RECONSTRUCTING HOLOCENE INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON VARIABILITY
USING HIGH RESOLUTION SEDIMENTS FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN TIBET

Melanie Marie Perello

Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree
Doctor of Philosophy
in the Department of Earth Sciences,
Indiana University
December 2020

Accepted by the Graduate Faculty of Indiana University, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Doctoral Committee

______________________________________
Broxton Bird, Ph.D., Chair
______________________________________
Gabriel Filippelli, Ph.D.
August 27, 2019
______________________________________
William Gilhooly, Ph.D.
______________________________________
Lixin Wang, Ph.D.
______________________________________
Jeffrey Wilson, Ph.D.

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© 2020
Melanie Marie Perello

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DEDICATION
I want to dedicate this work to my mother, Maria Louise Perello (1955-2015). My
mother encouraged me to take every opportunity to explore the world and to try new
things, including taking the big leap to start this doctorate. She is dearly missed, but her
faith and love lives on.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I first would like to acknowledge all of the support that I have received from my
advisor, Dr. Broxton Bird. I am thankful for field assistance and support for this project
provided by the Institute for Tibetan Plateau Research. I appreciate the opportunity to be
a part of this exciting work and will remember these experiences for my entire life. It has
been a tremendous privilege to visit Tibet and meet the amazing people that live and
work there.
I want to thank all of my family for their tremendous support of me throughout
my education. I would not be able to have completed this degree without their help,
particularly Dad and his first-class pet sitting services.
I want to thank all of the faculty, staff and my fellow students in the Department
of Earth Sciences, especially my committee, Cheryl Montgomery and Cathy Chouinard,
for their support. Appreciation for research assistance to Dr. John Southon and the W.M
Keck Carbon Cycle AMS Laboratory, Dr. Mark Abbott and his students in at the
University of Pittsburgh, and Dr. Byron Steinman at the Large Lakes Observatory. I am
especially grateful for Dr. Pratigya Polissar and Sam Phelps for all of their help with
preparing and running our leaf-wax samples at Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory.
Thank you for making me feel welcome and supporting this research.
I wish to acknowledge that funding for this project was provided by the National
Science Foundation (Award #1405072).

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Melanie Marie Perello
RECONSTRUCTING HOLOCENE INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON VARIABILITY
USING HIGH RESOLUTION SEDIMENTS FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN TIBET
The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is the dominant hydrometeorological
phenomenon that provides the majority of precipitation to southern Asia and southeastern
Tibet specifically. Reliable projections of ISM rainfall are critical for water management
and hinge on our understanding of the drivers of the monsoon system and how these
drivers will be impacted by climate change. Because instrumental climate records are
limited in space and time, natural climate archives are required to understand how the
ISM varied in the past in response to changes in climatic boundary climate conditions.
Lake sediments are high-resolution natural paleoclimate archive that are widely
distributed across the Tibetan Plateau, making them useful for investigating long-term
precipitation trends and their response to climatic boundary conditions. To investigate
changes in monsoon intensity during the Holocene, three lakes were sampled along an
east-west transect in southeastern Tibet: Galang Co, Nir’Pa Co, and Cuobu. Paleoclimate
records from each lake were developed using isotopic (leaf wax hydrogen isotopes; δ2H),
sedimentological, and geochemical proxies of precipitation and lake levels. Sediments
were sampled at high temporal frequencies, with most proxies resolved at decadal scales,
to capture multi-decadal to millennial-scale variability in monsoon intensity and local
hydroclimate conditions. The ISM was strongest in the early Holocene as evidenced by
leaf-wax n-alkane δ2H at both Cuobu and Galang Co corresponding with Cuobu’s higher
lake levels and effective moisture. Monsoon intensity declined at Cuobu and Galang Co
around 6 ka which corresponds to reduced riverine sediment influxes at Cuobu and
deeper lake levels at Galang Co. The antiphase relationship between lake levels and
monsoon intensity at Galang Co is attributed to air temperatures and effective moisture,
with a warmer and drier local hydroclimate driving early Holocene low lake levels. The
late Holocene ISM was more variable with wet and dry periods, as seen in the Nir’Pa Co
lake level and leaf wax n-alkane δ2H record. These records demonstrate coherent drivers
of synoptic and local hydroclimate that account for Holocene ISM expression across the
southeastern Tibetan Plateau, indicating possible drivers of future monsoon expression
under climate change.

Broxton Bird, Ph.D., Chair
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................x
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi
1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1
1.1 Indian Summer Monsoon & Regional Climate .......................................................1
1.1.1 Seasonal Monsoon & Intra-Annual Variability ..............................................2
1.1.2 Historical Monsoon Variability ......................................................................3
1.2 Precipitation & Isotopes...........................................................................................6
1.3 Modern Monsoon & Climate Change ......................................................................8
1.4 Geological Settings ................................................................................................10
1.5 Records of Holocene ISM Intensity .......................................................................11
1.6 Research Questions & Site Selection .....................................................................15
1.7 References ..............................................................................................................16
2. RECONSTRUCTING LATE HOLOCENE HYDROCLIMATE VARIABILITY
USING SHORT AND LONG CHAIN n-ALKANE HYDROGEN ISOTOPES,
NIR’PA CO TIBET ...........................................................................................................27
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................27
2.2 Study Area .............................................................................................................29
2.3 Methods..................................................................................................................30
2.3.1 Sample Collection .........................................................................................30
2.3.2 Chronology ...................................................................................................30
2.3.3 Lipid Extraction & 2H Analysis ..................................................................31
2.3.4 Effective Moisture ........................................................................................32
2.4 Results ....................................................................................................................33
2.4.1 Sedimentology ..............................................................................................33
2.4.2 Short vs. Long-chain n-alkanes.....................................................................33
2.4.3 Leaf Wax δ2H................................................................................................34
2.4.4 Effective Moisture ........................................................................................34
2.5 Discussion ..............................................................................................................34
2.5.1 Localized Hydroclimate at Nir’Pa Co...........................................................34
2.5.2 Local & Synoptic Hydroclimate Relationships at Nir’Pa Co .......................36
2.5.3 Regional Paleoclimate ..................................................................................37
2.5.4 Forcing Mechanisms .....................................................................................38
2.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................40
2.7 Tables .....................................................................................................................41
2.8 Figures....................................................................................................................42
2.9 References ..............................................................................................................50
3. HOLOCENE INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON INTENSITY OVER THE
SOUTH-CENTRAL TIBETAN PLATEAU INFERRED FROM
SEDIMENTOLOGY AND LEAF-WAX n-ALKANE HYDROGEN ISOTOPES ..........54
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................54
3.2 Study Area: Cuobu .................................................................................................56
3.3 Methods..................................................................................................................57
3.3.1 Sample Collection .........................................................................................57

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3.3.2 Sediment Dating............................................................................................58
3.3.3 Initial Core Description.................................................................................59
3.3.4 Lithics & Grain Size .....................................................................................59
3.3.5 X-ray Florescence (XRF) Geochemistry ......................................................60
3.3.6 Elemental Abundances & Isotopic Composition of Organic Carbon
& Total Nitrogen ....................................................................................................60
3.3.7 Lipid Extractions & δ2H Isotopes .................................................................61
3.3.8 Effective Moisture Estimation ......................................................................63
3.4 Results ....................................................................................................................63
3.4.1 Core Description ...........................................................................................63
3.4.2 Age Model ....................................................................................................63
3.4.3 Elemental Abundances & Isotopic Composition of Organic Carbon
& Total Nitrogen ....................................................................................................64
3.4.4 Lipid Biomarkers ..........................................................................................64
3.4.5 Hydrogen Isotopes ........................................................................................65
3.4.6 Effective Moisture ........................................................................................66
3.4.7 Sedimentology ..............................................................................................66
3.4.8 X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Geochemistry ....................................................67
3.4.9 Statistical Analysis ........................................................................................68
3.5 Discussion ..............................................................................................................68
3.5.1 Inferred ISM Precipitation & Evaporation on the South-Central Tibetan
Plateau ....................................................................................................................68
3.5.2 Monsoon-induced Cuobu River Overflow....................................................70
3.5.3 Synoptic vs. Local Hydroclimate at Cuobu ..................................................72
3.5.4 Millennial & Orbital Scale Drivers of ISM Variability ................................73
3.5.5 Drivers of Decadal & Centennial ISM Variability .......................................74
3.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................76
3.7 Tables .....................................................................................................................77
3.8 Figures....................................................................................................................79
3.9 References ..............................................................................................................90
4. MULTI-PROXY EVIDENCE FOR AN EARLY HOLOCENE LOW LAKE
STAND DURING A STRONG MONSOON: INVESTIGATING THE
ELEVATION DEPENDENT EXPRESSION OF THE INDIAN SUMMER
MONSOON ON THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ..................................................................97
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................97
4.2 Study Area: Galang Co ..........................................................................................98
4.3 Methods................................................................................................................100
4.3.1 Sample Collection .......................................................................................100
4.3.2 Geochronology ............................................................................................101
4.3.3 Initial Core Description...............................................................................101
4.3.4 Grain Size....................................................................................................102
4.3.5 XRF Geochemistry .....................................................................................102
4.3.6 Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes ....................................................................102
4.3.7 Lipid Biomarker Extraction & 2H Analysis ..............................................103
4.4 Results ..................................................................................................................105
4.4.1 Core Description .........................................................................................105

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4.4.2 Age Model ..................................................................................................105
4.4.3 Organic Matter Chemistry ..........................................................................106
4.4.4 Sedimentology & Magnetic Susceptibility .................................................107
4.4.5 XRF Geochemistry .....................................................................................107
4.4.6 δ2H Lipid Biomarkers .................................................................................108
4.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................109
4.5.1 Holocene Hydroclimate & Lake Level Variability at Galang Co...............109
4.5.2 Hydroclimate Drivers of Galang Co Effective Moisture ............................112
4.5.3 Elevation-Dependent Expression of Monsoon Precipitation ......................113
4.6 Conclusions ..........................................................................................................115
4.7 Tables ...................................................................................................................116
4.8 Figures..................................................................................................................118
4.9 References ............................................................................................................131
5. CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................136
6. APPENDICES .............................................................................................................139
Appendix 1: Cuobu age model produced by Bacon® with composite depths vs.
mean age ....................................................................................................................139
Appendix 2: Cuobu XRF Geochemistry ....................................................................145
Appendix 3: Galang Co age model produced by Bacon® with composite depths
vs. mean age ..............................................................................................................271
Appendix 4: Galang Co XRF Geochemistry .............................................................275
CURRICULUM VITAE

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Average concentration of n-alkanes in Nir’Pa Co sediments ...........................41
Table 3.1: 210Pb dates from Cuobu B-17 surface core .......................................................77
Table 3.2: Radiocarbon dates from Cuobu B-17 and D-17 composite core ......................78
Table 4.1: 210Pb and 137Cs results from Galang Co E-15 Core ........................................116
Table 4.2: 14C dates from Galang Co D-15 Core .............................................................117
Table A 1.1 Depth and Mean Age (BP) for Cuobu composite core ................................139
Table A 2.1 Cuobu XRF Geochemistry Al - Ca ..............................................................145
Table A 2.2 Cuobu XRF Geochemistry Cl – Hf..............................................................166
Table A 2.3 Cuobu XRF Geochemistry Hg – Mo ...........................................................187
Table A 2.4 Cuobu XRF Geochemistry Ni – Rb .............................................................208
Table A 2.5 Cuobu XRF Geochemistry S – Tb ...............................................................229
Table A 2.6 Cuobu XRF geochemistry Te – Zn ..............................................................250
Table A 3.1: Galang Co Depth vs. Mean Age (BP) for composite core..........................271
Table A 4.1 Galang Co XRF Geochemistry Al – Br .......................................................275
Table A 4.2 Galang Co XRF Geochemistry Ca – Hf ......................................................290
Table A 4.3 Galang Co XRF Geochemistry Hg – Mo .....................................................305
Table A 4.4 Galang Co XRF Geochemistry Ni – Sc .......................................................320
Table A 4.5 Galang Co XRF Geochemistry Se – U ........................................................335
Table A 4.6 Galang Co XRF Geochemistry V – Zn ........................................................350

