Hi. I'm Paul Mullens. I was one of the first two danced fellows with my colleague, Susan Hyatt in the Department of Anthropology, and we shared the project in visible Indianapolis Race Heritage and Community memory in the Circle City in 2016, 2017. We were interested in heritage in our myths, that's rarely, if ever acknowledged. In everyday life of people like these two brothers, Carter and Ralph Temple. This photograph was taken in their house at Minerva North Street in about 19:29. This is Ralph about ten years later in 1939, when he was then a student at Herring. This is one of Ralph's paintings of his home at the corner of Minerva and North Street with the school in the background. His family built that house in about 186, his grandfather and great grandfather had both been in slave and at the end of the Civil War, they came to Indianapolis and built those structures including the red and double there as well. This is what the house looked like in 1975 in the upper left. And in the lower left, that's the map of the neighborhood in 1915, which was a densely settled and at that point, predominantly African American The neighborhood with a temple home stood was transformed during the 1960s by the expansion of Indiana University and what would become the campus of IEPY. In 1966, the University first approached the temple family, who had by that point been living there for four generations. They offered to purchase the house for $23,000. That fourth generation descendant, Lucy Temple, would refuse to sell until 1978. She wanted nine $8,000. Proper. These are little stories that we were particularly interested in and we're particularly interested in histories and contemporary effects. We did these as small case studies and if you want to look at any of them, they are on the invisible Indianapolis web page, some of them are on my web page. Thank you. Hello. My name is San Hyatt, and with my colleague, Pam Mullens, we worked on a project we called Invisible Indianapolis. Today, I'm going to share a little bit of my research with you about the Sparta Jewish community. Now, this is a census sheet from 1920 from Indianapolis. For the people on the rows that I've highlighted, you can see that it lists their birthplace as Turkey and yet their tongue as Spanish. How can this be that in 1920, we had people living in the Circle City who were born in Turkey and yet had Spanish as their native language. Well, I'm going to unravel some of that mystery for you right now. Our story begins in 14 92 on the Iberian Peninsula. When the King and Queen issued what became known as the edict of expulsion, This mandated that Jews had to either accept catholicism and convert or flee. Many of the Jews to fe and they settled all over the world, but they found a particularly welcome harbor in the Ottoman Empire where the Sultan welcomed them. So in the Census, where it says Turkey, the birthplace of those immigrants was actually the Ottoman Empire, and the language Spanish refers to Ladino, which was the vernacular language that the Spanish speaking immigrants brought with them as they fled. Our original Sephartic settlers in Indianapolis hailed from two cities in the Ottoman Empire, Monaster and Salonica. Today, those cities are Bitoa, which is in North Macedonia, and Thessaloniki, which is in Greece. Now, how the first Monaster is or people from Monaster came to the city is not entirely known. This article names the Toldano family as the first Sephartic settlers in 1906. This is somewhat debated in the Sephartic community here, but in any case, it's significant to note that they opened a men's tailoring shop on West Washington Street. Now, we think that many of the people who came from the Ottoman Empire and who came from Monaster and Salonica were actually coming through the intermediary actions of an agency based in New York called the Industrial Removal Office. The Industrial Removal Offices mission was to resettle Jewish immigrants all over the country, preventing them from congregating on the East East Coast. Now, the term Sephartic just means Spanish, and the Sephartic Jews were also referred to at that time as oriental Jews or as Turkish Jews. Now, the reason we think the IRO had a role in resettling Sephartic immigrants in Indianapolis is because of these telegrams from the Con tailoring company, which we found in the archives of the Indiana Historical Society. These telegrams were sent from Con tailoring, which was once a major enterprise here in the city. They manufactured custom made men's clothing along with army uniforms for World War one in World War two, and they recruited workers from among the immigrants that were arriving in the United States at that time. They sent telegrams to the IRO like this one from 1907 that says we are needing four or five coat makeers to whom we will pay $15 an upward in accordance with ability. Now, many of the monasteries arriving in the US did have experience in the needle trades. We think that Mr. Khan who owned con tailoring, recruited particularly heavily among this group of immigrants. Now, the people from Salonica, who are known as the Salonicles, did not tend to be in the needle trades. They tended to be merchants and small business owners. One of our most beloved Sephartic citizens in Indianapolis here is Mr. Sidney Eskenazi. Mr. Eskenazi's father, David Eskenazi, and his uncle, Naphtali, came from Salonica, and they began a wholesale produce company called Eskenazi Morto Produce, as you can see on the trucks on the right. On the left, you can see a picture of Mr. Skinazi's uncle, a Tolli and his friend Peisnamis, and it looks like they're dressed up as cowboys. Today, the Sephartic community is very vibrant here in Indianapolis. They have their own synagogue him Sephardic congregation. The original Him was down on the south side at Church in Morris. Today it's a beautiful building up north of the JCC on Hoover Road. You should stop in one day and see it. It's a lovely building. People are extremely friendly, most of all, you should try some of the sphartic specialties which are truly delicious and a wonderful culinary contribution to our rich immigrant communities here in Indianapolis. Okay.