IU Indianapolis ScholarWorks :: Browsing by Author "Shanks, James C., Jr."

Browsing by Author "Shanks, James C., Jr."

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A Cephalometric Skeletal and Dental Analysis of Selected Black American Children in the Indianapolis Area
(1975) McDonald, Jeanne L.; Garner, LaForrest D.; Shanks, James C., Jr.; Arbuckle, Gordon R.; Potter, Rosario H.; Dirlam, James H.
This study was conducted to obtain hard-tissue cephalometric standards for Black American children of twelve years of age. A sample of twenty-four Black American children from the Indianapolis area (thirteen boys and eleven girls} was analyzed and compared with the existing Denver (Caucasian} sample of comparable age. This study was conducted to obtain hard-tissue cephalometric standards for Black American children of twelve years of age. A sample of twenty-four Black American children from the Indianapolis area (thirteen boys and eleven girls} was analyzed and compared with the existing Denver (Caucasian} sample of comparable age. There were only eight measurements that showed no statistical difference from the White standards for both males and females: cranial flexure angle, gonial angle, mandibular plane angle, A-B(OP}, A-B(FH}, A-Pg(OP}, Y-axis angle, and cant of the occlusal plane. There were no significant differences between Black males and Black females. All the linear measurements were significantly larger for the Black sample, except for the chin button (which was significantly smaller in the Blacks}. There was a proportionally larger increase in the mandibular body over the ramus of the mandible in the Black sample; there was a proportionally larger increase in the lower facial height over the upper facial height. In the Black sample, the nasal floor converged upward anteriorly with respect to Frankfort Horizontal. The denture bases and lower face were more protrusive in Blacks; the incisors were more flared and bodily forward. Black patients, therefore, should not be compared to standards set up for Caucasians, but to a set of standards based on normals of their own ethnic group.
A Study of the Effectiveness of Topical Fluoride Treatment Following the Removal of Direct Bonded Brackets
(1976) Short, Steven T.; Garner, LaForrest D.; Kasle, Myron J.; Cunningham, Donald M.; Shanks, James C., Jr.; Barton, Paul; Phillips, Ralph W.
In this investigation an attempt was made to determine what effect direct bonded attachments have on the posttreatment uptake of topically applied fluoride. Thirty-two freshly extracted mandibular central and lateral incisors were used. The teeth were cleaned, labeled and an adhesive tape window applied to the crown exposing a circular area one quarter inch in diameter on the labial surface. An initial enamel biopsy was performed to determine the fluoride content of the labial surface. Fifty percent phosphoric acid was applied for one minute to condition the teeth for bonding. A polycarbonate orthodontic bracket was then bonded with Sevriton resin and each tooth was stored for one week in water. After storage, the brackets were then removed and residual resin was cleaned off with a dental scaler. Half of the teeth were pumiced with flour of pumice for ten seconds. The teeth were observed microscopically to determine the condition of the labial surface. A 2% solution of sodium fluoride was applied to the teeth for eight minutes and the samples were then individually stored in water for one week. An enamel biopsy was performed and analyzed for fluoride, calcium, and phosphorus. A great deal of fluoride was taken up by the enamel surface on all the specimens. It was found that pumicing the teeth prior to the application of topical fluoride results in a significantly greater uptake of fluoride by the enamel surface. The results of this investigation indicate that a pumice wash following bracket removal facilitates a greater and more uniform uptake of topically applied fluoride on the surface of the teeth.
An Investigation of Dental Arch Form in a Sample of Malocclusions
(1975) Page, Robert M.; Garner, LaForrest D.; Shanks, James C., Jr.; Dirlam, James H.; Potter, Rosario H.; Barton, Paul
The objective of this study was to investigate the geometric arch forms found in a sample of malocclusions. The specific objectives were to determine if there was a basic geometric arch form which described all of the sample, to identify the typical arch form in each of the classes of malocclusion, and to determine if there was a statistical difference in form among the various classes in each arch. A sample of 99 maxillary and mandibular plaster casts were collected from the Department of Orthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, and classified according to Angle's classification of malocclusion. Occlusograms were taken of all casts. The center of incisal edges, cusp tips of cuspids and bicuspids, and bifurcation of molars were marked and traced on acetate tracing paper from the occlusogram). A straight line was drawn between these points giving the final dental arch form. A coordinate· system was established on each arch form which allowed the classification of the arch form by Hayashi's method 60. The results showed that no basic arch form described the sample. The average arch form for each classification of malocclusion varied between classes and between arches. Statistically, maxillary arch form of the Class II division 2 differed significantly from maxillary Class I, Class II division 1, and Class III malocclusions. Class II division 2 mandibular arch form differed significantly only from the mandibular Class I malocclusion.