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. The location of Nir’Pa Co (NPC; red circle) in reference to other
regional climate records. Lake sediment archives including El Junico (EJ), Lake
Zigetang (LZ), Pallcacocha (PA), Paru Co (PC), and Selin Co (SC) are represented
with circles. Cave records from Dongge Cave (DC) and Qunf Cave (QC) are
represented with squares. The Dunde ice core (DU) is represented with a triangle.
Marine sediment cores from the Arabian Sea (AS), Eastern Pacific (EP), and the
Western Pacific (WP) are represented with stars. The Lhasa weather station (LH)
is marked with an open circle ............................................................................................42
Figure 2.2. The Nir’Pa Co watershed and surrounding area with the lake at the end
of a 5 km long glacially carved valley. Digital elevation data is from the USGS
SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) dataset and is shown in 100 m
contour intervals.................................................................................................................43
Figure 2.3. Bathymetric map of Nir’Pa Co with 2 m contour intervals. The
respective core sites for A-11, A-15, and B-15 are designated with red circles.
Location of the inlet and outlet to the lake are marked with the location of the
moraine that terminates the watershed ...............................................................................44
Figure 2.4. Monthly total precipitation (mm ± s.d.) and average temperature
(°C ± s.d.) at the Lhasa weather station. The monsoon season (May-September) is
marked with a shaded gray ................................................................................................45
Figure 2.5. Total concentration of extracted long-chain C23 – C31 n-alkanes from
sediment samples (ng/100 μL; A- E). Terrestrial lipid distribution as indicated with
the Carbon Preference Index (CPI; F), Average Chain Length (ACL; G), and the
aquatic vegetation index (Paq, H). Vertical black lines indicate the average value.
The LIA and MCA time periods are marked with light blue and dark blue
backgrounds (indicating wetter conditions) while 2250-1250 BP is marked with
red background (indicating drier conditions) .....................................................................46
Figure 2.6. Leaf wax δ2H (‰ VSMOW) ±1 σ s.e.m. for C23 (A), C25 (B), C27 (C),
C29 (D), and C31 I n-alkanes. ΔδC23-C31 shows the variation between isotopic values
between nC23 and nC31 (F). A more positive Δδ value indicates higher evaporation
while a more negative Δδ indicates lower evaporation. Vertical black lines indicate
average values. The LIA and MCA time periods are marked with light blue and dark
blue backgrounds (indicating wetter conditions) while 2250-1250 BP is marked with
red background (indicating drier conditions) .....................................................................47
Figure 2.7. Nir’Pa Co δ2H nC23 (‰; A), δ2H nC31 (‰; B), ΔδC23-C31 (‰; C),
Paq (D), and sand grain size (%, E). Compared with local climate records from Paru
Co sand (%; F), principal components (G), δ2H for nC27 and nC29 (‰; H), Seling
Co δ18O (‰; I), Lake Zigetang pollen index (J), and Dunde ice core δ18O (‰; K).
Vertical black lines indicate the average value for each proxy. The LIA and MCA

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time periods are marked with light blue and dark blue backgrounds (indicating
wetter conditions) while 2250-1250 BP is marked with red background (indicating
drier conditions) .................................................................................................................48
Figure 2.8. Comparison of Nir’Pa Co δ2H nC31 (‰; A) and ΔδC23-C31 (B) data with
regional monsoon records and global forcing. Regional monsoon records include
Dongge Cave δ18O (‰; C), Qunf Cave δ18O (‰; D), and Arabian Sea marine core
δ18O (‰; E). Pacific records include El Junico sand grain size (%, F), Pallcacocha
red sediment color intensity (G), Eastern (H) and Western Pacific (I) and Indian
Ocean (J) SSTs (Sea Surface Temperatures °C). Vertical black lines indicate the
average value for each proxy. The LIA and MCA time periods are marked with light
blue and dark blue backgrounds (indicating wetter conditions) while 2250-1250 BP
is marked with red background (indicating drier conditions) ............................................49
Figure 3.1. Bathymetric map of Cuobu with core sites marked (red colored dots with
core names). Bathymetry mapped with 0.5 m contour intervals. Inlets and outlets to
the lake are marked with blue dashed lines and arrows. Cuobu River is marked with
a blue dashed line. Grey background and black dashed line designate the extent of a
moraine between Cuobu and Cuobu River. A delta feature on the moraine is present
where an ephemeral stream bed cuts across the moraine ..................................................79
Figure 3.2. Topographic map of the area surrounding Cuobu, inset with the lake
bathymetry (A). Cuobu watershed is designated with an orange dashed line.
Topographic contours are at 50 m intervals while bathymetric contours are at 0.5 m
intervals. An ephemeral stream (ii) and its delta (iii) that cut across the moraine are
identified with a black box and shown in greater detail (B). The Cuobu River (i) is to
the east of a moraine that forms the southeastern edge of Cuobu (iv). A transect (red
dashed line) across the moraine is used to show the elevational profile (C) of the
lake-moraine-river environment (B). The elevational profile is marked with red
lines show the elevational difference between features .....................................................80
Figure 3.3. Average monthly temperature (°C ± s.d.) and total precipitation
(mm ± s.d.) at Xigaze weather station from 1988-2018. Gray background indicates
the annual monsoon season ................................................................................................81
Figure 3.4. Excess and supported 210Pb activity with 137Cs activity in the top 22 cm
of Cuobu sediment core .....................................................................................................82
Figure 3.5. Age model for Cuobu produced by Bacon program using both 210Pb and
14
C dates .............................................................................................................................82
Figure 3.6. Cuobu B-17 and D-17 total organic matter (TOM %; A), total
carbonates (TC %; B), δ13C (‰; C), δ15N (‰; D), and the ratio of C:N I. Black
vertical line represents average values. The grey background indicates the period
with highest C:N. Blue and red backgrounds indicate inferred wet and dry conditions
at the lake ...........................................................................................................................83

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Figure 3.7. Concentration of leaf wax n-alkanes extracted from Cuobu B-17 and
D-17 sediments (ng/g) for C23 (A), C25 (B), C27 (C), C29 (D), and C31 I. Indices
to distinguish between terrestrial (long-chain) and aquatic (short-chain) n-alkanes
include average chain length (ACL: F), carbon preference index (CPI: G), and
aquatic vegetation index (Paq: H). Black vertical line represents average values.
Blue and red backgrounds indicate inferred wet and dry conditions at the lake ...............84
Figure 3.8. Coubo leaf wax n-alkane δ2H (‰) for C23 (A), C25 (B), C27 (C),
C29 (D), and C31 I. Δδ2HC23-C31 is the balance of precipitation to evaporation
(P:E; F). Black vertical line represents average values. Blue and red backgrounds
indicate inferred wet and dry conditions respectively .......................................................85
Figure 3.9. Cuobu 5 pt. moving average (MA) dry bulk density (BD g cm-3: A),
magnetic susceptibility (MS, SI 10 x -5: B), 5 pt. MA percent clay I, 5 pt. MA
percent silt (D), 5 pt. MA percent sand I, histogram of grain diameter size for each
sample (F), Ti (G) and 5 pt. MA Zr (H). The full record is shaded behind each
moving average. Black vertical line represents average values. Red and blue
background indicate periods with dry and wet conditions respectively, based on
grain size ............................................................................................................................86
Figure 3.10. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) results from the Cuobu
sediment record, indicating the contributions of each proxy in the overall
variance of the dataset……………………………………………………………………87
Figure 3.11. Cuobu 5 pt. moving average (MA) %sand (A), 5 pt. MA Principal
Component 1 (PC1; B) and Δδ2HC23-C31 (C) in comparison with Tibetan Plateau
records from Paru Co n-alkane δ2HC27 and δ2HC29 (D) lithics I and primary
component 1 (F), Lake Zigetang pollen index (G), and Koucha Lake effective
moisture (H). The full record is shaded behind each moving average. Black vertical
line represents average values. Blue and red backgrounds infer wet and dry
conditions at Cuobu ...........................................................................................................88
Figure 3.12. Cuobu Δδ2HC23-C31 (A) and δ2HC31 (B) records in conjunction with
records from the ISM span and Pacific SSTs. Records are from Tianmen Cave (C),
Qunf Cave (D), El Junco I, and Eastern Pacific SST (F). Black vertical line
represents average values. Blue and red backgrounds infer wet and dry conditions at
Cuobu .................................................................................................................................89
Figure 4.1. Paleoclimate archives from the greater ISM region including Galang Co
(GAL; red), Paru Co (PC), Mawmluh Cave (MA); Dongge Cave (DC),
Qunf Cave (QC), Arabian Sea (AS), Eastern Pacific (EP), and El Junco (EJ).
Lake and marine sediments are marked with circles and stars respectively. Cave
records are marked with squares. The Qamdo weather station (QA) is marked with
an open circle ...................................................................................................................118

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Figure 4.2. Galang Co (blue outline) and its watershed relative to the Parlang
Zangbo River and surrounding region (A). Galang Co and its surrounding shoreline
with the modified inlet on the southwest corner of the lake and the outlet on the
southeast (B). On the lake, locations of core sites are marked with red circles while
the surface sediments and soil samples are marked with blue circles .............................119
Figure 4.3. Thirty-year average of monthly total precipitation (mm ± s.d.) and
average temperature (°C ± s.d.) at Qamdo weather station .............................................120
Figure 4.4. Stratigraphy of the composite Galang Co E-17 surface and D-17
Livingstone core. Core lithological units have been colored and marked to include
clay (dashed lines), mud (silt and clay; horizontal lines), sand (small dots), gravel
(large dots), and peat (solid grey). The location of radiocarbon dated material are
designated with triangles..................................................................................................121
Figure 4.5. Supported (grey) and excess (blue) 210Pb activity (± 1 s.e.m,) and 137Cs
activity (gray bar) from the top 35 cm of the E-17 surface core......................................122
Figure 4.6. Age model for Galang Co composite E-17 and D-17 core over the past
12.3 ka using both 210Pb and 14C dates .........................................................................123
Figure 4.7. Sedimentology and geochemistry of Galang Co E-17 and D-17
composite core including total organic matter (TOM %; A) and total carbonates
(TC %; B) as derived from loss-on-ignition and the ratio of elemental carbon to
nitrogen (C: N; C), organic matter δ13C (VPDB ‰; D), and sediment δ15N
(air ‰;E). Black vertical lines denote average values over the record. Red and
blue backgrounds indicate shallow and deeper lake conditions respectively ..................124
Figure 4.8. Physical sedimentology of Galang Co E-17 and D-17 composite core
including dry bulk density (BD g x cm-3; A), wet sediment magnetic susceptibility
(MS SI x 10-5), 5 point moving average (MA) percent total lithics I, percent clay 5 pt.
MA (D), percent silt 5 pt. MA I, percent sand 5 pt. MA (F), and a histogram of grain
size diameters (G). Black vertical lines denote average values over the record. Red
and blue backgrounds indicate shallow and deeper lake conditions respectively ...........125
Figure 4.9. Select elemental XRF results from Galang Co E-17 and D-17 composite
core including Ti (A), Fe (B), and Zr (C) and the ratios of Mn: Fe (F). All
measurements are in counts per second (cps). Black vertical lines represent average
values over the record. Red and blue backgrounds indicate shallow and deeper lake
conditions respectively.....................................................................................................126
Figure 4.10. The concentration of Galang sediment n-alkanes (ng/g) for nC23 (A),
nC25 (B), nC27 (C), nC29 (D), and nC31 I carbon chain lengths. The average chain
length (ACL; F), carbon preference index (CPI; G), and aquatic vegetation index
(Paq; H) of sediment n-alkanes. Black vertical lines denote average values over the

