Wow, So fun to see so many friends on my Zoom screen. Thank you so much for joining me when there could be better things to do like being outside when it's actually starting to get warm. But nevertheless, I'd like to start this off with a question for you guys. This is a question. I'm taking your temperature on two topics, right? So you only have two options on each one of these topics. First one is on climate change. I'm going to ask two questions, are you feeling optimistic or pessimistic about climate change. So first, raise your hands if you are optimistic. Your virtual hand would be fine. Oh, my goodness, really? Okay. Thanks, Titus. I see you. You're seen. All right. So I'm assuming everyone else is either pessimistic or can't say. Tell me about pollution. Same question. How do you feeling about the state of our environment right now? Positive. No. Yeah, this is what you're feeling right now at this time, is very much what I hear when I talk to communities both here and frankly abroad. And it's this sense, I think, that we feel a bit powerless in our personal or professional ability to enable change that is impactful on both of these topics. And the way I sort of frame this, you are seeing my slides, I'm assuming. The way I frame this is to try to examine our normal thought pattern when it comes to some of these topics. You know, one of them is, Oh, knowledge equals power. As someone who is a climate change researcher, I will tell you the last thing that is going to convince somebody else about climate change who's not already already on board is showing them another graph or another plot. It just simply doesn't work. So knowledge does not always equal power, but similarly, knowledge about other issues like pollution, for example, that should yield power of a community to do something about it, but there are so many structural impediments for individuals and communities and organizations to wield the power to actually enact change. So I'm going to talk through today a couple examples of how I feel that we can make headway. And we can make headway on not only using knowledge to enable communities and organizations to make changes, but also helping provide them resources to make those changes in a really impactful way. So one of these is the first question that I posed to you confronting the climate crisis. And the second one is protecting families from pollution. I think it's always helpful to explore my personal journey as a trip scholar. This is basically nearly my career in a nutshell. I might as well just retire at this point. I started off having this awareness of the changing planet back when I was a Peace Corps volunteer, I there with my wife on a small island nation called Kiriba. That's that first name in that middle magazine. That cover that magazine is from 1989. That's when we finished our service in the Peace Carp, 1989. So 35 years before now, they are anywhere aware of the risk that climate change posed for a lot of these small Island nations. My career kind of came circle back a little bit in 2014 when I served as a senior science advisor at the State Department, where I had the opportunity to chat with and advise the president of Kabus at the time, Ante Tong on climate change issues. He was a staunch advocate for raising the voices of those that are normally heard in international fora. There is a there's a great documentary called Ante song, by the way. His name is Henry, but Anote was his local name was. It has that those experiences have led me to become more activated and more of an activist on topics that I feel are not right and that should be solved. Really, we have the ability as scholars as engaged scholars to actually move the needle on. So one of the reasons why you guys are all feeling bummed out about climate change right now is just simply this. The reality that we've done really not enough about it, and every year has gotten hotter. The last ten years have been hotter than any other ten years in Earth's history, and it seems very depressing. But Rather than go through a deep scientific deep dive. I'm going to tell you three things. First, many of you are aware of this, but with knowledge can come power, in this case, we know exactly why climate change is occurring to us. We know exactly why we've known for 180 years when Unis foot groundbreaking lab chemist, she documented she carefully conducted experiments documenting the greenhouse effect in 1850s. She wasn't able to present her work at the time because she had a horrible challenge for a woman scientist back then, is she was a woman, and they weren't allowed to present their work in conferences. So instead, her mentor presented her work, not as his own, but clearly as his work as her work. I'm sorry. So we've known about this process for a long time. We've long predicted that it's going to come back to bite us when we continue emitting some of these warming gases in our atmosphere at a at a rate faster than we are removing. But that also gives the optimism, the point of optimism here, and that is the second question, when will it stop? Now we know with a certainty when it will stop. I'll stop literally the minute we stop stop emitting more carbon into the atmosphere than is naturally being taken out or even artificially taken out. So once we achieve something called global net zero, the temperature will stop. It'll park at whatever that temperature is. And if we continue to be good citizens of our planet, it will then start showing a downward trend. We can even speed that trend up with very active mitigation. So Why is this