IU Indianapolis ScholarWorks :: Browsing by Author "Kronenberger, William G."

Browsing by Author "Kronenberger, William G."

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Assessment of Working Memory Capacity in Preschool Children Using the Missing Scan Task
(Wiley, 2014) Roman, Adrienne S.; Pisoni, David B.; Kronenberger, William G.; Psychiatry, School of Medicine
The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and validity of a modified version of Buschke's missing scan methodology, the Missing Scan Task (MST), to assess working memory capacity (WMC) and cognitive control processes in preschool children 3-6 years in age. Forty typically developing monolingual English-speaking children between 36 and 84 months in age participated in the study. The children were tested on measures of WMC (MST), verbal and nonverbal memory (NEPSY Narrative Memory and Memory for Designs subtests), and language skills (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, fourth edition). Children showed increased working memory capacity scores with age, as measured by the MST, with significant differences between 3- and 5-year-olds and 3- and 6-year-olds. Significant correlations were also found between the MST and language and verbal and nonverbal memory scores. MSTscores still remained significantly correlated with the other measures of memory even after age and global language were accounted for in a regression analysis, demonstrating that the MST captures unique variance related specifically to WMC and cognitive control processes used to retrieve and scan information in short-term memory (STM). The results of this study demonstrate that the MST is a feasible and valid methodology for assessing WMC in preschool children as young 3 years of age.
Component Analysis of Simple Span vs. Complex Span Adaptive Working Memory Exercises: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
(Elsevier, 2012) Gibson, Bradley S.; Kronenberger, William G.; Gondoli, Dawn M.; Johnson, Ann C.; Morrissey, Rebecca A.; Steeger, Christine M.; Psychiatry, School of Medicine
There has been growing interest in using adaptive training interventions such as Cogmed-RM to increase the capacity of working memory (WM), but this intervention may not be optimally designed. For instance, Cogmed-RM can target the primary memory (PM) component of WM capacity, but not the secondary memory (SM) component. The present study hypothesized that Cogmed-RM does not target SM capacity because the simple span exercises it uses may not cause a sufficient amount of information to be lost from PM during training. To investigate, we randomly assigned participants to either a standard (simple span; N = 31) or a modified (complex span; N = 30) training condition. The main findings showed that SM capacity did not improve, even in the modified training condition. Hence, the potency of span-based WM interventions cannot be increased simply by converting simple span exercises into complex span exercises.
Contribution of Verbal Learning & Memory and Spectro-Temporal Discrimination to Speech Recognition in Cochlear Implant Users
(Wiley, 2023) Harris, Michael S.; Hamel, Benjamin L.; Wichert, Kristin; Kozlowski, Kristin; Mleziva, Sarah; Ray, Christin; Pisoni, David B.; Kronenberger, William G.; Moberly, Aaron C.; Psychiatry, School of Medicine
Objectives: Existing cochlear implant (CI) outcomes research demonstrates a high degree of variability in device effectiveness among experienced CI users. Increasing evidence suggests that verbal learning and memory (VL&M) may have an influence on speech recognition with CIs. This study examined the relations in CI users between visual measures of VL&M and speech recognition in a series of models that also incorporated spectro-temporal discrimination. Predictions were that (1) speech recognition would be associated with VL&M abilities and (2) VL&M would contribute to speech recognition outcomes above and beyond spectro-temporal discrimination in multivariable models of speech recognition. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 30 adult postlingually deaf experienced CI users who completed a nonauditory visual version of the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (v-CVLT-II) to assess VL&M, and the Spectral-Temporally Modulated Ripple Test (SMRT), an auditory measure of spectro-temporal processing. Participants also completed a battery of word and sentence recognition tasks. Results: CI users showed significant correlations between some v-CVLT-II measures (short-delay free- and cued-recall, retroactive interference, and "subjective" organizational recall strategies) and speech recognition measures. Performance on the SMRT was correlated with all speech recognition measures. Hierarchical multivariable linear regression analyses showed that SMRT performance accounted for a significant degree of speech recognition outcome variance. Moreover, for all speech recognition measures, VL&M scores contributed independently in addition to SMRT. Conclusion: Measures of spectro-temporal discrimination and VL&M were associated with speech recognition in CI users. After accounting for spectro-temporal discrimination, VL&M contributed independently to performance on measures of speech recognition for words and sentences produced by single and multiple talkers.