xiv

record. Red and blue backgrounds indicate shallow and deeper lake conditions
respectively ......................................................................................................................127
Figure 4.11. Galang E-17 and D-17 composite core sediment δ2H (‰) for nC23
(A), nC25 (B), nC27 (C), nC29 (D), and nC31 I carbon chain lengths. Black vertical
lines denote average values over the record. Red and blue backgrounds indicate
shallow and deeper lake conditions respectively .............................................................128
Figure 4.12. Galang Co δ15N (‰; A), ratio of C to N (B), δ2HC23 (C), percent silt
5 pt. MA (D), percent sand 5 pt. MA I in conjunction with the reconstruction of
effective moisture from Koucha Lake (F), the sand and lithics records from
Paru Co (%; G-H), and temperature reconstruction from Lake Zigetang. Grey
background indicates period of low lake level in Galang Co (12.5-6 ka). Average
values over the record are designated as vertical lines. Red and blue backgrounds
indicate shallow and deeper lake conditions respectively ...............................................129
Figure 4.13. Galang Co sand 5 pt. MA (%; A) and δ2HC23 (‰; B) compared with
records from the broader ISM extent, the East Asian Monsoon, and the
El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Records include Dongge Cave δ18O (‰; C),
Mawmluh Cave δ18O (‰; D), Qunf Cave δ18O (‰; E), Eastern Pacific SSTs (°C; F),
El Junco sand (%: G), and Pallcacocha (red color intensity). Grey background
represents low lake level stand (12.5-6 ka) at Galang Co. Vertical lines denotes
average values over each record. Red and blue backgrounds indicate shallow and
deeper lake conditions respectively .................................................................................130

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1. INTRODUCTION
The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is one of the largest and most crucial
hydrometeorological systems in the world, with over 40% of the world’s population
living in its domain (Gadgil et al., 2004). The ISM serves as the dominant source of
growing season precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding region (termed the
Third Pole; Qui, 2008), delivering ~80% of South Asia’s precipitation (Sinha et al.,
2015). Major rivers with headwaters in the plateau, including the Ganges, Indus, Sutlej,
and Brahmaputra, flow south through the Himalayas (Harris, 2006). The ISM is closely
connected with other major climate systems including the East Asian Monsoon (EAM)
and the Western Pacific Monsoon (Salinger et al., 2014). Concerns over future
dependability of ISM precipitation underscores the need to understand natural variability
of the monsoon and respective climatic drivers, including the increasing role of
anthropogenic influences. Natural variability combined with changing global climatic
conditions paints a bleak picture of a monsoon system that will be less dependable with
less precipitation which is devastating in a region that struggles with food deficits and
inadequate potable water availability (Bollasina et al., 2011; Niyogi et al., 2010; Sinha et
al., 2015; Tiwari and Joshi, 2012; Vrese et al., 2016). Projections of future monsoon
rainfall are reliant on accurate and precise modeling of the integration of natural
variability and climate change, based on both paleoclimate records and modern
observations. Despite the importance of the ISM and a plethora of paleoclimate records,
considerable knowledge gaps remain concerning how monsoon intensity has varied both
temporally and spatially, indicating a need for more studies of climate in the region.
1.1 Indian Summer Monsoon & Regional Climate
The ISM, also referred to as the South Asian or summer Asian monsoon, is the
dominant precipitation source for Southeastern Asia each summer (June-September).
The monsoon is driven in part by the temperature gradient between sea surface
temperatures (SSTs) and land, including the large arid land mass of the Tibetan Plateau
(Molnar et al., 2010). Other recognized forces behind monsoon intensity include the
migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), solar insolation, and larger
climate systems, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (Haug et al., 2001). The
1

modern extent of the monsoon is centered over the Indian subcontinent but expands north
through the eastern Tibetan Plateau, west towards Pakistan and the tip of the Arabian
Peninsula, and east in Bangladesh and western Myanmar. Isotopic signature of the
monsoon is evident over a much larger area extending to the Arabian Peninsula
(Fleitmann et al., 2003), Eastern China (Dykoski et al., 2005), and the Tanggula
Mountains in central Tibet, China (Tian et al., 2001).
1.1.1 Seasonal Monsoon & Intra-Annual Variability
The onset of the monsoon season is dictated by temperature gradients between the
Indian Ocean and the dry, arid Tibetan Plateau along with the seasonal migration of the
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the orographic effects of the mountainous
terrain (Chen et al., 2014; Gadgil, 2003). The maximum northern position of the ITCZ is
reached during the summer months, which corresponds with the onset of the monsoon
rainfalls and the respective strength of the monsoon (Fleitmann et al., 2007). The
elevation of the TP plays a significant role in the intensity of the seasonal monsoons
(Harris, 2006; Wu et al., 2007). A low-pressure system pulls in warm, humid air from the
Indian Ocean, producing intense precipitation of the southern slopes of the Himalayas
with moderate rainfall further inland (Harris, 2006). Intra-annual variability of the
monsoon consists of active and break periods in rainfall that are attributed to tropical
convergence zones and intra-seasonal oscillations (Goswami and Mohan, 2001).
Monsoon seasons can vary year to year in intensities, rainfall amounts, and in timing of
the onset and the length of the monsoon season. Failures of the monsoon, characterized
by drought conditions during the monsoon season, have been attributed to reduced wind
strength and cooler temperatures (Cook et al., 2010).
Multiple drivers of these inter-annual changes in monsoon intensity have been
identified through modern observations and supplemented with paleoclimate records.
Ocean-atmosphere conditions in the Indian Ocean and tropical Pacific Ocean are
considered to be key drivers of inter-annual variability in the ISM rainfall. Previous
research indicates that the ENSO moderates the ISM by reducing the length of the rainy
season resulting in decreased rainfall (Cook et al., 2010; Gadgil et al., 2004; Goswami
and Xavier, 2005; Thompson, 2000). El Niño events have the greatest influence on the

2

ISM rainfall by cooling the air over the Indian subcontinent and weakening easterly trade
winds along with increasing atmospheric subsidence and convection (Kumar et al., 2006;
Yeh et al., 2009) and are associated with monsoon failures and drought conditions (Cook
et al., 2010; Thompson, 2000); with La Nina conditions resulting in a stronger monsoon
due to stronger easterly trade winds. The EQUINOO (Equatorial Indian Ocean
Oscillation) when overlapping with ENSO conditions can also affect monsoon rainfall
with positive (negative) phases being associated with stronger (weaker) monsoons
(Surendran et al., 2015). Both the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the Pacific Ocean
Dipole (POD) have a positive correlation with ISM rainfall, although research on how
these climate forcings influence the monsoon on longer time-scales is still ongoing
(Ashok et al., 2001).
The ITCZ, where winds and precipitation converge in a latitudinal zone, is
another crucial driver of the summer monsoon (Fleitmann et al., 2007). The summer
position of the ITCZ drives how far inland precipitation falls, with a more northerly
trajectory linked to higher rainfall amounts. The winter position of the ITCZ, which
reaches its southern-most position in January, drives a winter monsoon system. The
winter monsoon has an inverse relationship with the summer monsoon, with heavier
snowfalls in Eurasia correlating with decreased summer monsoon rainfall (Blanford,
1884; Walker, 1910), but analyses suggest that this relationship is most apparent in
extreme anomalies rather than an annual trend (Bamzai and Shukla, 1999).
1.1.2 Historical Monsoon Variability
Decadal monsoon variability is affected by the same drivers of inter-annual
variability: Indian and Pacific Ocean and atmosphere conditions. Modern records have
shown a strengthening of the relationship between monsoon rainfall and the Indian Ocean
post-1976 AD due to warming SSTs (Clark et al., 2000). The short instrumental record,
however, prevents much analysis on longer time scales. As such there is a substantial
need for understanding how the monsoon has varied on longer time scales using
paleoclimate records. These paleoclimate records have identified long-term and abrupt
changes to the monsoon in connection with the ITCZ, solar insolation, and ENSO

3

conditions (Bird et al., 2010; Cook et al., 2010; Dykoski et al., 2005; Fleitmann et al.,
2007).
The short instrumental (1930s to present) and historical records in the ISM region
necessitate the need for developing paleoclimate records from natural archives, such as
lake sediments, to interpret long-term changes. Centennial and decadal-resolved records
are particularly sparse in the ISM region (Bird et al., 2017; Bird et al., 2014), which
limits the understanding of monsoon variability on shorter-time scales. Existing studies of
the ISM have demonstrated long-term millennial changes in the ISM since the early
Holocene where the monsoon was strongest, before transitioning to a weaker monsoon in
the Middle Holocene (5-3 ka) that persists today (Chen et al., 2014; Djamali et al., 2010;
Seki et al., 2009). However, the timing of the weakening of the monsoon is not consistent
between records, which suggests that the timing of changes in ISM rainfall may be
spatially-dependent. Higher-resolution records have demonstrated that even within
periods described by long-term records as either strong or weak monsoons, there can be
significant variability on shorter-time scales (Bird et al., 2014). Consideration of the ISM
response to climate events is important as there has not been agreement between global
responses to the MCA and LIA and the responses seen in the ISM region which may be
critical in understanding how climate forcings differ in this region (Bird et al., 2017;
Mann et al., 2009; Sinha et al., 2015).
Large-scale interpretations of regional climate are made possible with
comparisons of paleoclimate records from a variety of deposits and environments using
proxies or indicators of natural climate conditions. Paleoclimatology relies on proxies, or
indicators, of past climate conditions that are preserved in natural archives including
marine and freshwater sediments, ice caps, tree rings, and speleothems. Lakes are a
critical, sensitive terrestrial archive for both within lake processes (i.e. water quality, lake
level) and watershed environmental conditions (i.e. climate, land use). Lakes are well
distributed across biomes and elevations and most have high sedimentation rates, making
them sensitive to climate conditions on shorter-time scales and at higher spatial
frequencies than most natural archives. Lake-specific sedimentation rates can provide
information on varying time-scales, from seasonal to decadal. Sediments record
information about conditions within the lake and the surrounding watershed with typical