happening to us? Carbon emissions, excess carbon emissions? When will it stop the minute we stop having excess carbon emissions? Is there hope or are we toast? If you would have asked me ten years ago, if you would have asked most scientists ten years ago, whether there's much hope, we would be hard pressed to find such hope. There were not a lot of solutions being implemented at large scale. We continue to admit without really doing much about it. But what a difference a decade makes. We now have within our grasp, a whole array of climate solutions, and we're now implementing them at a rate never before seen. Are we going to dodge every climate bullet? No. There are some parts of our Earth system that even though we turn the temperature, we stabilize the temperature by turning off the dial of our stove. There are some systems that take a little while to respond like, our cryosphere, so the ice caps and glaciers, which we fear will still probably continue responding and melting until they stabilize to whatever the current that temperature will be. But nevertheless, there's a tremendous amount of hope even upon a backdrop of ever rising temperatures. Building on that hope, we've been extremely I think successful at the Environmental Resilience Institute of providing that hope not just to a few scientists, but actually to communities businesses and non for profits around Indiana and beyond through our McKinney climate Fellows program, where they use the best science we have to implement climate solutions at the local level. And it's very easy to be caught up by partisan politics at the national level. Clearly, I was listening to the Supreme Court testimony yesterday. I think a lot of us were. When it gets down to local level, Even here in Indiana, mayors are dealing with hot downtowns and flooded streets. And we've had as many climate fellows in Republican led towns as we have in Democrat led towns around the state of Indiana. Because what they do is bring resources. They do a couple of things. They bring educational resources. And those avocational resources are to counter some pretty substantial amounts of misinformation out there. So some of them are just fun facts. You know, those big turbines on the way up to Chicago, you see, one turn of those can power your house for two days. One turn. One acre solar power can power 80 homes, right? One acre. And you look at our airport, for example, which has the largest solar farm of any airport in the world, and you could see that that's a lot of houses a get power. So it's not like the technology is not there. It's just slow to roll out. And we are speeding up that rollout and through the other action that I suggest people always consider taking. It's talking about climate change and voting for climate change. We wouldn't have a $400 climate bill that we're now enacting with solutions had it not been for that. One aside on the solar power. Even here in Indiana, we are going all in. We just won an EPA solar for all grant, $117,000,000 to build community based solar in towns and organizations throughout the state of Indiana. 117 million. The ERI Environmental Resilience Institute is getting 2.5 million dollar of that to build out more of our climate fellows programs and to build some informational material for communities. So one of the things that our fellows do face sometimes and I face sometimes is knowledge confusion. And there's a lot of disinformation out there from very bagged actors who benefit from the status quo and do not want a status change. And I call it though, but what about ism? You've heard about You've heard this in your own life. Well, I think solar power is really good. Well, what about solar panels reducing property values? Well, in fact, we study that and they do not. How says properties within sight of the very largest facilities, do experience some loss and property values, but that's because of the transformer infrastructure that's all around the solar field itself, not the panels themselves. They want to hear a lot about is, but wind turbines are killing all the birds. Well, wind turbines do kill 1 million birds a year in the US. You know what else cat kills birds? Cats. If I were going to go through the list, I care very much about birds, so I want to say every bird possible. Let's start with cats, get rid of cats, and then get rid of buildings, and then go on up the list. Wind turbines is the last thing that attention should be paid for. These aren't just circumstantial talking points that you hear. These are very directed misinformation campaigns. And so Hopefully, our fellows and you will we'll make sure not to share those. And we do our best to capture some of those and counteract them. These are two publications from 2022, including one that specifically focused on Indiana and Indiana solutions. So in this case, I hope I provided some examples. One of the unintended consequences of my own work in this is that I was the climate consultant for a youth climate theater camp. No, a youth theater camp. I'm sorry, who decided to a climate change production that just they performed it a couple of weeks ago. One of the students there was very bombed out about climate change, and she heard my talk about the fact that we are actually empowered like never before to confront climate change. And there's a lot of effort to do such. Didn't know if she was going to do this, but then I heard from a friend who recorded this, she testified in the State House, saying that she was all doom and gloom about climate change and thought it was a lost cause until she heard