Clinical Evaluation of Glass Ionomer Cement as an Adhesive for the Bonding of Orthodontic Brackets
(1988) Miller, James R.; Garner, LaForrest D.; Moore, B. Keith; Shanks, James C., Jr.; Barton, Paul; Potter, Rosario H.
Glass ionomer cement has been shown in previous studies to retard decalcification and caries formation. This cement would be valuable in orthodontics if it proved to have adequate adhesive properties. Therefore, this study was designed to determine if there is a significant difference in the failure rate of brackets attached to teeth using a glass ionomer cement, Ketac-fil, and the failure rate of brackets attached to teeth using a conventional orthodontic adhesive system, Rely-a-bond. Six patients in the Department of Orthodontics at Indiana University School of Dentistry participated in this study. Each patient had 16 to 20 teeth available for bracketing. Direct-bond orthodontic brackets were attached to one-half of each participant's available teeth using Ketac-fil. Rely-a-bond was used to bond brackets to the remaining half of the teeth. Fifty-three brackets were placed with Ketac-fil, and 53 with Rely-a-bond. This study lasted a minimum of ten weeks for each patient. The following observations were made: 1) The failure rates for brackets attached with Ketac-fil and those attached with Rely-a-bond. 2) The type of bracket failure for brackets bonded with Ketac-fil. 3) Pre-study and post-study decalcification patterns of teeth with brackets attached with Ketac-fil. The bracket failure rate was 3.77% for the Ketac-fil group and 5.66% for the Rely-a-bond group. There was no significant difference between the failure rates of these two groups at the alpha = 0.05 level when tested with the Fisher Exact Probability Test. Of the two brackets that failed in the Ketac-fil group, only one was available for examination and it demonstrated a definite adhesive type of bracket failure. With respect to decalcification patterns, no obvious change in pattern occurred for teeth in the Ketac-fil group. There was no statistical difference between the failure rates of brackets attached with Ketac-fil and those attached with Rely-a-bond. Previous studies have shown that glass ionomer cements release fluoride and that this may retard decalcification and caries formation. Decalcification and caries formation around the margins of orthodontic brackets have been identified as potential risks of orthodontic treatment. Thus, the use of a glass ionomer cement as a bonding agent in orthodontics might reduce these potential risks without compromising the attachment of the brackets to teeth. This study provides the basis for more extensive clinical trials of glass ionomer cements as bonding agents for direct-bond orthodontic brackets.
Digital Radiographic Analysis of Mineral Density of Adjacent Alveolar Bone in Relation to the Molar Translation Rate After Use of Retromolar Implant Anchorage
(1997) Sim, Yeongsuk; Roberts, W. Eugene; Analoui, Mostafa; Hohlt, William F.; Katona, Thomas R.; Shanks, James C., Jr.
Molar translation using retromolar implants provides an unique opportunity to measure the rate of orthodontic tooth movement, because implants do not permit any reactive movement from the force. Contrast-corrected digital radiography was utilized to investigate the rate of molar translation related to the mineral density of adjacent alveolar bone. It was hypothesized that the rate of molar translation was inversely correlated with bone mineral density ahead of the moving tooth. Periapical radiographs were obtained every six months during 24 months of active treatment of eight patients (age: 24 to 48 years). Distance from three reference points (crown tip, mid-root, apex) and mineral density of four circular areas in front of the translating molar were analyzed for correlation. The primary method of analysis was the use of Pearson correlation coefficients between rate change and bone mineral density, and between rate change and age. The results showed that rate change of molar translation at the root apex was inversely correlated to the mineral density of adjacent alveolar bone. The correlations were not significant when examining the rate over the first six months; however, the correlations were significant after the second follow-up evaluation at 12 months. The correlation was also significant when using the overall means up to last follow-up visit. However, patient age was not significantly related to the rate of molar translation in this study.