4

proxies including geochemistry and isotopes, sedimentology, and biological fossils. The
diverse proxies found in lake sediments can be used to interpret local, regional, and
global climate-processes. Dating of these sediments makes it possible to interpret
temporal changes in climate and compare records from other lakes and archives (Bird et
al., 2017; Bird et al., 2014). In most lakes, sediments are continuously deposited, with
rare hiatuses associated with extreme dry conditions (Fleitmann et al., 2003), and well
preserved making them a useful archives of regional climate and watershed specific
responses. In the Tibetan Plateau, lakes are a valuable archive for paleoclimate due to the
high density of lakes in the region while other archives, such as tree rings, are less
prevalent in the region.
Precipitation is not as well constrained as temperature in paleoclimate records,
because it is less spatially homogenous than temperature, with precipitation levels
varying significantly with location. Indicators of precipitation and other measures of the
hydrological cycle, such as evaporation, are recorded in lake sediments through multiple
proxies, including isotopes, biological indicators, and directly through physical evidence
of changing lake levels. This project utilizes both 18O and 2H isotopes, with a focus on 2H
extracted from leaf-wax n-alkanes, to interpret hydrologic changes including precipitation
and evaporation during the summer monsoon. The correlation between δ2H and δ18O
reflects global and local meteorological water lines (GMWL and LMWL; Craig, 1961).
Deuterium excess (d = δ2H – 8 x δ18O) is a measure of the deviation between the
expected linear relationship of δ18O and δ2H (GMWL: δ2H = 8.0 x δ18O + 10%), which
varies spatially and reflects local fractionation processes (Dansgaard, 1964). Both δ18O
and δ2H values are impacted by temperature, elevation and amount effects, with amount
effects playing the largest role in monsoon isotopic expression (Tian et al., 2003; Vuille
et al. 2005).
Isotopic records combined with other sedimentological proxies are crucial for
interpretations of how the ISM has varied throughout the Holocene. The ISM was
strongest during the early Holocene, during a period known as the Holocene Climate
Optimum (10.5-6.5 ka), but began to weaken during the middle Holocene (~5.2 ka; e.g.,
(Campo and Gasse, 1993; Chen et al., 2014; Djamali et al., 2010). In the paleoclimate
record from Paru Co, a lake sampled in this study, maximum ISM rainfall in the study

5

region was between 10.1 – 5.2 ka, after which conditions became drier (Bird et al., 2014).
The timing of this transition to a weaker monsoon differed between isotopic and
sedimentological proxies, which suggests that monsoon isotopic signatures reflect
regional synoptic conditions while the sedimentology reflects local watershed responses.
The monsoon continued to weaken into the late Holocene, where two climate events
occurred: the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA: 950-1250 AD), and the Little Ice Age
(LIA: 1400-1700 AD; Mann et al., 2009). Existing records are not in agreement about
how these climate events influenced monsoon precipitation. Some records found a
moderate strengthening of the monsoon during the MCA, but no response to the LIA
(Bird et al., 2017; Sinha et al., 2015).
1.2 Precipitation & Isotopes
Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes are useful for studying both relative volume and
trajectories of precipitation across terrestrial landscapes and have been used in many
studies of the Asian monsoons. Isotopic measurements of hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen
(δ18O) are strongly influenced by moisture source and climate, including temperature and
the amount of precipitation (Gat, 1996; Tian et al. 2018). Modern isotopic observations
have found that the ISM extends across the Indian subcontinent, west to the Brahmaputra
Valley, and north towards the Tanggula Mountains, where both the tropical and
temperate air masses converge and the northernmost extent of the summer ITCZ lies
(Tian et al., 2001). Monsoon precipitation from the Indian Ocean and Indian subcontinent
reaches the Tibetan Plateau in two primary directions: from the Bay of Bengal through
the Brahmaputra Valley and across the subcontinent towards the Himalayan slopes,
providing a significant orographic effect on northern India. Summer rainfall travels
through the southeast corner of the plateau and is then redistributed to the north and west,
reaching the central and western plateau through the Nyainqêntanglha Mountains. Mean
annual precipitation in the Tibetan Plateau ranges from 172 to 650 mm with driest
conditions in the western plateau and at higher altitudes (Tian et al., 2001; Tian et al.,
2003).
Isotopic analyses of modern precipitation have generally found there is little
variation between the global and local meteoric water lines during the monsoon,

6

reflecting a low evaporation signal (Breitenbach et al., 2010; Tian et al., 2001). Isotopic
measurements of δ18O and δ2H in northeastern India near the Bay of Bengal during the
monsoon range from 0.8 to -18.8 ‰ and 18.5 to -144.4 ‰, respectively (Breitenbach et
al., 2010). Monsoon rainfall on the Tibetan Plateau has been found to have consistently
lower δ18O values between -5‰ to -20‰ (Tian et al., 2003). Winter precipitation, in
contrast to summer monsoon rainfall, has been observed to be more enriched due to
continental recycling and different moisture sources signal (Breitenbach et al., 2010; Tian
et al., 2003). δ18O and δ2H values are more affected by amount effects than temperature
in the monsoon region in contrast to areas on the plateau that are dominated by
continental precipitation sources (Thompson, 2000; Tian et al., 2003). Modeling of
different forcings, suggest that temperature, transportation, and distillation processes (i.e.,
rainout and depletion) all affect the isotopic signature of monsoon rainfall (Vuille et al.,
2005).
New techniques have allowed for the measurement of hydrogen isotopes
incorporated into organic biological compounds, such as lipids produced by terrestrial
and aquatic vegetation, producing new isotopic proxies (Aichner et al., 2010; Eglington
and Eglington, 2008; Polissar and D’Andrea, 2013; Sachse et al., 2012). These new
proxies allow for isotopic measurements of precipitation in lake systems that do not have
carbonate sediments which was not possible previously. With the southeastern Tibetan
Plateau dominated by non-carbonate lakes, this project is utilizing terrestrial and aquatic
leaf-wax n-alkanes to measure hydrogen isotopic variability in the ISM region. These
results will be verified with carbonate δ18O measurements where carbonate sediments are
available. Both terrestrial and aquatic plants incorporate hydrogen atoms from their
respective water sources and use them in the synthesis of lipids and other biological
compounds. Studies have found that these organic biological compounds, including nalkanes, alkanoic acids, and fatty acids, provide an indirect measurement of the isotopic
composition of precipitation at the time of synthesis (Aichner et al., 2010; Feakins et al.,
2016; Hou, 2008; Nichols, 2010).
Interpretations of these isotopic measurements should consider the influences of
regional climate, local hydrology (i.e., evaporation and condensation), and plant
physiology (i.e., photosynthetic pathways and water uptake) on isotopic fractionation

7

(Hou, 2008). Plant physiology significantly affects δ2Hwax values and is reflective of the
δ2H of xylem water in plants, which is directly sourced from soil water (Feakins et al.,
2016). δ2Hwax has been demonstrated to follow the same spatial trends as δ2H of
precipitation and lake water, but is highly fractionated from those isotopic values (Hou,
2008). Site specific characteristics also influence δ2Hwax including a negative correlation
with elevation and continentally (Feakins et al., 2016). Consideration of both regional
and site-specific influences on precipitation isotopes is necessary to make interpretations
of how monsoon and other precipitation systems vary spatially and temporally.
Both δ18O and δ2H values have been shown to decrease through the monsoon
season which has been interpreted more as either a reflection of the source waters
(Breitenbach et al., 2010) or an amount effect (Clark and Fritz, 1997; Datta et al., 1991;
Kurita et al., 2009; Tian et al., 2003; Vuille et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2006). The surface
waters of the Bay of Bengal, the water source for summer rainfall, undergoes significant
isotopic variation throughout the monsoon season due to large fluxes of river runoff
(Breitenbach et al., 2010). The amount effect has been observed through an inverse
relationship between annual precipitation accumulation and δ18O values in both
precipitation studies and ice core records (Thompson, 2000; Tian et al., 2003). Studies
have found that the extent of the isotopic signatures of the monsoon has varied
throughout the Holocene, reaching as far as the Near East (Djamali et al., 2010), the
Arabian Peninsula (Fleitmann et al., 2003; Fleitmann et al., 2007) and caves in southern
China (Dykoski et al., 2005; Maher, 2008). However, more records are needed to
understand how isotopic measurements vary across different time scales (Thompson,
2000; Tian et al., 2003; Yao et al., 2000), as some paleoclimate records show that
isotopic trends have varied significantly through the Holocene (Fleitmann et al., 2003;
Zhang et al., 2008).
1.3 Modern Monsoon & Climate Change
Modern weather monitoring in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) began around the 1930s
and, currently, there are 97 monitoring stations above 2,000 m and an additional 100 at
lower altitudes (Liu et al., 2000). Analysis of modern temperature records have shown
that most of the plateau has experienced significant warming since the 1950s, with the

8

eastern plateau warming slower than other regions (Gou et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2000;
You et al., 2008). Calculated evapotranspiration (ET) in the region has decreased in all
seasons between the 1960s and 2000 (Shenbin et al., 2006). During that same period
(1961-2000), precipitation for the region increased, particularly for the eastern Tibet, but
declined in western Tibet (Xu et al., 2008). The growing season has increased throughout
the region with an associated decline in the number of days with frost or ice (You et al.,
2008). Temperature reconstructions from ice cores and glaciers have also shown a recent
warming trend (Thompson et al., 1989; Thompson et al., 1993; Yao et al., 1995).
Warming conditions in the TP have been linked with human-induced changing climate
(Anmin et al., 2006).
Recent warming on the plateau exceeds the average for the Northern Hemisphere,
indicating that this region is particularly vulnerable to changing climate (Liu et al., 1998;
Liu et al., 2000). Since the region contains abundant glaciers and permafrost, it is
commonly referred to as The Third Pole Environment (Qui, 2008). Yet with warming
temperatures, the Tibetan Plateau is already experiencing changing conditions, including
glacial retreat, melting permafrost, and an altered hydrological cycle (Yang et al., 2011;
Yao et al., 2007). Glacial retreat is widespread through the plateau (Tang et al., 1998;
Yao et al., 2012) and is a significant concern as a water storage loss. Glacial retreat has
been increasing since the 1960s when measurements first began and is connected to a
roughly 5% increase in river discharge (Yao et al., 2007). In addition to glaciers, Tibet
also has areas of discontinuous and sporadic permafrost. Permafrost melting has
increased in relation to warmer soil temperatures connected to an overall warming region
(Cheng and Wu, 2007). Soil temperatures are increasing at a faster rate than air
temperatures, making the whole region more susceptible to changing climate (Zhao et al.,
2004). Climate change has been recognized to have a greater impact at higher altitudes
with alpine regions exhibiting greater sensitivity (Yao et al., 2000).
Reviews of meteorological observations of the monsoon system has shown that
the monsoon has underwent significant changes throughout the 20th and early 21st
centuries. Monsoon intensity has decreased since the mid-20th century although the total
precipitation has increased slightly (Bollasina et al., 2011). Simultaneous with decreasing
monsoon intensity, the monsoon season has also been shortening, with the monsoon onset

9

occurring later (Mondal et al., 2014). A hypothesis for weakening monsoon intensity is
that increasing volumes of aerosols in the region are impacting monsoon intensity
(Bollasina et al., 2011; Sinha et al., 2015). The anthropogenic aerosols in the region,
referred to as Asian Dust, are linked to the burning of wood and fossil fuels due to
intensive industrialization and population growth. Another consideration is the increased
importance of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, which
corresponds to warmer SSTs post-1976 AD (Clark et al., 2000).
The future of the ISM is of great scientific interest and is particularly important in
the context of the human communities in the region. The Tibetan Plateau has been
inhabited for the past 15,000-20,000 years (Barton, 2016), with most communities
dependent on subsistence agriculture and nomadic shepherding. Subsistence and nomadic
agriculture are highly dependent on monsoon rainfall and its effects on the short growing
season in the plateau, which will be substantially affected by monsoon variability.
Models of future impacts of changing climate predict reduced rainfall, delayed onset and
higher frequency of dry periods within the monsoon season (Ashfaq et al., 2009). Higher
Indian Ocean temperatures are expected to produce more extreme storm events and
unpredictability in the monsoon precipitation (Kumar et al., 2006). The future monsoon is
also expected to be strongly impacted by anthropogenic processes, including agricultural
intensification and aerosol emissions (Bollasina et al., 2011; Niyogi et al., 2010; Sinha et
al., 2015; Vrese et al., 2016). With over 40% of the world’s population reliant on this
rainfall, the social and economic ramifications of dry periods are potentially devastating
(Gadgil et al., 2004).
1.4 Geological Setting
The Tibetan Plateau (77°E to 105°E and 25°N to 40°N) encompasses the Tibetan
Autonomous Region and the southern edge of Qinghai province in southwest China along
with areas within Nepal and northern India. The plateau itself has a mean elevation
greater than 5,000 m (ASL) and includes an area of approximately 2,500,000 km2
(Harris, 2006; Liu et al., 2000). Commonly called the Roof of the World, the plateau is
highly mountainous and has steep surficial relief. The plateau is bordered by the Inner
Himalayan Range to the south, the Kunlun Range to the north, and Qilian Range to the