a professor talk about climate change, and that's much more optimistic and hopeful than it had been portrayed to her in the media and the school. So little things you do actually can make a lot of difference. And so your knowledge that you're imparting can produce change. So, climate change is a global issue with local consequences, right? Lead poisoning, which is my next topic, a subset of pollution, is a local issue with global consequences. And the global consequences are this. Lead impacts children's brains and not just children. They impact adults who were lead poisoned as youth. It attacks your prefrontal cortex, the part where all your executive functions exist, memory, intelligence impulse control, and the effect is permanent. It is literally the part of your brain that differentiates you, who hopefully if you're presented with five pizzas, you'd probably not eat all five pizzas, right? Brain Your brain would know, like, Okay, that probably shouldn't do that, as opposed to your dog who would gladly eat all five pizzas and then, you know, quickly throw them up. So, to deal with this challenge, we decided to go a different direction with our science, our community based science here in Indianapolis, and you'll see kind of abroad, as we recognize that a limitation of our ability to take samples and measure people's potential exposure to soil lead had to do with who we are recruiting to collect samples from. So the normal paradigm for academics of course is to get your graduate students out, send them out, take a bunch of samples, and then analyze them, and then publish this in a journal. Well, that's all well and good, if that's all you care about, but in fact, there's two problems with that. One is, of course, the communities that you're taking samples from do not read your stupid journals that you publish in, no matter how much you wish they would. The second one is that you cannot get access easily to people's backyards, their drip lines, particularly the access that we've been able to gain by having our local and national programs. So we realize quickly, we'll need to partner with communities and we have to provide a service that's valuable to them. So What we concocted with support from the Bans fellowship, as well as now federal Hud support is develop simple kits for people to collect samples and for us to collect them and analyze them for potential heavy metals and provide input to the participants about safe gardening practices, if you happen to have a certain amount of lead in your soil. We recognized that early on that well, we couldn't we had to be a little bit more engaging. So we wrote a newsletter, kind of a graphic, this garden safe garden well pamphlet that we distributed. We had it in a couple of languages as well. And as a consequence of this program and subsequent versions of it, we have something like 3,000 soil samples from around Indianapolis alone, 14,000 from across the US and about 38,000 globally that we've analyzed now for a number of heavy metals and for lead. And you're going to see that even this leads to real publications, but it also leads to real change. So one of the real changes has to do with one of our partnerships that we had with the Kepra Institute and Groundwork India. Where we funded some of their youth fellows to spend a couple of summers taking samples from their neighborhood. These are individuals who live in their neighborhoods taking samples from neighbors and also explaining the results individually back to the neighbors themselves. It makes a big difference when it's not a person in a white lab coat coming in and hazmat suits, taking your samples and sending you some generic report instead, it's kids in your own neighborhood who are doing all of this, because they also become known as self identify as experts. They also bring amazing unanticipated outcomes to community research that I had never thought about. I'd given you my story about the young woman who talked to the State House about climate change and climate optimism. Similarly, I ran this program. It was phenomenally successful from my standpoint, at least. Students did all kinds of self media. This is Cho M Africa, who at that time, he was 9-years-old and he produced a video on how you sample soils and I found out about four years ago, so three years after I ran this initial project, that one of the little things that I said to those kids made them inspired them to do something much bigger than I would have ever anticipated. This extreme mulching project. I mentioned that one of my concerns in this particular neighborhood, which is a Riverside neighborhood, is that there were a reasonable amount of unlicensed daycares. So they don't have there's kids out there the informal. They're really required of the neighborhood and the people who run them. They're a living and they're really necessary. But they don't have any lead testing done on them. And so I was concerned and they have a high density of young children who are most vulnerable. So I was concerned about the potential there and the limitations of us going into these and taking soil tests because if we have a soil test, we would report it to them and they would actually by law have to report it if it's elevated. So the students heard this and I went about my way and they said, you know, One way to counteract this is to simply go to, range of huge deliveries of mulch, go to those places, and say, Hey, we're going to landscape your daycare and also put new mulch in the playground and all that stuff to protect the kids. In fact, they did that. I think