Decreased Prefrontal Activity During a Cognitive Inhibition Task Following Violent Video Game Play: A Multi-Week Randomized Trial
(APA, 2019) Hummer, Tom A.; Kronenberger, William G.; Wang, Yang; Mathews, Vincent P.; Psychiatry, School of Medicine
There is substantial evidence that exposure to violent media increases aggressive thoughts and behaviors, potentially due in part to alterations to inhibitory mechanisms mediated by prefrontal cortex. Past research has demonstrated that playing a violent video game for short periods decreases subsequent prefrontal activity during inhibition, yet the impact of long-term game play is unclear. To assess how extensive video game play impacts brain activity, young adult males (n = 49; ages 18–29) with limited video game experience performed a go/no-go task during fMRI for 3 consecutive weeks. Following a baseline scan, these men were randomly assigned to extensively play a violent video game (VG) or avoid all video game play (control) during the subsequent week. After 1 week, inhibition-related activity decreased in right inferior frontal gyrus and right cerebellum in the VG group, compared to the control sample, and self-reported executive functioning problems were higher. VG participants assigned to a second week of game play had similarly reduced bilateral prefrontal activity during inhibition, relative to the control group. However, VG participants assigned to avoid game play or play a cognitive training game during the second week demonstrated similar overall changes from baseline as the control group. This research provides preliminary evidence indicating how long-term video game play may impact brain function during inhibition, which may impair control of aggressive behavior.
Development and Validation of the Patient/Caregiver Reported Hydroxyurea Evaluation of Adherence for Life (HEAL) Scale
(Dove Press, 2022-12-10) Janson, Isaac A.; Bloom, Ellen M.; Hampton, Kisha C.; Riehm Meier, Emily; Rampersad, Angeli G.; Kronenberger, William G.; Psychiatry, School of Medicine
Introduction: Hydroxyurea reduces the incidence of vaso-occlusive episodes, stroke, and respiratory, cardiac, and renal damage in sickle cell disease by increasing fetal hemoglobin. However, because suboptimal adherence to hydroxyurea limits its effectiveness, understanding patient-specific barriers to hydroxyurea adherence could help improve adherence and health outcomes in patients with sickle cell disease. The aim of this single-site, prospective, IRB-approved study was to validate a 24-item patient- and caregiver-reported hydroxyurea treatment adherence questionnaire, the Hydroxyurea Evaluation of Adherence for Life (HEAL) scale. Methods: A sample of 24 adults with sickle cell disease and 16 caregivers of children with sickle cell disease completed the HEAL scale, and a subset of the original sample provided a second HEAL scale for test-retest reliability. HEAL scale results were validated against global adherence ratings from participants and health-care providers, records of access to pill bottles, and laboratory values for fetal hemoglobin and absolute neutrophil count. Results and discussion: Results demonstrated excellent internal consistency for the HEAL Total score and eight (3-item) subscale scores (Dose, Remember, Plan, Cost, Understand, Effectiveness, Laboratory, and Pharmacy), as well as strong test-retest reliability for all HEAL scores except the Cost subscale. HEAL Total scores correlated significantly with validity measures, including global adherence ratings and lab values. The HEAL scale offers significant clinical potential for understanding adherence in individual sickle cell disease patients and significant research potential for characterizing adherence in persons with sickle cell disease who are treated with hydroxyurea.