10

northeast. This region was formed through orogenic processes resulting from a
continental collision (convergent boundary) between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian
plates that began approximately 50 Mya (Yin and Harrison, 2000; Zhiseheng et al.,
2001). Terrestrial and marine sediment analyses have shown that the Asian monsoons
developed in phase with uplift of the plateau (Zhiseheng et al., 2001).
Modern dominant geomorphic processes revolve around glaciers, fluvial systems,
and mass movements. The Tibetan Plateau is often referred to as the Third Pole
Environment due to its high concentration of glaciers and ice caps (Xu et al., 2008).
Glacial melt and snowmelt in the spring and early summer are a critical part of the
region’s hydroclimate by providing base flow to rivers (Yao et al., 2007). Fluvial systems
in the region move a massive volume of sediment and dissolved materials with rivers
from this region are responsible for over a quarter of all dissolved matter deposited to the
oceans (Palmer and Edmond, 1992). These morphological processes may be impacted by
future climate conditions, with reduced glaciation and more intense rainfall which will
affect fluvial systems and mass movements.
1.5 Records of Holocene ISM Intensity
Existing Holocene climate records for the summer monsoon have been developed
from ice cores, speleothems, and lake and bog sediments (Dykoski et al., 2005;
Herzschuh et al., 2009; Liu et al., 1998; Mügler et al., 2008; Shao et al., 2010; Shi et al.,
2001; Yanhong et al., 2006). Predicting how continued greenhouse gas emission induced
warming will impact rainfall from the ISM requires high frequency resolved climate
records. However, the majority of these proxies are at a low-resolution, often on
centennial or millennial timescales, which can overlook climate variability on shorter
time scales that are more relevant to human communities. Only three long-term records
from the region were resolved at a decadal level: Mawmluh Cave (Berkelhammer et al.,
2012), Tianmen Cave (Cai et al., 2012), and Nam Co (Zhu et al., 2008). An important
consideration in the study of the ISM throughout the Holocene is how the monsoon
rainfall and lake level has varied spatially. There is not a cohesive understanding of
whether or not the monsoon extent has varied extensively during the Holocene and, if so,

11

what drives the spatial extent. That is why assessment of paleoclimate records in
southeastern Tibet can provide more information on spatial trends.
Most studies of Holocene climate divide the period into the early (11 – 6.5 ka),
middle (6.5 – 2.5 ka), and late (2.5 ka – present) Holocene for their interpretations, with
most studies focusing on either the early or late Holocene. The early Holocene was
characterized by a strong monsoon, with higher rainfall interpreted in lake, ice, and cave
records (Campo and Gasse, 1993; Chen et al., 2014; Djamali et al., 2010; Seki et al.,
2009). The Holocene Climate Optimum (10.5-6.5 ka) was a period marked with wet and
warm conditions across South Asia, with a strong Indian summer and East Asian
monsoon (Seki et al., 2009). The middle Holocene was more varied, with most studies
agreeing that the monsoon started to weaken during this period (Campo and Gasse, 1993;
Chen et al., 2014; Djamali et al., 2010). Many studies of forcings for the changing
monsoon in the early and middle Holocene focus on changes in solar insolation and the
migration of the ITCZ (Bird et al., 2014; Cai et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2014; Fleitmann et
al., 2007). Decreasing levels of solar insolation over the Holocene coincides with
millennial scale decreases in monsoon intensity (Bird et al., 2014; Cai et al., 2012;
Fleitmann et al., 2007). One record from the Chinese Loess Plateau suggests a connection
between Bond Events in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and dry conditions on the
plateau (Porter and Weijian, 2006), but there is not widespread agreement on this
hypothesis between records. The ITCZ is also considered to play a role in the strength of
the monsoon, with studies suggesting that a northern ITCZ coincided with stronger
monsoon rainfalls in the early Holocene (Chen et al., 2014; Fleitmann et al., 2007). The
ITCZ migrated further south during the middle Holocene at the same time as declines in
solar insolation, however it is difficult to distinguish which driver played a more
significant role in the weakening of the monsoon during this time period.
Specific records vary on when the monsoon weakened during the middle
Holocene with dates ranging from 5 – 3 ka (Bird et al., 2014; Cai et al., 2012; Herzschuh
et al., 2006; Hong et al., 2003; Xuefeng et al., 2006; Yanhong et al., 2006; Zhu et al.,
2008). There are two conflicting hypotheses about how the transition between a strong
and weak monsoon occurred. The first hypothesis is that there was an abrupt decrease in
monsoon rainfall that occurred sometime between 5 – 4.5 ka (Morrill et al., 2003). The

12

second, more prominent, hypothesis is that the monsoon weakened gradually
simultaneous with decreasing solar insolation (Dykoski et al., 2005; Fleitmann et al.,
2003; Gupta et al., 2003; Ivanochko et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2005). Hiatuses in some
records, such as the speleothems in Mawmluh Cave around ~3.8 ka and Qunf Cave
around ~2.7 ka, suggest dry conditions with insufficient moisture to continue carbonate
deposition (Berkelhammer et al., 2012; Fleitmann et al., 2003). The timing of the
transition to a drier climate and weaker monsoon varies between sites which may also
reflect a spatial influence on the distribution of ISM moisture. One study in the near-east
demonstrated that the decline of the monsoon during the middle Holocene led to major
forest cover changes, which might have indicated a reduction in the influence of the
monsoon on that area (Djamali et al., 2010).
The late Holocene ISM has generally been described as weak, due to lower solar
insolation and a more southerly ITCZ (Chen et al., 2014). High-resolution records for the
ISM during the late Holocene are less prevalent than those for the early Holocene, due to
insufficient material with many hiatuses present in paleoclimate record (Berkelhammer et
al., 2012; Fleitmann et al., 2003). A key driver for variability throughout the Holocene,
particularly the late Holocene, is the connection between Indian-Pacific Ocean SSTs and
the ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) system. El Niño conditions reduce ISM
strength and La Niña conditions result in stronger monsoons, relationships that have been
established in other published records (Cook et al., 2010; Thompson, 2000). The
Dasoupu ice core made strong correlations between drought conditions, indicated by
increased dust and chloride concentrations, and El Niño events in the late Holocene
(1790-1796 AD, 1876-1877 AD; Thompson, 2000). In another study, Cook et al. (2010)
identified large droughts, megadroughts, from tree rings with several events correlating
with El Niños (1790-1796 AD, 1876-1877 AD, 1918-1919 AD). The effects of the ENSO
system are moderated by the distribution of Indian and Pacific Ocean SSTs (Cook et al.,
2010). The Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and the Little Ice Age (LIA) were two
major climate events during the late Holocene that have been found in numerous
Northern Hemisphere paleoclimate records, with the MCA being a period of anomalous
warmth and increased precipitation and the LIA being a period of colder temperatures
and reduced precipitation (Mann et al., 2009). Records from the ISM region have not

13

shown the same relationships between precipitation and the MCA and LIA as other
Northern Hemisphere records, emphasizing a need to further understand how these events
influenced monsoon intensity (Bird et al., 2017; Sinha et al., 2006; Sinha et al., 2015;
Zhang et al., 2008). The modern late Holocene was also characterized by the
industrialization-induced warming period that is exhibited in paleoclimate records
including ice cores and lake sediments (Thompson, 2000; Wang et al., 2011). Some
records have also shown that the 20th century warming period is also connected to a
weaker monsoon, with lower lake levels and more frequent droughts (Cook et al., 2010;
Wang et al., 2011).
The MCA was marked by warmer temperatures (positive temperature anomalies)
with persistent La Niña conditions in the tropical Pacific (Mann et al., 2009), however
some modeling has contradicted this observation (González-Rouco et al., 2011).
Warming was estimated to have exceeded early-20th century warming across the
Northern Hemisphere including the North Atlantic, the Eurasian Arctic, Northern Africa,
and North America (Goosse et al., 2012; Mann et al., 2009). Theoretical modeling of the
temperature increases in MCA have suggested an integrated forcing with weak increases
in solar radiation producing altered atmospheric-ocean circulations including northern
migration of the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio currents (Goosse et al., 2012; Servonnat et al.,
2010). The LIA is characterized by cooling across the Northern Hemisphere, but isolated
warming in some areas in North America and Eurasia (Mann et al., 2009). Theorized
forcing for the LIA are reduced solar radiation and increased atmospheric volcanic
aerosols (Servonnat et al., 2010; Yan et al., 2015). How the Asian monsoons responded
to these events is not fully understood. Select records suggest that the MCA may have
resulted in a slight increase in ISM precipitation, which may be attributed to the La Niña
state in the Pacific, and a weak response to the LIA (Bird et al., 2017; Sinha et al., 2015),
which may have coincided with a southern migration and contraction of the ITCZ (Yan et
al., 2015).
Many paleoclimate records of the ISM emphasize millennial trends in
hydroclimate, but finer resolution records have demonstrated that there are centennial and
decadal-scale variabilities that are superimposed onto the long-term trends.
Sedimentology at Paru Co, for example, demonstrated that during the strong monsoon in

14

the early Holocene, there were five distinct high and low lake stands (Bird et al., 2014).
These events, described on centennial time scales, are an important indication that
broader, millennial trends miss finer variability in monsoon rainfall. Other records have
also demonstrated that greater rainfall variability exists through the Holocene, but is
superimposed on the long-term trends (Fleitmann et al., 2007). Finer resolution records
are also crucial in understanding how the hydroclimate system responds to specific
events, such as the MCA and LIA (Bird et al., 2017).
1.6 Research Questions & Site Selection
In this dissertation, I address some of this uncertainty of Holocene ISM
expression by providing new, high-resolution lake sediment records from the southern
Tibetan Plateau (TP), where precipitation is predominately from the ISM (Tian et al.,
2001). Three small lakes were sampled along an east-west transect across the
southeastern to south-central TP: Galang Co, Nir’Pa Co, and Cuobu. All three lakes have
relatively small watersheds that showed no evidence of recent glaciation or humandisturbance, reducing non-climatic watershed influences on the sediment records. The
plant communities at each site are dependent on monsoon precipitation during their
growing season, allowing for the use of leaf-wax n-alkane proxies for assessing hydrogen
isotopes. Both Cuobu and Nir’Pa Co are high-elevation lakes that were selected for
understanding higher, temporal variability in local and synoptic hydroclimate variability
in the south-central and southeastern TP respectively. Galang Co is a relatively lowelevation lake in a heavily vegetated watershed, selected to determine whether ISM
expression is consistent between high and low elevation sites.
Sediment cores from these three lakes are used to address the primary objectives
of this project which include understanding 1) long-term ISM variability throughout the
Holocene and what time-scales are appropriate for understanding hydroclimate
variability, 2) timing of transitions between stronger and weaker monsoon conditions
during the middle Holocene, and 3) how the ISM has responded to specific climatic
events, such as the MCA and LIA. Each record consists of proxies that demonstrate
changes in precipitation, lake levels, and watershed conditions throughout the Holocene
(11.7 ka – present). These proxies were selected to address the primary objectives of this