every daycare that they inquired for, daycare said, Yeah, that would be great. They went to this mulch madness process where they put down mulch. That's not a permanent solution to the issue of soil lead contamination, but it's a various effect of now solution. And even in a sense, it does dilute the total lead. As a scientist, was I frustrated that I didn't get the before and after results from that particular study? Yeah. Was I proud of the students? Yeah. And that was something that I was only told, years after the fact. So again, unintended. Another unintended, is this Chio M Africa, I kept track of his older siblings because they were in my children's classes at Short Ridge High School. But then I didn't think much of him until last year when we were running our big sustainability and Resilience Conference. And here, coming across the floor, this young man now grown up a junior at IUPUI, majoring in science or engineering. I can't recall which said, Hey, do you remember me? It's like, you are Chio his visit to IUPUI and my lab was the first time that he and most of his colleagues had ever been a set foot on a university campus. So the power of coming to campus and seeing the magic happen here, it's hard to undersell that. So we continue on. I'm going to wrap up here in just a few. We continue on with initiatives that diversify what we do. This one Spearheaded by Angela Herman, as my program manager to partner with Indianapolis public libraries to use their seed banks. They have a seed library system in the libraries. Well, we are adding in soil and earthworm sampling kits along with that, so people can sample their own soil. They can sample worms. Kids are gross, and they like to do that, as you can imagine. We analyze both of them and give them the results back on them, and we're using now the worms as a as a bio monitor for the incorporation of heavy metals into the food chain, because you know what eats a lot of earthworms are American Robins. And our work shows that American Robins are kind of leaded sadly, so they are getting a significant amount of lead in the urban area. So what else have we been able to do? How else have we kind of spread the word? Well, we have a public website, which I'll linked to at the very end, where you can visualize soil lead or soil arsenic or cadmium, or whatever, or dust even in any number of cities and towns throughout the United States and throughout the world. We are engaged very heavily with groundwork indi indie clean soil bank to mitigate soil lead and to enhance urban greening. This was their ribbon cutting ceremony yesterday at their new location, phenomenal location in a phenomenal organization. It's important to get the word out kind of far and wide. So I've been not shy about being on media as people continue to harass me about, which I appreciate. So the WBEC Chicago did a series that we went up to Northwest Indiana and did quite a bit of sampling and media around that. That you might recognize this guy, M occa a CBSNday Morning, did a piece last summer where they came visited my lab and did public promotion. Yes, you know, you can consider scientists tend to steer away from this. You consider this self promotion, but I don't. I consider it as a way to communicate with human beings who need the information and knowledge in a useful way. So You could say, Well, that's all well and good. What are you doing for policy? Well, citizen science efforts that I showed you from those maps of the various cities have helped inform a global study, I mean, a national scale study that address this issue of is EPA protecting us from soil enough. And this is now it was just accepted two days ago. This is a new paper out, a policy paper saying that that now with the new EPA guidelines, which are welcome. They're more protective. There is still there are now one and four US households that exceed that soil guidance level. And in this paper, we outlined the fact that the old EPA style of digging up contaminated dirt and throwing it away cannot solve a problem of the scale. This is a $10,000,000,000,000 problem. So we need more clean soil banks and we need more mitigation potentials that work in cities and towns. You can't call every major US East Coast and Midwest City a superfund, right? You can't label them that. So there's got to be other solutions. So I hope to have provided a couple of ways in which we've tried to bridge that gap between knowledge and power and power and change. This is just another reminder that knowledge is not power unless it can be leveraged. Power is not changed unless it can be activated. So I have a lot of other examples in the Q&A But in the meantime, easy website to find Map my environment all one word. You can feel free to yell at me at Twitter. A lot of people do. I'm used to it. I've got thick skin, or, of course, communicate with me. I see there's quite a few things in the chat, which I haven't looked at. I've been a good citizen of our time. But I will also leave us with a question that you may or may not choose to answer in the discussion section. And and you can either do it by chat or in the open discussion. I gave a couple examples of where I did some things intentionally, right where I built out a research program to gain a lot of data on soil lead to inform the science of our understanding of the lead exposure. Also rolled out programs in cities and towns to help them gain resources to confront climate challenges. But I've also had a lot of unintentional impacts, which I think we should try to capture those as as trip scholars a little bit