Developmental Effects of Family Environment on Outcomes in Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients
(Wolters Kluwer, 2013) Frush Holt, Rachael; Beer, Jessica; Kronenberger, William G.; Pisoni, David B.; Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine
Objective: To examine and compare the family environment of preschool- and school-age children with cochlear implants and assess its influence on children's executive function and spoken language skills. Study design: Retrospective between-subjects design. Setting: Outpatient research laboratory. Patients: Prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants and no additional disabilities and their families. Intervention(s): Cochlear implantation and speech-language therapy. Main outcome measures: Parents completed the Family Environment Scale and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (or the preschool version). Children were tested using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-4 and either the Preschool Language Scales-4 or the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-4. Results: The family environments of children with cochlear implants differed from normative data obtained from hearing children, but average scores were within 1 standard deviation of norms on all subscales. Families of school-age children reported higher levels of control than those of preschool-age children. Preschool-age children had fewer problems with emotional control when families reported higher levels of support and lower levels of conflict. School-age children had fewer problems with inhibition but more problems with shifting of attention when families reported lower levels of conflict. School-age children's receptive vocabularies were enhanced by families with lower levels of control and higher levels of organization. Conclusion: Family environment and its relation to language skills and executive function development differed across the age groups in this sample of children with cochlear implants. Because family dynamics is one developmental/environmental factor that can be altered with therapy and education, the present results have important clinical implications for family-based interventions for deaf children with cochlear implants.
Differential At-Risk Pediatric Outcomes of Parental Sensitivity Based on Hearing Status
(American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2021) Jamsek, Izabela A.; Holt, Rachael Frush; Kronenberger, William G.; Pisoni, David B.; Psychiatry, School of Medicine
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of parental sensitivity in language and neurocognitive outcomes in children who are deaf and/or hard of hearing (DHH). Method: Sixty-two parent–child dyads of children with normal hearing (NH) and 64 of children who are DHH (3–8 years) completed parent and child measures of inhibitory control/executive functioning and child measures of sentence comprehension and vocabulary. The dyads also participated in a video-recorded, free-play interaction that was coded for parental sensitivity. Results: There was no evidence of associations between parental sensitivity and inhibitory control or receptive language in children with NH. In contrast, parental sensitivity was related to children's inhibitory control and all language measures in children who are DHH. Moreover, inhibitory control significantly mediated the association between parental sensitivity and child language on the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fifth Edition Following Directions subscale (6–8 years)/Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals Preschool–Second Edition Concepts and Following Directions subscale (3–5 years). Follow-up analyses comparing subgroups of children who used hearing aids (n = 29) or cochlear implants (CIs; n = 35) revealed similar correlational trends, with the exception that parental sensitivity showed little relation to inhibitory control in the group of CI users. Conclusions: Parental sensitivity is associated with at-risk language outcomes and disturbances in inhibitory control in young children who are DHH. Compared to children with NH, children who are DHH may be more sensitive to parental behaviors and their effects on emerging inhibitory control and spoken language. Specifically, inhibitory control, when scaffolded by positive parental behaviors, may be critically important for robust language development in children who are DHH.