15

project, as described earlier, and to test my hypotheses. With current climate models
predicting an increase in droughts and delayed onset of the monsoon season, the
reliability of the ISM for water during the growing season in this region is under threat.
This project improves future climate modeling of the region by providing multiple
decadally-resolved records of lake levels and precipitation across the eastern plateau
during the past 10,000 years. Expanding the knowledge of the ISM region’s climate
history is crucial for understanding how the monsoon may vary in the future and how
those variabilities might impact the human communities dependent on that system.
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2. RECONSTRUCTING LATE HOLOCENE HYDROCLIMATE VARIABILITY
USING SHORT AND LONG CHAIN n-ALKANE HYDROGEN ISOTOPES, NIR’PA
CO TIBET
2.1 Introduction
The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is the primary precipitation source for the
Tibetan Plateau and the adjacent region, which is referred to as the Third Pole
Environment (Qui, 2008). Paleoclimate records from this region generally agree that ISM
precipitation declined throughout the Holocene after having reached a broad maximum
during the early Holocene (11.7 – 7 ka; Berkelhammer et al., 2012; Bird et al., 2014).
Between 7 and 5 ka, the ISM weakened, reaching a minimum during the late Holocene
around 3.5 ka. The late Holocene (3.5 ka to modern) has been described as an arid period
relative to the early Holocene, with reduced monsoon precipitation and hiatuses in some
archives (i.e., Berkelhammer et al., 2012; Fleitmann et al., 2003). The Medieval Climate
Anomaly (MCA: 950-1250 AD) and the Little Ice Age (LIA: 1275-1700 AD) are two
events during the late Holocene that produced temperature and precipitation anomalies
across the northern hemisphere with the onset of these events attributed to volcanic
aerosols, sea ice temperature feedbacks, and solar radiation (González-Rouco et al., 2011;
Mann et al., 2009; Miller et al., 2012; Polissar et al., 2006). As a result, the
spatiotemporal expression of late Holocene climate events, including the MCA and the
LIA, are not as well represented in the paleoclimate record as other early and middle
Holocene events. There are questions about whether the MCA or LIA had an impact on
ISM precipitation and the extent of that impact, due to limited records from this period on
the Tibetan Plateau.
Previous results from Nir’Pa Co, a small alpine lake on the southeastern Tibetan
Plateau, suggested that hydroclimate in this region and the ISM more broadly was driven
by Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs), with warmer air temperatures on the Tibetan
Plateau corresponding to warmer western Pacific SSTs and greater ISM intensity, with
most of the late Holocene characterized by pronounced drought between 2.3 and 1.3 ka,
evidenced by high sand content indicating shallow lake conditions, which is bracketed by
wetter intervals (Bird et al., 2017). Higher silt and sand during the MCA and LIA

27

respectively both suggest that the monsoon was relatively stronger and weaker during
these events, but is superimposed on a broader trend towards a stronger monsoon from
1.2 to 0.2 ka. The sedimentology record suggests that the MCA and LIA were minor
hydroclimatic events compared to the drought between 2.3 and 1.3 ka (Bird et al., 2017).
This period was characterized with a decrease in lithics and an increase in sand
suggesting shallow lake conditions and reduce monsoon rainfall. These drought
conditions corresponded with colder temperatures (Herzschuh et al., 2006) and drier
conditions at other sites in the Tibetan Plateau (Gu et al., 1993) and was attributed to an
El-Niño state in the Pacific.
Climate forcings that contributed to the weaker monsoon during the late Holocene
has also been attributed to the southward migration of the intertropical convergence zone
(ITCZ), reduced solar radiation, and a shift towards El Niño-like conditions characterized
by anomalous warming in the eastern Pacific and cooling in the western Pacific (Bird et
al., 2017; Fleitmann et al., 2003). The MCA and LIA events, which were driven by
volcanic aerosols, sea ice temperature feedbacks, and solar radiation (González-Rouco et
al., 2011; Mann et al., 2009; Miller et al., 2012; Polissar et al., 2006), produced La Niña
conditions (anti-phase of the El Niño) during the MCA while El Niño conditions
characterized the LIA (Mann et al., 2009). An El Niño-state in the Pacific has also been
attributed to a weaker monsoon from 2.3 and 1.3 ka when drought conditions were
evident at Nir’Pa Co (Bird et al., 2017). Yet questions remain about ISM fluctuations
during the late Holocene and the role of larger climate drivers of monsoon expression.
One point of contention is when the strong relationship between the ISM and the El
Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was established, with some records suggesting that
the relationship between ISM precipitation and Indo-Pacific SSTs developed around the
middle of the Holocene when the ITCZ shifted southwards (Bird et al., 2017; Bird et al.,
2014). Another question is how ENSO conditions were expressed during the MCA and
LIA and what role this played on the strength of ISM precipitation on the Tibetan
Plateau. New hydroclimate records spanning the late Holocene from the Tibetan Plateau
are needed to address these questions.
To assess ISM precipitation variability during the late Holocene, this study uses a
multi-proxy approach that integrates hydrogen isotopes (2H) of long- and short-chain n-

28

alkanes from sedimentary aquatic and terrestrial and leaf waxes with previously
published geochemical and sedimentological data from Nir’pa Co (Bird et al., 2014;
Mügler et al., 2008; Polissar and D'Andrea, 2014). The short-chain n-alkanes were
specifically used to investigate the isotopic variability of Nir’pa Co’s lake water, which
incorporates isotopic variability associated with ISM precipitation and the local
precipitation:evaporation (P:E) balance, while long-chain n-alkane 2H variability was
used to investigate synoptic scale ISM variability. By subtracting long- and short-chain nalkane 2H values from each other, I additionally derived an independent record of local
P/E variability. When integrated with the previously published geochemical and
sedimentological results, these new biogeochemical data provide a more robust and
comprehensive perspective of late Holocene ISM variability at local and synoptic scales
and their interrelationships. The 3.4 ka record of the isotopic composition of short vs.
long-chain n-alkanes from Nir’Pa Co is compared with paleoclimate archives from
around the Third Pole Environment and the broader Pacific region. This study addresses
1) how the monsoon at Nir’Pa Co is expressed across the late Holocene with an emphasis
on the response to the weak monsoon from 2.2 to 1.2 ka as well as the MCA and LIA, 2)
whether the isotopic expression of the monsoon at Nir’Pa Co agrees with the
sedimentology record, and 3) whether monsoon expression is driven by SSTs in the IndoPacific.
2.2 Study Area
Nir’pa Co is a small (0.1 km2), high elevation (4775 m a.s.l) alpine lake in the
Nyainqêntanglha Mountains on southeastern Tibet (29.734° N, 92.386° E; Fig. 2.1). The
lake has an ephemeral inlet on the northwestern shore with a small outflow on the
southwestern shore. The lake’s bathymetry consists of a deep central basin (max. water
depth = 15 m) and shallow shelves (water depth = ~1 m) on the northwestern and
southeastern edges of the lake near the inlet and outlet, respectively (Fig. 2.3). With an
ephemeral outlet, the lake is highly sensitive to evaporation as a closed lake system. The
lake vegetation includes macrophytes, such as algae and grasses, in the shallow shelf
while the deep basin is unvegetated. The surrounding watershed is sparsely vegetated

29

with C3 and C4 small flowering plants and mosses during the summer season, but
vegetation is dormant during the cold winters.
Nir’pa Co’s watershed consists of steep mountains (5120 m a.s.l.) and a narrow
(1.5 km), glacially carved u-shaped valley (4815 a.s.l.) that extends for over 5 km (Fig.
2.2). The lake is positioned at the southeastern end of the valley and is dammed by a
terminal moraine. The regional geomorphology is dominated by past glacial activity, but
glaciers have been absent for the duration of the Holocene (Li et al., 1991). The regional
climate is dominated by the ISM which accounts for 96% of total annual precipitation
(total annual precipitation: 514 mm; May-September precipitation: 495 mm) with
moderate summers and cold winters (mean annual temperature: 9.6°C; monthly average
temperature range: 0.6-17.3°C; Fig. 2.4). Ice cover is present during the winter months
(December-February), preventing evaporation during this time. Precipitation and
temperature data were collected from the Lhasa station (Lhasa: 3650 m a.s.l.; 120 km
from Nir’Pa Co; 29.667° N, 91.133° E).
2.3 Methods
2.3.1 Sample Collection
A 90-cm surface core (A-11) was collected in May 2011 from the deepest part of
the Nir’pa Co’s basin (water depth = 17.5 m) using an Aquatic Research hammer corer.
Two additional cores, A-15 and B-15, were collected in June 2015 using a piston surface
corer. Representative samples of the terrestrial and aquatic vegetation communities were
collected from within the lake and around its immediate watershed in June 2015.
2.3.2 Chronology
An age model for Nir’Pa Co A-11 was produced using a combination of 210Pb,
137

Cs, and 14C (Bird et al., 2017). Ten samples from the top portion of the core underwent

direct gamma counting to measure 210Pb, 214Pb, and 137Cs (Appleby and Oldfield, 1978).
Two radiocarbon (14C) dates were measured using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)
at the Keck AMS Laboratory, University of California Irvine. Both samples consisted of
charcoal fragments that were collected from a wet sieve at 63 um, manually cleaned, and

30

chemically pretreated with an acid-base-acid wash using 1 N HCl and 1 N NaOH
(Olsson, 1986). Radiocarbon dates were calibrated using the IntCal 0.914c data set with
the CALIB 6.0 program (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993). All dates for this core are reported
as median probability age and 2σ error in calendar years before present (BP; 0 = 1950
CE).
2.3.3 Lipid Extraction & 2H Analysis
Forty-two samples from the A-11 core were analyzed for n-alkane hydrogen
(2H) isotopes at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Organic Geochemistry Lab,
Columbia University. Sediment samples were dried and homogenized before undergoing
total lipid extraction (TLE) using a 9:1 dichloromethane to methanol solvent on a Dionex
ASE-350. The TLE then underwent separation on a silica column (70-230 mesh, 60A)
with hexane solvent to isolate the aliphatic fraction. The aliphatic fraction underwent
silver nitrate column (10 % AgNO3) chromatography separation with hexane as a solvent
to isolate n-alkanes.
The distributions and concentrations of n-alkanes in each sample were determined
using an Agilent Technologies 7890A gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCMS).
Short chain n-alkanes (nC23) are produced by both submerged and emergent aquatic
macrophytes (Ficken et al., 2000; Seki et al., 2009) while long chain n-alkanes (nC29 and
nC31) are produced by terrestrial vascular plants (Meyers, 2003). Intermediate n-alkanes
(nC25 and nC27) can reflect a mixture of aquatic and terrestrial vegetation sources, but
are also produced by aquatic (nC25) and terrestrial vascular (nC27) vegetation.
Several indices were used to assess the sources and distributions of n-alkanes. The
average chain length (ACL) and carbon preference index (CPI) were calculated to assess
changes in the distribution of n-alkanes (Diefendorf et al., 2015; Marzi et al., 1993).
Higher ACL and CPI values indicate terrestrial vegetation inputs in lake sediments while
lower values are indicative of aquatic vegetation (Mügler et al., 2008). The aquatic
vegetation index (Paq) was calculated to assess the concentration of low and mid-chain nalkanes (aquatic inputs) versus longer chains (terrestrial inputs; Ficken et al., 2000).
Higher Paq index values indicate greater aquatic productivity (Ficken et al., 2000; Seki et
al., 2009).

