Sensing Receptor Genotype and Response to Cinacalcet in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis(American Society of Nephrology, 2017-07-07) Moe, Sharon M.; Wetherill, Leah; Decker, Brian Scott; Lai, Dongbing; Abdalla, Safa; Long, Jin; Vatta, Matteo; Foroud, Tatiana M.; Chertow, Glenn M.; Medicine, School of MedicineBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We tested the hypothesis that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) alter the response to the calcimimetic cinacalcet. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: We analyzed DNA samples in the Evaluation of Cinacalcet HCl Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events (EVOLVE) trial, a randomized trial comparing cinacalcet to placebo on a background of usual care. Of the 3883 patients randomized, 1919 (49%) consented to DNA collection, and samples from 1852 participants were genotyped for 18 CASR polymorphisms. The European ancestry (EA; n=1067) and African ancestry (AfAn; n=405) groups were assessed separately. SNPs in CASR were tested for their association with biochemical measures of mineral metabolism at baseline, percent change from baseline to 20 weeks, and risk of clinical fracture as dependent variables. RESULTS: There were modest associations of CASR SNPs with increased baseline serum parathyroid hormone and bone alkaline phosphatase primarily with the minor allele in the EA group (all P≤0.03), but not in the AfAn sample. In contrast, there was a modest association of decreased baseline serum calcium and FGF23 with CASR SNPs (P=0.04) primarily with the minor allele in the AfAn but not in the EA sample. The minor allele of two SNPs was associated with decreased percent reduction in parathyroid hormone from baseline to 20 weeks in the EA population (P<0.04) and this was not altered with cinacalcet. In both EA and AfAn, the same SNP (rs9740) was associated with decreased calcium with cinacalcet treatment (EA and AfAn P≤0.03). Three SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium were associated with a higher risk of clinical fracture that was attenuated by cinacalcet treatment in the EA sample (P<0.04). CONCLUSIONS: These modest associations, if validated, may provide explanations for differences in CKD-mineral bone disorder observed in EA and AfAn populations, and for differential biochemical responses to calcimimetics.Item Mineral Content of Water From Public Fountains Along the Monon Trail in Central Indiana(2024) Bakhaider, Renad Fahad; Lippert, Frank; E. Soto Rojas, Armando; Capin, OrianaBackground: The Monon trail is one of the most popular trails located in central Indiana that the public uses for various physical activities, such as cycling, jogging, and walking. Physical activity, especially in the summer, causes the body to dehydrate and lose some of its electrolytes via sweating (e.g., calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium). These minerals are considered important in regulating some of the body’s chemical and biological reactions. Therefore, water fountains are located along the trail. However, no study has thus far investigated the mineral composition of water provided along the Monon trail and how it compares with commonly used bottled water. Fluoride is added to tap water in many communities in the US for the prevention of dental caries (community water fluoridation). However, whether water provided by these fountains meets the recommended fluoride level by the CDC for caries prevention has not been established. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the fluoride, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium contents from water samples collected from all water fountains along the Monon trail and to compare their mineral concentrations to commercially available bottled waters. As an exploratory objective, we also assessed the utilization of theses fountains by the users of the Monon trail. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium contents of water from public drinking water fountains along the Monon trail in central Indiana. The secondary aim was to compare the nutritional value of the collected water samples to that of commercially available bottled waters. An exploratory objective will be to study the utilization of these fountains by users of the Monon trail. Methodology: Two 50-ml samples of water from each fountain along the Monon Trail were collected. The fluoride concentration was determined using a fluoride ion-specific electrode (Orion #96-909-00). The calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrometer, equipped with deuterium and cathode lamps at wave lengths of 422.7 nm, 285.2 nm, 589.0 nm, and 766.5 nm, respectively. Data collected from water samples were compared to those of bottled water available in Indianapolis, Indiana, using data from a recently conducted study. Mineral data of water samples were compared to recommended dietary allowances (calcium and magnesium) or adequate intakes (potassium and sodium) as established by the Institutes of Medicine. The utilization of those fountains by cyclists, runners/joggers, and walkers was also investigated by conducting an observational study at each water fountain during a one-hour period in mid- to late afternoon during a weekday and weekend. Data collection was taken twice, one