Effect of Atomoxetine Treatment on Reading and Phonological Skills in Children with Dyslexia or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Dyslexia in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., 2017-02) Shaywitz, Sally; Shaywitz, Bennett; Wietecha, Linda; Wigal, Sharon; McBurnett, Keith; Williams, David; Kronenberger, William G.; Hooper, Stephen R.; Department of Psychiatry, IU School of Medicine
OBJECTIVES: Evaluated the effects of atomoxetine on the reading abilities of children with dyslexia only or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid dyslexia. METHODS: Children aged 10-16 years (N = 209) met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for dyslexia only (n = 58), ADHD and comorbid dyslexia (n = 124), or ADHD only (n = 27) and were of normal intelligence. Patients were treated with atomoxetine (1.0-1.4 mg/kg/day) or placebo in a 16-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. The dyslexia-only and ADHD and comorbid dyslexia groups were randomized 1:1; the ADHD-only group received atomoxetine in a blinded manner. Reading abilities were measured with the Woodcock Johnson III (WJIII), Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP), Gray Oral Reading Tests-4, and Test of Word Reading Efficiency. RESULTS: Atomoxetine-treated dyslexia-only patients compared with placebo patients had significantly greater improvement (p < 0.02) with moderate to approaching high effect sizes (ES) on WJIII Word Attack (ES = 0.72), Basic Reading Skills (ES = 0.48), and Reading Vocabulary (ES = 0.73). In the atomoxetine-treated ADHD and comorbid dyslexia group, improvement on the CTOPP Elision measure (ES = 0.50) was significantly greater compared with placebo (p < 0.02). Total, inattentive, and hyperactive/impulsive ADHD symptom reductions were significant in the atomoxetine-treated ADHD and comorbid dyslexia group compared with placebo, and from baseline in the ADHD-only group (p ≤ 0.02). ADHD symptom improvements in the ADHD and comorbid dyslexia group were not correlated with improvements in reading. CONCLUSIONS: Atomoxetine treatment improved reading scores in patients with dyslexia only and ADHD and comorbid dyslexia. Improvements for patients with dyslexia only were in critical components of reading, including decoding and reading vocabulary. For patients with ADHD and comorbid dyslexia, improvements in reading scores were distinct from improvement in ADHD inattention symptoms alone. These data represent the first report of improvements in reading measures following pharmacotherapy treatment in patients with dyslexia only evaluated in a randomized, double-blind trial.
Epilepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: links, risks, and challenges.
(Dove, 2016) Williams, Amy E.; Giust, Julianne M.; Kronenberger, William G.; Dunn, David W.; Department of Psychiatry, IU School of Medicine
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a prevalence rate of 7%–9% in the general population of children. However, in children with epilepsy, ADHD has been found to be present in 20%–50% of patients. This paper provides a review of ADHD prevalence in pediatric epilepsy populations and reviews data on specific symptom presentation and attention deficits in patients with epilepsy. This paper also reviews evidence-based treatments for ADHD and specifically the treatment of ADHD as a comorbid condition in children with epilepsy.
Exceptional Speech Recognition Outcomes After Cochlear Implantation: Lessons From Two Case Studies
(American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2022) Herbert, Carolyn J.; Pisoni, David B.; Kronenberger, William G.; Nelson, Rick F.; Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine
Purpose: Individual differences and variability in outcomes following cochlear implantation (CI) in patients with hearing loss remain significant unresolved clinical problems. Case reports of specific individuals allow for detailed examination of the information processing mechanisms underlying variability in outcomes. Two adults who displayed exceptionally good postoperative CI outcomes shortly after activation were administered a novel battery of auditory, speech recognition, and neurocognitive processing tests. Method: A case study of two adult CI recipients with postlingually acquired hearing loss who displayed excellent postoperative speech recognition scores within 3 months of initial activation. Preoperative City University of New York sentence testing and a postoperative battery of sensitive speech recognition tests were combined with auditory and visual neurocognitive information processing tests to uncover their strengths, weaknesses, and milestones. Results: Preactivation CUNY auditory-only (A) scores were < 5% correct while the auditory + visual (A + V) scores were > 74%. Acoustically with their CIs, both participants' scores on speech recognition, environmental sound identification and speech in noise tests exceeded average CI users scores by 1-2 standard deviations. On nonacoustic visual measures of language and neurocognitive functioning, both participants achieved above average scores compared with normal hearing adults in vocabulary knowledge, rapid phonological coding of visually presented words and nonwords, verbal working memory, and executive functioning. Conclusions: Measures of multisensory (A + V) speech recognition and visual neurocognitive functioning were associated with excellent speech recognition outcomes in two postlingual adult CI recipients. These neurocognitive information processing domains may underlie the exceptional speech recognition performance of these two patients and offer new directions for research explaining variability in postimplant outcomes. Results further suggest that current clinical outcome measures should be expanded beyond the conventional speech recognition measures to include more sensitive robust tests of speech recognition as well as neurocognitive measures of working memory, vocabulary, lexical access, and executive functioning.

Browsing by Author "Kronenberger, William G."

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