Evaluation of the Tensile Bond Strength of Orthodontic Bracket Bases Using Glass Ionomer Cement as an Adhesive
(1992) Burns, Richard D., Jr.; Roberts, W. Eugene, Jr.; Garetto, Lawrence P.; Moore, B. Keith; Miller, James R.; Shanks, James C., Jr.; Hennon, David K.
The search for an orthodontic bonding adhesive that has chemical adhesion to enamel and releases fluoride into the oral environment has led to experimentation with glass ionomer cements. This study compared the tensile bond strength of eight different orthodontic bracket base designs in vitro and assessed the amount of adhesive remaining on the bracket pad after debonding. Each bracket base design included in this study had unique characteristics warranting their inclusion. The groups contained brackets with 60, 80, and 100 gauge mesh pads; 100 gauge mesh sandblasted pads; perforated metal bases; Micro-Lock™ photo-etched bases; Dyna-Lock™ integral bracket/bases; and ceramic silane-coated bracket pads. Groups contained 20 to 22 specimens that were bonded to bovine incisor teeth embedded in a self-curing acrylic block that could be held in the testing machine. Pre-encapsulated glass ionomer cement (Ketac-Fil™) was the experimental adhesive. The adhesive was mixed according to the manufacturer's instructions in a dental amalgamator. The specimens were thermocycled between water oaths of 15°C and 55°C. The specimens spent 30 seconds in each bath for a total of 2,500 cycles and were stored in a humidor until debonding. After 14 days, the specimens were subjected to a tensile force using an Instron mechanical testing machine until failure occurred. The Micro-Loc™ photo-etched base had significantly higher mean tensile bond strength (p<0.05) than all other brackets tested. The ceramic brackets were unable to be tested due to the extremely weak bond strength which did not allow preparation of the samples for debonding. Following debonding, the percentage of adhesive remaining attached to the bracket base was determined using a grid in the ocular of a light microscope. In general, the site of bond failure involved the base/adhesive interface. The Dyna-Lock™ integral bracket/base and 80 gauge mesh base had a greater mean percent of adhesive remaining attached to the base. (Dyna-Lock™ 45 percent and 80 gauge mesh 43 percent vs. all other < 20 percent.) The results indicate that the bracket base design can influence the bond strength when GIC is used as an orthodontic adhesive and suggests that development of GIC with increased fracture toughness might increase bond strength.
A Study of Microleakage in Orthodontic Direct Bonding Adhesive Systems
(1976-06) Ackerman, Gerald Lee; Garner, LaForrest D.; Shanks, James C., Jr.; Barton, Paul; Dickey, David M.; Swartz, Marjorie L.
If orthodontic direct bonding adhesives are to be successful, they must withstand the destructive influences of the oral environment and form a durable bond with enamel. Investigators have noted that moisture may be the greatest deterrent to an adhesive bond and water may have the ability to penetrate the adhesive-enamel interface, destroying this bond. An in vitro investigation was undertaken to determine whether moisture and other oral debris can penetrate this adhesive-enamel interface. Four commercially available orthodontic direct bonding systems were tested for microleakage using radioisotope45 calcium chloride (45Ca). Adhesives tested included Orthomite IIS, Directon, Unitek, and Genie. Polycarbonate brackets were bonded to freshly extracted human premolar teeth using the respective adhesive systems. Specimens were stored in 37.5°c water baths for periods of thirty days and ninety days before being tested. All specimens were thermal cycled 2500 cycles to provide a more heroic test. The thermal stressing was carried out at 15°c and 45°c with a 30 second dwell at each temperature. A total of eighty specimens were evaluated. The results of this study suggest that two of the orthodontic adhesives evaluated are susceptible to amounts of microleakage. Storage in water did affect the rate of leakage among the specimens. Generally, more specimens in the groups tested at ninety days showed leakage than at the thirty-day testing period. This study suggests that orthodontic adhesives may be susceptible to microleakage and that this may present problems clinically. However, long-term, well controlled investigations must be undertaken before more definite conclusions can be drawn concerning the effect on bond strength and enamel integrity.
The Influence of Etching Times and Fluoride Acid Gels on the Bonding of Orthodontic Brackets
(1988) Hoagburg, Steven Joseph; Garner, LaForrest D.; Shanks, James C., Jr.; Moore, B. Keith; Nelson, Charles L.; Hennon, David K.
