Browsing by Author "Way, Sing Sing"

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    IL-10–producing Tfh cells accumulate with age and link inflammation with age-related immune suppression
    (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2020-07-29) Almanan, Maha; Raynor, Jana; Ogunsulire, Ireti; Malyshkina, Anna; Mukherjee, Shibabrata; Hummel, Sarah A.; Ingram, Jennifer T.; Saini, Ankur; Xie, Markus M.; Alenghat, Theresa; Way, Sing Sing; Deepe, George S.; Divanovic, Senad; Singh, Harinder; Miraldi, Emily; Zajac, Allan J.; Dent, Alexander L.; Hölscher, Christoph; Chougnet, Claire; Hildeman, David A.; Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine
    Aging results in profound immune dysfunction, resulting in the decline of vaccine responsiveness previously attributed to irreversible defects in the immune system. In addition to increased interleukin-6 (IL-6), we found aged mice exhibit increased systemic IL-10 that requires forkhead box P3–negative (FoxP3−), but not FoxP3+, CD4+T cells. Most IL-10–producing cells manifested a T follicular helper (Tfh) phenotype and required the Tfh cytokines IL-6 and IL-21 for their accrual, so we refer to them as Tfh10 cells. IL-21 was also required to maintain normal serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10. Notably, antigen-specific Tfh10 cells arose after immunization of aged mice, and neutralization of IL-10 receptor signaling significantly restored Tfh-dependent antibody responses, whereas depletion of FoxP3+ regulatory and follicular regulatory cells did not. Thus, these data demonstrate that immune suppression with age is reversible and implicate Tfh10 cells as an intriguing link between “inflammaging” and impaired immune responses with age.
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    Proteolytic elimination of N-myristoyl modifications by the Shigella virulence factor IpaJ
    (Springer Nature, 2013) Burnaevskiy, Nikolay; Fox, Thomas G.; Plymire, Daniel A.; Ertelt, James M.; Weigele, Bethany A.; Selyunin, Andrey S.; Way, Sing Sing; Patrie, Steven M.; Alto, Neal M.; Pediatrics, School of Medicine
    Protein N-myristoylation is a 14-carbon fatty-acid modification that is conserved across eukaryotic species and occurs on nearly 1% of the cellular proteome. The ability of the myristoyl group to facilitate dynamic protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions (known as the myristoyl switch) makes it an essential feature of many signal transduction systems. Thus pathogenic strategies that facilitate protein demyristoylation would markedly alter the signalling landscape of infected host cells. Here we describe an irreversible mechanism of protein demyristoylation catalysed by invasion plasmid antigen J (IpaJ), a previously uncharacterized Shigella flexneri type III effector protein with cysteine protease activity. A yeast genetic screen for IpaJ substrates identified ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)1p and ARF2p, small molecular mass GTPases that regulate cargo transport through the Golgi apparatus. Mass spectrometry showed that IpaJ cleaved the peptide bond between N-myristoylated glycine-2 and asparagine-3 of human ARF1, thereby providing a new mechanism for host secretory inhibition by a bacterial pathogen. We further demonstrate that IpaJ cleaves an array of N-myristoylated proteins involved in cellular growth, signal transduction, autophagasome maturation and organelle function. Taken together, these findings show a previously unrecognized pathogenic mechanism for the site-specific elimination of N-myristoyl protein modification.