more, because those don't always come to your ears, right? Other people talk do them, but you don't always hear back. You always hear back with someone who hates your paper or your talk, but rarely if you've had those kinds of downstream impacts. So With that, I would like to conclude and open this up. Thank you for your attention. Thank you, Gate for providing some amazing information to help jump start some conversation. We do welcome you to turn your camera on and und do you want to raise your hand or signal some way that you have a question or comment or response to the question that gave posed for us, which was looking at from your own professional experience, where have you been able to affect some change? Was that intentional? Was it unintentional or somewhere in between. So we'd like to start the conversation? I'll start. Not with the thing I put in the chat. Great talk Gabe. I last year founded a climate Health Informatics working group at the American Medical Informatics Association. And that group started with 12 people. Now we are 68 people. We have a huge program. We got the association to join some larger movements like the medical society Consortium for climate change. They're thinking about joining a National Academy of Medicine effort. I'm trying to use my professional platform there to affect things both small and larger. The one question I haven't asked our working group yet is, how many pounds of CO two did we save this week? I will reserve that for later because that's the measure by which we have to judge what we do there. Just a little example. There was a hand raised earlier. Go ahead. You want to mute? There you go. Yeah, I gave you know that we're doing this garden work at 46 in Illinois. And I believe you folks had helped us with some soil samples earlier on. That, in fact, had been a gas station site many, many years ago. I'm guessing 50 years ago and had been covered with soil. I think soil was actually brought in. And I remember the lead levels in the soil that was tested was actually lower than the lead levels in neighboring properties, magic because the soil was brought in. But I still have a concern. You know, I feel responsible for this community garden. We had recently had irrigation water put into the property, and I was there as I watched them make the connection to the city water line, and sure enough, there was this lead pipe that came from the city Main. To what had been the service in the gas station, I guess. You know, obviously, we don't have lead pipe from that section on now, and it's a very short section. But it just made me concerned about not only that property, but my neighborhood, recently, like, I was taking the bus up down Illinois, and at 42nd Street, I believe, they had it blocked off, and I asked the guy what they were doing. They said they're replacing water pipes. Do you know anything about that? Was that a lead issue? Yeah, no. Thanks, Bill. Yeah, it's nice to hear that your clean soil is better than the soils in the neighborhood. I'm not surprised it's an older neighborhood, so it has an a lot of old houses, a lot of leaded gasoline burned, probably also from that gas station itself, right? The The lead pipe they're doing two things throughout the country and here in Indianapolis. Part of the bipartisan infrastructure bill was about $200,000,000 to replace lead service lines throughout cities and towns in the US. So part of that is a conservative effort. So they're identifying and replacing mains that have lead risks. Additionally, we got Indianapolis got an additional tranche of funds to target a couple communities, and not just So lead lead can come into your water many ways, right? Water company could put bad water into your system, Fortunately, ours doesn't water could pick it up along the way through mains, water mains, which RS doesn't either, fortunately, obviously flint, that wasn't the case, or it can be when the main branches often onto your residents and into your tap. Where we have seen some problems strangely. That's the only time where we've seen elevated lead and water is typically from the property itself because water kind of resides and sits there for a while, meaning some of the lead can leach into the water. So in a couple of neighborhoods, particularly Martindale Brightwood, they are not only replacing the mains, but they're replacing the service lines from the main to people's taps. That's kind of that last mile that's really expensive. Ask a plumber. They'll be happy to charge a ten grand. It's expensive, but fortunately, things are changing now. So yeah, thanks for sharing that story. And yeah, I drove by the Sharp garden just yesterday, in fact. It's in its 14th year. Wonderful kudos. If there are several comments or questions in the chat, I don't know if you seem as if you want to highlight any of those? I'm actually, I would love because she's a colleague of mine. I don't mind putting Liz on the spot at any given time any day. Um, Liz, I think some of your work is just I know you didn't ask a question to highlight your work, but I think your work on uncovering the invisible and the history of what that means is really impathf, because my work focuses on legacy contaminants, right? I can talk a lot about well, this stuff built up over 100 years, not just lead but carbon into the atmosphere, and now we're dealing with it. But I don't usually use a context of that history to inform the conversation now. So could you talk to us a little bit about that? Hur. Thanks. I was hoping you'd solve all my problems and give you the answers because