month apart. The statistical analyses of the study were carried out using two-sided two sample t-tests at 5-% significance level. Results: The author identified seven water fountains along the Monon trail during the study period. Fluoride concentration was generally high (mean 1.01 parts per million [ppm]). Calcium concentration ranged from 45 ppm to 81 ppm (mean, 60.9 ppm) which was greater than those of magnesium (range, 4.8 ppm to 13.7 ppm; mean 8.4 ppm), sodium (range, 14.7 ppm to 78.1 ppm; mean 40.5 ppm), and potassium (range, 1.2 ppm to 2.2 ppm; mean 1.6 ppm). Overall, water fountains provided meaningful contributions to adequate intake of fluoride. However, the contributions to adequate intake of sodium and potassium, or to the recommended dietary allowances for calcium and magnesium were lower. Moreover, water from fountains was found to contain higher mineral concentrations than most bottled waters. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it was found that water fountains are a valuable source of rehydration and essential mineral replenishment during and after physical activity, as they provide greater nutritious values than most bottled waters. Furthermore, it was found that F concentration in water fountains satisfies the standards needed to prevent dental caries.Item RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODELING FOR QUANTIFYING LUNAR SURFACE MINERALS, PARTICLE SIZE AND SUBMICROSCOPIC IRON (SMFe)(2012-03-16) Li, Shuai; Li, Lin; Licht, Kathy J.; Swope, R. JefferyThe main objective of this work is to better quantify lunar surface minerals (agglutinate, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, olivine, ilmenite, and volcanic glass), particle sizes and the abundance of SMFe from the lunar soil characterization consortium (LSCC) dataset with our improved model based on Hapke's radiative transfer theory. The model is implemented for both forward and inverse modeling. Hapke's radiative transfer theory is implemented in the inverse model means Newton's method and least squares are jointly used to solve nonlinear questions rather than commonly used look-up Table (LUT). Although the effects of temperature and surface topography are incorporated into the implementation to improve the model performance for application of lunar spacecraft data, these effects cannot be extensively addressed in the current work because of the use of lab measured reflectance data. Our forward radiative transfer model (RTM) results show that the correlation coefficients between modeled and measured spectra are over 0.99. For the inverse model, the distribution of the calculated particle sizes is all within their measured range. The range of modeled SMFe for highland samples is 0.01% - 0.5 % and for mare samples is 0.03% - 1 %. The linear trend between SMFe and ferromagnetic resonance (Is) for all the LSCC samples is consistent with laboratory measurements. For quantifying lunar mineral abundances, the results show that the R-squared for the training samples (Is/FeO <= 65) are over 0.65 with plagioclase having highest correlation (0.94) and pyroxene the lowest (0.68). In the future work, the model needs to be improved for handling more mature lunar soil samples.Item Thermochronological constraints on the post-depositional thermal history of the Permian-Triassic Beacon Basin, Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica(Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2016-04-08) Kassab, Christine; Licht, KathyMinerals crystallize at specific temperatures. The time at which they crystallize can be dated and used to investigate the thermal history of rocks which contain the minerals. In order to investigate the thermal history of a 3 km thick sedimentary basin sequence in the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM), Antarctica, a combination of U-Pb and U-Th/He double dating techniques was used on zircon and apatite mineral grains. Six in situ samples were selected from the lower, middle, and upper formations of the Beacon Supergroup (Pagoda, Buckley, and Falla, respectively) in two locations along the central TAM, the Queen Alexandra Range (QAR) and Shackleton Glacier (SG). Previous zircon U-Th/He (ZHe) ages from Beacon erratics collected in till along the TAM indicate that a heating event occurred around 180 million years ago (Ma); the temperature increased higher than the degree where helium is trapped within zircon crystals thereby reseting the ZHe ages. This is postulated to either be burial of the basin sediments deeply enough to reach 200°C or from heat associated with either magmatic intrusions (Ferrar dolerite) or a higher geothermal gradient. In general, ZHe ages range from ~110-170 Ma at SG and from ~100-195 Ma at QAR. ApHe ages range from ~85-170 Ma at SG and from ~35-125 Ma at QAR. The range in ages for each sample may be the result of inherited radiation damage to the mineral grain which influences the rate at which He diffuses from the grain. Overall the ZHe ages are similar at both locations, but the difference in ApHe ages indicate that SG experienced a much faster cooling history than QAR following the heating event which reset the ZHe ages. The difference in ApHe ages may be related to activity on nearby faults resulting in differing rates at which the rocks reached cooler temperatures.