31

25 𝐶25
ACL

𝐶𝑃𝐼

27 𝐶27

𝐶25

29 𝐶29
31 𝐶31
33 𝐶33
37 𝐶37
𝐶29
𝐶31
𝐶33
𝐶35

𝐶27

𝐶23
𝐶25
2 𝑋 C24

𝑃𝑎𝑞

𝐶25
𝐶27
C26

35 𝐶35
𝐶37

𝐶27
𝐶29
𝐶31
𝐶33
𝐶35
𝐶29
𝐶31
𝐶33
𝐶35
𝐶37
C28
C30
C32
C34
C36

𝐶23

𝐶23
𝐶25

𝐶25
𝐶29

𝐶31

2H n-alkane isotopic measurements were made using a Thermo Scientific Trace
Ultra GCMS (GC column: 30m, 0.25mm, 14.2 psi, 60°C) and Delta V Plus IRMS
(isotope ratio mass spectrometer). Both an isotopic (Mix A7) and a lab standard were run
with replicate sample injections. Reported values are reported in standard delta notation
with per mil (‰) units relative to the VSMOW (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water)
scale after being corrected using MATLAB. Isotopic variability between replicate
measurements ranged between 2.9-3.4% (Polissar and D'Andrea, 2014).
2.3.4 Effective Moisture
nC23 is derived from aquatic plants, which incorporate hydrogen atoms directly
from lake water, thereby reflecting its isotopic composition, but with some degree of
offset (Mügler et al., 2008; Seki et al., 2009). nC31 is derived from terrestrial plants,
which incorporate hydrogen atoms from soil water that is derived directly from
precipitation (Xia et al., 2008). The δ2H for nC31 therefore reflects variations in the
isotopic composition of precipitation, while δ2H for nC23 reflects changes in lake water
isotopic compositions that incorporate evaporation and changes in lake volume as well as
changes in the isotopic composition of the precipitation that fed the lake. The large
difference in hydrogen isotope values between terrestrial (nC31) and aquatic vegetation
(nC23) is driven by the enrichment of δ2H in lake water due to high evaporation of the
system (Guenther et al., 2013) and fractionation during biosynthesis, with aquatic plants
exhibiting a large, negative fractionation (Mügler et al., 2008). The subtraction of

32

normalized isotopic measurements of nC31 from nC23 hence removes isotopic variability
in the lake water δ2H attributable to changes in precipitation δ2H and those factors that
influence it (moisture source, distance from source, temperature, etc.), thereby providing
an estimation the ratio of precipitation to evaporation (Mügler et al., 2008). Higher
Δδ2HC23-C31 values indicate greater evaporation relative to precipitation and vice versa for
lower values.
2.4 Results
2.4.1 Sedimentology
The sedimentology of the A-11 core consisted of homogenous, fine grained
sediments that were reddish-brown with slightly darker bands around 30 and 60 cm.
Organic fragments including charcoal and grass were dispersed throughout the core (Bird
et al., 2017).
2.4.2 Short vs. Long-chain n-alkanes
Concentrations of n-alkanes varied significantly between the modern sediments
and the early part of the record (~3.4 ka; Fig. 2.5 and Table 2.1). The full dataset is in
Appendix 1, Table A 1.1. Throughout the record, short chain leaf waxes were more
abundant (nC23-nC25: 1.07 – 1.36 x 108 ng/100 μl) than long chain alkanes in the record
(nC27-nC31: 9.04x107 – 1.0x108 ng/100 μl). Noticeably n-alkanes were higher during the
MCA (950-1250 AD) and decreased during the LIA (1275-1700 AD).
ACL values ranged between 27.9 and 28.66 while CPI values ranged from 4.05 to
4.55 over the last 3.4 ka (Fig. 2.5F-G). Both the ACL and CPI were consistently low
between 3.4-2.25 ka (average: ACL: 28.2, CPI: 4.2) and increased from 2.25-1.25 ka
(average: ACL: 28.3, CPI: 4.3). ACL decreased sharply at the beginning of the LIA
(~610 BP; ACL: 27.9).
Paq ranged between 0.41 and 0.53, which shows that the contribution of aquatic
vegetation was high for most of the sediment record, but peaked at the beginning of the
LIA (~610 BP; Paq = 0.53; Fig. 2.5G). Aquatic vegetation steadily decreased after that
peak and has remained lower in the modern sediments (300 yrs. BP to present).

33

2.4.3 Leaf Wax δ2H
Hydrogen isotopic measurements (δ2H) for C23, C25, C27, C29, and C31 nalkanes extracted from the Nir’Pa Co sediments ranged from -287‰ to -237‰ for the
last 3.4 ka (Fig. 2.6: A-E). δ2H shows high variability throughout the record for all chain
lengths. All n-alkanes were higher at the beginning of the record (nC23-nC31: -270.5‰
to -247.2‰) and subsequently decreased by 6 to 8.6‰. δ2H remained lower until ~2750
BP when δ2H for all n-alkanes increased with nC23 and nC25 showing the greatest
enrichment (5.3 and 6.7‰, respectively). Isotope values plateaued until they decreased
again during the MCA with the lowest values occurring at the beginning of the LIA (620
BP: -280 to -253‰). The isotopic responses during the LIA were lower. Modern n-alkane
sediment δ2H values are highest, with values ranging between -267.4 to -243.5‰ (300
yrs. BP to present).
2.4.4 Effective Moisture
Δδ2HC23-C31 represents the hydrogen isotopic difference between nC23 and nC31
n-alkanes (Fig. 2.6F). Δδ2HC23-C31 ranged between -7.7 to 5.6‰ with high variability
throughout the record. Δδ2HC23-C31 was positive between 3 and 1.2 ka and in the modern
part of the record. Δδ2HC23-C31 was negative in the earliest part of the record from 3.3 and
3 ka and between 1 ka and 250 BP, which includes the MCA and LIA, with the lowest
Δδ2HC23-C31 values at 600 BP (-7.7%).
2.5 Discussion
2.5.1 Localized Hydroclimate at Nir’Pa Co
The previously published geochemical and sedimentological results from Nir’Pa
Co suggested relatively wet conditions between 3.4 and 2.4 ka, an abrupt transition into
and out of a pronounced dry interval at 2.4 and 1.3 ka, respectively, and a return to
relatively wet conditions from 1.2 ka to the present (Bird et al., 2017). The new 2H
results from Nir’Pa Co support this interpretation, but provide important additional
information about the nature of local hydroclimate conditions and its relationship with

34

synoptic-scale ISM variability during the late Holocene. Here, I use the Δδ2HC23-C31 time
series as an indicator of local hydroclimate conditions at Nir’Pa Co and compare it with
established lithics and percent sand time series from the lake. The Nir’Pa Co record
indicates that the ISM varied significantly over the late Holocene, transitioning between
strong and weak phases that influenced the local hydroclimate as inferred by δ2H
measurements and Δδ2HC23-C31. Local hydroclimate conditions are indicated by shortchain n-alkanes and Δδ2HC23-C31 while synoptic hydroclimate is inferred by long-chain nalkanes. At Nir’Pa Co δ2HC23, which incorporates both monsoon intensity and
evaporation from lake water, is used to infer local hydroclimate while Δδ2HC23-C31
represents the hydrologic balance between precipitation and evaporation. The δ2H record
is compared with the sedimentology record at Nir’Pa Co (Bird et al., 2017), with high
sand content inferred as low lake level, attributed to the increased proximity of the core
site to the littoral zone of the lake. While the modern monsoon is relatively weaker than
at any other point in the Holocene, with enriched δ2HC23 and high terrestrial vegetation
inputs, there are two earlier periods that show significant variability in the local
hydroclimate record at Nir’Pa Co: the LIA and 2.4 to 1.3 ka, with the former
characterized as a relatively strong monsoon and the latter as weak monsoon (Fig. 2.7).
The event between 2.4 to 1.3 ka showed an extended significant impact on
hydroclimate at Nir’Pa Co. During this period, Δδ2HC23-C31 values are high which
indicates higher evaporation at Nir’Pa Co. Low lake level conditions during this weak
monsoon period are indicated by high terrestrial vegetation inputs, exhibited with more
abundant longer-chain n-alkanes and low Paq values. Observations for increased %sand
during this period supports a low lake level interpretation and support the conclusion of
arid conditions at Nir’Pa Co from 2.4 to 1.3 ka. Comparing the lake level signal of
percent sand to the δ2HC23 and results, it is apparent that while the response of δ2H to
changes in monsoon intensity is gradual the transition from low to high sand content are
more abrupt. The sudden influx of sand could be an indication of the lake reaching a
threshold where the stand is low enough to expose the shelf on the northeastern edge of
the lake, with a minimum decrease of one meter in water level to expose the shelf.
Δδ2HC23-C31 decreases across the MCA suggesting that evaporation was declining
across this period. In contrast, the LIA (675-250 BP) showed significant variability in

35

δ2HC23 with the lowest values at the beginning of the LIA and an increase at the end of the
event. Evaporation was low throughout the LIA as indicated by Δδ2HC23-C31. More
abundant short-chain n-alkanes and high Paq values indicate that aquatic vegetation input
has been high at Nir’Pa Co for most of the late Holocene, but there is a significant
increase during the LIA which corresponds with the decrease in δ2HC23 (Fig. 2.7D). The
positive correlation between aquatic productivity and strong monsoon conditions could
be interpreted as a lake level signal with a deeper lake producing a greater area for
submerged and emergent plant habitat. Comparing with the sand record at Nir’Pa Co
(Fig. 2.7E; Bird et al., 2017), the MCA and LIA can be interpreted as a period with
highly fluctuating lake levels, with deeper lake conditions towards the beginning of the
LIA. The combined lake level and isotopic record suggest that there was little impact of
the MCA on local hydroclimate at Nir’Pa Co, while the LIA had a larger, but more
variable impact.
2.5.2 Local and Synoptic Hydroclimate Relationships at Nir’Pa Co
Long-chain n-alkane δ2H closely reflects the isotopic expression of precipitation
(Xia et al., 2008) and, therefore, is used to assess synoptic or regional scale expression of
the ISM. Monsoon intensities inferred by δ2HC31 exhibit the same broad trends as local
hydroclimate Δδ2HC23-C31 with wetter conditions at Nir’Pa Co from 3.4 to 2.4 ka and 1.3
ka to present. Synoptic ISM variability at Nir’Pa Co agrees with the weak monsoon
interpretation from 2.4 to 1.3 ka and is also evident in the local hydroclimate proxies with
high sand and terrestrial vegetation. The LIA is evident with a strong monsoon at the
beginning of the event around 610 BP in conjunction with low Δδ2HC23-C31 and high
aquatic vegetation. There is minimal evidence of any impact of the MCA on monsoon
intensity on a synoptic scale, although the increase in silt and lithics suggests a local
hydroclimate response with deeper lake conditions. The combination of local and
synoptic hydroclimate records at Nir’Pa Co indicate that the drought event from 2.4 to
1.3 ka was consistently expressed at local and synoptic scales, while the LIA showed a
small increase in monsoon strength while the MCA was not clearly expressed.