this is what we're wrestling with. Along with my colleague Laura Holtzman, we're the bans fellows carrying that illustrious baton for this year's lab. We are curating an exhibit in D Toxic heritage that will be at Park sites, and we've been working with apro, who's fabulous, but also with some community based scholars and with Indie Parks. To try to tell a story that both connects our present situation through time and across the city. So often these are sort of isolated, this hot spot, that superfund site, that contamination, that brownfield. But how do we really connect that to these much broader structural issues of racialized land use and housing and environmental racism that really goes back to sort of where did the first people settle when Indianapolis was being created, Well, obviously in the places where land was cheapest, if you didn't have a lot of money, and why was it cheapest because it flooded and there were insect borne diseases, and there was sewage coming into the waterways nearby. Absolutely, I think that is hopefully an important part of this. And one of the reasons we wanted to do the project is that when we went to our storytellers, cultural Heritage institutions and said, Hey, we'd like to do an exhibit about the history of pollution in our city. They're like, Maybe not. We're having trouble even using the words climate change in our state museum because of certain legislative pressures or that's just not part of our standard received narrative. We're trying to see if by introducing it into our understanding of where we came from, that it starts to be more part of the understanding of who we are, and therefore, give us some of those tools to raise awareness and talk about change going forward. But I have to say one of our real challenges that invisible side of this, exhibits are visual communications. You can't just smack an article on a wall and have people stand there and read it. I've literally been doing image searches on lead contamination and it's just challenging. That's why I was wondering since you've done this research on what does change people's minds, whether you knew about anything that was specifically about visualization. The effects. Yeah. That's excellent because, well, two comments. One is related to the fact that that it's really easy to shirk responsibility for legacy contamination. Forget about it and I pretend it didn't happen. When I go to DC, which I was last week and people point well. But it's China and India that are making most of the emissions now. Now they are. The cumulative emissions, which is the only thing that matters with climate change from the West. Anyway, The lead issue. We've had if I'm going to focus your question specifically to the lead. Where we've had the most impact is not so much giving someone a report of their soils, which does have some impact because we've asked them about it. It's actually taking a lead testing device out there in the field and letting them look at the number that comes off of it. You can directly test lead in a lot of matrices. You can do it through a moderately expensive handheld device, but we have one in our lab. That measures that soil or paint. But they're actually seeing a number. There's also another tool just released called Lumetaic, that I kind of test drove from the inventor when he was here last year in Indianapolis. It's a spray. You spray on surfaces, like, for example, painted how at home, and you shine a little UV light, and it shows if it's lead based or not, like, right away. It's very visual. It's repeatable. You can keep spraying the same spot every day and lights up and the light effect stays for a while. You know, Liz, that's a tough one. I mean, how do you visualize ECL concentration and waterways? You can't see them. Yeah. Maybe there's other ideas on this call about visualizing the invisible. And do you see the comment in the chat there from Titus? I'm wondering if that is in response to your question, Liz, if there's a way to use Gardner networks to help the response or the visual or the explaining. Yeah, certainly. Yeah. Go ahead. Listen. I was just going to point to Angie Herman, who is you've already mentioned, Yeah. Amazing, but also yeah, seeing the activism, and I think she may have been the one who posted the comment about rabbit manure. You're on Angie. Yeah. I'm in the Rocky Ripple community garden, and I've been in that garden for about 25 years. A 15 years ago, someone came to us and said, you know, we raise rabbits, and we want to do something with all of this manure. We're not sure what to do with it, but we don't want to put it in the landfill. So we did the research and found that what I'm about to say will not be endorsed by Purdue extension, but we found that rabbit manure can be applied directly to gardens without seasoning it for a year. And so we have been doing that. Someone goes out and I was part of these deliveries for many years every single week. Pounds and pounds. Bags of rabbit manure are delivered back to the garden, and we use every bit of it. My deliveries have actually been diverted to Flaner farm, and they are thrilled to have this manure. So it's a small thing, but several just a few people putting in an hour or two every week. As I said, we have diverted thousands of pounds of this good material from the landfill for the benefit of growing food. That's great. Yeah, there's a couple food Titus has a couple of food conversations as well. One of the things we're trying to do, we're pulling together a grant EPA community change grant. I U is leading it. They're