This study evaluated the influence of etching times and the addition of fluoride to a phosphoric acid gel on the tensile bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to human enamel using a 40% phosphoric acid gel containing no fluoride, 0.44% sodium fluoride and 0.8% stannous fluoride. The percent cohesive failure after debonding was also studied. In addition, the enamel surface was evaluated for reaction products and etching morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Such a reduction in etching times and the addition of fluorides into the etchants should result in less damage to the tooth and a decrease in enamel decalcification. For the tensile bond strength part of the study, 189 noncarious and nonrestored human premolar teeth were divided into three groups corresponding to the three different etching gels. Each group was subdivided into three other groups which consisted of the three etching times, 15, 30 and 60 seconds. There were a total of 21 samples in each of the nine groups. After etching with the appropriate gels and etching times, brackets were bonded to the buccal surfaces of the teeth with Concise orthodontic resin. The samples were thermocycled and stored in 37°C until testing. Seven days after bonding, the samples were tested in tension in an Instron testing machine. After debonding, the percent cohesive failure was evaluated under the microscope at 40X. All groups were compared using the two way analysis of variance. There was no significant difference in tensile bond strength between the three etchants. However, etching with the NaF etchant for 15 seconds produced significantly different results from the other NaF groups. However, there was no significant difference related to etching times for the other two etchants. The highest tensile bond strength (71.7 ± 2 3.0 kg/cm2 ) was recorded with the H3PO4 gel when etched for 60 seconds and the lowest tensile bond strength (48.9 ± 13.6 kg/cm2) was recorded with the NaF etchant when etched for 15 seconds. There was no significant difference in the percent cohesive failure between the three etchants. There was a significant difference in the NaF group when the etching times were changed. Etching with the NaF group for 15 seconds showed a significant difference when compared with the other NaF groups. However, the other two etchants showed no significant difference between the different etching times. Cohesive failure for all groups occurred mainly at the mesh-resin interface. The highest percent cohesive failure (95.7 ± 14.8%) occurred in the SnF2 group when etched for 30 seconds. The lowest percent cohesive failure (70.9 ± 40.6%) occurred in the NaF group when etched for 15 seconds. In the second part of this study nine human maxillary premolar teeth were etched with the three different gels at the three time intervals and were evaluated under the SEM at magnifications of 1500X and 5000X for reaction products and etching morphology. Fluorides incorporated into the etching gels should reduce enamel decalcification, and decreasing the etching times also reduces enamel loss. Results of the present study suggest that incorporating of these fluorides in the etchants, along with decreasing the etching times, warrants clinical evaluation.
The Use of an Adhesion Promoter in the Bonding of Orthodontic Brackets
(1987) Roberts, Larry Don; Garner, LaForrest D.; Shanks, James C., Jr.; Moore, B. Keith; Baldwin, James J.; Detamore, Robert J.
This study was designed to determine whether the use of a proprietary adhesion promoter would increase the bond strength of an orthodontic BIS-GMA direct bonding adhesive system to tooth enamel. Another purpose was to determine whether use of the promoter would allow a decrease in the traditional etch time of 60 seconds, while maintaining adequate bond strength. Such a reduction would result in less damage to the tooth. A total of 150 bicuspid teeth were mounted in a testing jig, and orthodontic brackets were bonded according to their testing group. The teeth were divided into two groups, one group bonded with the adhesion promoter and one without. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups of 25 samples each, with etching times of 60, 30, and 15 seconds. After bonding, the samples were stored in water at 37°C 24 hours before being thermocycled 2500 cycles. Thermocycling range was 15-55°C. The samples were then returned to the 37°C storage until testing. One week after bonding the samples were tested in tension using an Instron testing machine. The location and force required to produce bond failure were recorded. Only two samples of the 136 samples tested had bond failure other than at the resin-bracket interface. These two fractures were cohesive in nature. All groups were compared using a two-way analysis of variance. There was no significant difference in bond strength between 15, 30 and 60-second etch times. This study indicates that etch times can be reduced from the traditional 60-second etch time and still maintain adequate bond strength. Many resin manufacturers continue to recommend 60-second etch times in their directions for use. The findings of this study indicate that this practice is no longer necessary. The adhesion promoter has been shown by other means to increase bond strength. However, this study failed to prove that the adhesion promoter increases the bonding strength when tested with orthodontic brackets, since all but two samples failed at the resin-bracket interface.

Browsing by Author "Shanks, James C., Jr."

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