like $15,000,000 grants, but they have to be community based. So we have Groundwork India is one of our partners, for example, where we're trying to develop a more circular food economy, soil and resource economy, I should say, sorry, in Indianapolis. So right now, if you are in charge of a big construction site, You take the surface of the top soil that you dig off because you're going to put a basement, and you take that soil and you have to pay to throw it away somewhere. And similarly, there's a lot of yard waste you have to pay to deal with, right? There's it's It's crazy how much suff is disposed of. The clean soil bank would centralize a location and provide services. So we produce high quality gardening soil or even just yard soil, we could give it away to communities who need it. And largely, we do that to mitigate soil lead pollution. We could sell to organizations who they have to buy soil anyway, so might not buy ours. But it's a way to close a loop that's kind of again, one of these last mile loops, right? I might want to get a bunch of mulch to mulch around my house because Lord knows my soil is contaminated. I have a lead painted home from 1915. But that means that, Okay, I've got to get a delivery or get a truck, or all of these things that tell your little brain, I'll wait until next year, every year for years. So it's these final bits that actually, I think are obstacles for people getting services that they could really benefit from. Ruth Ann, Yeah. If you saw my lawn, I model what you asked for in your comment, how do you address a hundreds or maybe thousands of home owners who buy harmful chemicals? For the lawns. Our lawn is natural. I'm sure the neighbors hate it, but they know I'm a climate guy, so they don't yell at me too much. And also, Titus, you asked a question, I think earlier about an arcane but important tipping point issue, having to do with climate and ocean circulation. Yeah, climate modelers will tell you there's a couple unknowns. One of them is ice response, so this delay in ice melting as it stabilizes to a different temperature. The other one is how ocean moves our heat around on our planet. It's the big we know from Al Nino that makes a huge difference. And so there's a couple unknowns in that system. It gives us a heartache and heartburn. I study one of these. This AMOC Atlantic Mdal overturning circulation. Because we know it went haywire 8,000 years ago. I've done a bunch of late rein to show that, meaning it temporarily reverse temperatures, and we just hope it doesn't do it again. Be climate change is not our friend, obviously, so that's when we need to get ahold of it. And it's particularly not our friend when it's doing things that are not anticipated because we can't plan for it. N D you have your hand raised. We'll take a quick comment. Yeah. You know, the meta observation about this whole conization is the exciting possibility of circular economies in like something, 50 things you just talked about, or we collectively talked about are things we could energize between people. One example is we actually buy very little mulch. We make our own leaf mulch, and mostly from bags from people in our neighborhood. They know us, and we just drive there, I shred it. It's actually good for biodiversity because it's better than regular mulch for ground nesting solitary bees. And so I would think, there is a way and maybe today's conversation is one of those little pebbles. To think about engineering a community economy around biodiversity, sustainability, because there's lots of people around us who think the same way. We supply people with starts from our greenhouse and we teach them out a garden and they're like, Oh, wow, this worked out really well. Next year, they plan their own stuff. I think there's actually some really good, large scale possibility here, but all change starts with local as you pointed out earlier in your telf. Yeah, Thanks, Tank. Just real quick, Stephen, one thing to jump on that is IU Indianapolis, as part of its transition is actually investing pretty heavily into new academic programs and new institutes. That consortium you mentioned is part of that. There's a new consortium also called the Sustaining Earth Consortium, which is launching next month. And it's all designed to enhance student learning also. So enhanced research on these circular economy things, as well as student education. And Patba posted something earlier about effective ways to teach and engage with students. Students are just clamoring for this kind of content, so we'd be silly not to be providing it. That's a good place for us to pause to thank doctor Pilpel for engaging us in this and presenting some information. You can see why we're so excited about our fellows, our translational scholars because they are engaging and they do give us some ideas about how we can go from here. How do we make a difference? We do want to pause here because we know people have commitments at the top of the hour. If you do need to leave, we thank you for coming and joining us. You'll get an e mail from us with some additional information and an invitation to participate in a survey. But also, if you want to hang out and have a little more conversation, I know Patba has something to say, we're going to stick around for a little bit to have the after conversation, but we want to give a moment of thanks to Gabe for taking the time and for the work that you do. Thank you so much. Then allow us to pause and continue the conversation, but thank those who have to leave and we'll let them go. Thank you so much.