36

2.5.3 Regional Paleoclimate
Late Holocene records of ISM variability on the Tibetan Plateau are generally
coherent with the interpretation of hydroclimate variability at Nir’Pa Co. For example,
local hydroclimate at Paru Co, located only 7.5 km northwest of Nir’Pa Co, shows a
deeper lake from 3.4 to 2.5 ka and 1.3 ka to present, with an intermittent shallow lake
from 2.5 ka to 1.3 ka which corresponds with lake level interpretations at Nir’Pa Co (Fig.
2.7F-G; Bird et al., 2014). Lake level at Paru Co is inferred by percent sand and principal
component analysis of grain size data variability. Higher lake levels at Paru Co between
3.3 – 2.5 ka and 1.3 ka to present with an intermittent period of lower lake levels are
consistent with a deeper lake at Nir’Pa Co from 3.4 to 2.4 ka and 1.3 ka to present and a
shallow lake from 2.4 to 1.3 ka. Another lake on the Tibetan Plateau, Seling Co, 370 km
northwest of NPC, shows high 18O between 2.2 and 1.2 ka, suggesting increased
evaporation during this time that is consistent with the low stands at NPC and Paru Co
(Gasse et al., 1996; Gu et al., 1993). Like NPC and Paru Co, the Seling Co 18O record
also shows no significant departures during either the MCA or LIA, suggesting these
events minimally impacted local hydroclimate.
ISM precipitation on the plateau corresponds to shifts between cooler and warmer
air temperatures as evidenced by the Lake Zigetang pollen index record from the central
plateau, east of Seling Co (Herzschuh et al., 2006). The late Holocene was characterized
by a more alpine steppe biome with greater dominance of Cyperaceae and similar cold
hardy vegetation. This pattern was emphasized with a significant cooling between 2 and
1.5 ka that reflects the aridity evident in other plateau records. There is a paucity of highresolution temperature reconstructions from the Tibetan Plateau making it difficult to
assess evaporation rates especially during the winter months. The Lake Zigetang pollen
record corresponds to summer climate and can’t provide information about how winter
climate has varied throughout the late Holocene, with warmer winter temperatures
decreasing ice cover that could increase evaporation in the lake.
Synoptic variability in the ISM is indicated by leaf-wax n-alkane isotopic
variability at Paru Co (Fig. 2.7G). The broad trend of long-chain n-alkane δ2H (C27 and
C29) of Paru Co shows that synoptic monsoon response was weak between 2.3 and 1.2
ka and relatively strong during the MCA which coincides with the higher-resolution

37

δ2HC31 record at Nir’Pa Co. Synoptic record of ISM precipitation in the Dunde ice core in
the north-central Tibetan Plateau, shows a more consistent strong monsoon during the
MCA and LIA inferred by lower δ18O (Thompson et al., 2006). Comparing the synoptic
and local hydroclimate records across the Tibetan Plateau there is general agreement
between local and synoptic proxies with the exception of the stronger monsoon intensity
during the MCA and LIA in the Dunde ice core. A possible explanation for this
difference is that the Dunde ice core record is not influenced by any biosynthesis
fractionation compared to the leaf-wax n-alkane records at Nir’Pa Co and Paru Co.
2.5.4 Forcing Mechanisms
Evaluating the mechanisms that drove hydroclimate variability on the plateau
require the consideration of paleoclimate records from beyond the Tibetan Plateau (Fig.
2.8). The Dongge speleothem record in southeastern China is influenced mainly by the
East Asian Monsoon, but has also been theorized to be affected by the ISM due to its
location on the margins between the two systems (Fig. 2.8C; Dykoski et al., 2005).
Noticeably, Dongge Cave shows a much drier late Holocene with wetter conditions
during the modern with less variability than at Nir’Pa Co.
Qunf Cave in Southern Oman is an ISM record that is located at the furthest
western extent of the monsoon and the northern point of the ITCZ (Fig. 2.8D; Fleitmann
et al., 2003; Fleitmann et al., 2007). The isotopic record of precipitation is less variable
and drier than at Nir’Pa Co in the early part of the late Holocene with a steady decline in
precipitation across the Holocene which is inferred as the southward migration of the
ITCZ. Precipitation increases around the MCA and LIA before declining again. The long
hiatus at Qunf Cave between 2.7 and 1.4 ka is attributed to a significant decline in the
monsoon that halted deposition and agrees with reduced ISM precipitation on the plateau.
A Globigerina bulloides foraminifera record (Fig. 2.8E) from the Arabian Sea suggest
increased (decreased) upwelling in conjunction with higher (Battarbee et al., 2001)
monsoon precipitation on land (Gupta et al., 2003). Upwelling is inferred in that record as
an increase in wind strength from the monsoon, with upwelling remaining low for most
of the late Holocene, decreasing and remaining stagnant between 2.2 to 1 ka before
increasing during the MCA.

38

Marine and lake sediment records from the Pacific and Indian Oceans inferred to
represent El Nino-Southern Oscillation variability provide a possible explanation of how
sea surface temperatures and wind patterns drive monsoon rainfall across the plateau. The
sand record at El Junco Crater Lake, in the Galapagos Islands, has been argued to
indicate higher frequency of El Niño events ( Fig. 2.8F; Conroy et al., 2008). Deeper lake
level at El Junco defined by high sand influxes and lower C to N ratios occurred from 2
to 1.5 ka when the Asian monsoon was at its weakest points. A transition to El Niño
conditions during the late Holocene also coincided with a southward migration of the
ITCZ as evidenced in Qunf Cave (Fleitmann et al., 2003) and the Cariaco Basin (Haug et
al., 2001). Laguna Pallcacocha sedimentology record from the Ecuadorian Andes exhibits
higher frequency of El Niño conditions during the mid-late Holocene, but does not show
the same extreme response or temporal duration of these events as El Junco likely
influenced by its inland and higher elevation site ( Fig. 2.8G; Moy et al., 2002).
Eastern Pacific SSTs were estimated from the ratio of Mg to Ca from Globigerina
bulloides foraminifera collected in a sediment core near the Baja Peninsula of Mexico (
Fig. 2.8H; Marchitto et al., 2010). Warmer temperatures in the eastern Pacific are
indicative of an El Niño state while cooler temperatures indicate La Niña conditions,
resulting in higher and lower rainfall respectively on the western coast of North and
South America. The sparse record does suggest warmer conditions between 1.5 to 1 ka,
when the Asian monsoon was weaker. SSTs in the tropical western Pacific are interpreted
as cooler (warmer) temperatures indicate El Niño (La Niña) conditions ( Fig. 2.8I; Stott et
al., 2004). Surface waters were cooler for most of the late Holocene, with warmer
temperatures during the MCA suggesting La Niña conditions during this period. Indian
Ocean SSTs also indicate warmer temperatures between 2 and 1.2 ka and cooler
temperatures during the MCA and LIA indicating La Niña and El Niño conditions
respectively ( Fig. 2.8J; Tiwari et al., 2006). The increased prevalence of El Niño
conditions during the late Holocene has been attributed to declining solar insolation and
warmer ocean upwelling resulting in decreased ISM precipitation intensity (Marchitto et
al., 2010).

39

2.6 Conclusions
The leaf wax record at Nir’Pa Co demonstrates that there has been high variability
in the ISM throughout the late Holocene with a pronounced weakening of the monsoon
between 2.4 to 1.3 ka and a minimal hydroclimate response to the LIA. The modern
monsoon is at its weakest point in the Holocene evidenced by high terrestrial vegetation
inputs, enriched δ2H, and greater evaporation at Nir’Pa Co. Comparisons between the
isotopic record and grain size records at Nir’Pa Co show that the lake level response to
the ISM is more abrupt, suggesting a threshold for lake level changes. Weaker monsoon
intensity at Nir’Pa Co corresponds with an El Niño-state in the Pacific and Indian Oceans
as well as warmer temperatures on the plateau while stronger monsoon conditions reflect
a La Niña-state and cooler temperatures on the plateau. Comparisons with paleoclimate
records within the ISM extent and broader teleconnections shows that the period between
2.4 to 1.3 ka with weaker monsoon intensity was influenced by El Niño conditions in the
Pacific.

40

2.7 Tables
Table 2.1: Average concentration of n-alkanes in Nir’Pa Co sediments
TIME PERIOD

NC23

NC25

NC27

249 TO -67 BP

1.09x108

1.39 x108 9.69E+07 1.09 x108 1.28 x108

675 TO 250 BP

7.42 x107 9.52 x107 5.67 x107 5.33 x107 5.75 x107

1000 TO 700 BP

1.18 x108 1.58 x108 1.01 x108 1.02 x108 1.12 x108

1250 TO 1000 BP

1.16 x108 1.52 x108 1.02 x108 1.07 x108 1.15 x108

2250 TO 1250 BP

1.10 x108 1.39 x108 9.28 x107 9.51 x107 9.94 x107

3400 TO 2250 BP

1.07 x108 1.28 x108 8.83 x107 8.61 x107 8.52 x107

41

NC29

NC31

2.8 Figures

42
Figure 2.1. The location of Nir’Pa Co (NPC; red circle) in reference to other regional climate records. Lake sediment archives
including El Junico (EJ), Lake Zigetang (LZ), Pallcacocha (PA), Paru Co (PC), and Selin Co (SC) are represented with circles. Cave
records from Dongge Cave (DC) and Qunf Cave (QC) are represented with squares. The Dunde ice core (DU) is represented with a
triangle. Marine sediment cores from the Arabian Sea (AS), Eastern Pacific (EP), and the Western Pacific (WP) are represented with
stars. The Lhasa weather station (LH) is marked with an open circle.

Figure 2.2. The Nir’Pa Co watershed and surrounding area with the lake at the end of a 5
km long glacially carved valley.

43

Figure 2.3. Bathymetric map of Nir’Pa Co with 2 m contour intervals. The respective
core sites for A-11, A-15, and B-15 are designated with red circles. Location of the inlet
and outlet to the lake are marked with the location of the moraine that terminates the
watershed.

44

45
Figure 2.4. Monthly total precipitation (mm ± s.d.) and average temperature (°C ± s.d.) at the Lhasa weather station. The monsoon
season (May-September) is marked with a shaded gray background.

46
Figure 2.5. Total concentration of extracted long-chain C23 – C31 n-alkanes from sediment samples (ng/100 μL; A- E). Terrestrial
lipid distribution as indicated with the Carbon Preference Index (CPI; F), Average Chain Length (ACL; G), and the aquatic vegetation
index (Paq, H). Vertical black lines indicate the average value. The LIA and MCA time periods are marked with light blue and dark
blue backgrounds (indicating wetter conditions) while 2250-1250 BP is marked with red background (indicating drier conditions).

47
Figure 2.6. Leaf wax δ2H (‰ VSMOW) ±1 σ s.e.m. for C23 (A), C25 (B), C27 (C), C29 (D), and C31 I n-alkanes. ΔδC23-C31 shows
the variation between isotopic values between nC23 and nC31 (F). A more positive Δδ value indicates higher evaporation while a
more negative Δδ indicates lower evaporation. Vertical black lines indicate average values. The LIA and MCA time periods are
marked with light blue and dark blue backgrounds (indicating wetter conditions) while 2250-1250 BP is marked with red background
(indicating drier conditions).

48
Figure 2.7. Nir’Pa Co δ2H nC23 (‰; A), δ2H nC31 (‰; B), ΔδC23-C31 (‰; C), Paq (D), and sand grain size (%, E). Compared with
local climate records from Paru Co sand (%; F), principal components (G), δ2H for nC27 and nC29 (‰; H), Seling Co δ18O (‰; I),
Lake Zigetang pollen index (J), and Dunde ice core δ18O (‰; K). Vertical black lines indicate the average value for each proxy. The
LIA and MCA time periods are marked with light blue and dark blue backgrounds (indicating wetter conditions) while 2250-1250 BP
is marked with red background (indicating drier conditions).

49
Figure 2.8. Comparison of Nir’Pa Co δ2H nC31 (‰; A) and ΔδC23-C31 (B) data with regional monsoon records and global forcing.
Regional monsoon records include Dongge Cave δ18O (‰; C), Qunf Cave δ18O (‰; D), and Arabian Sea marine core δ18O (‰; E).
Pacific records include El Junico sand grain size (%, F), Pallcacocha red sediment color intensity (G), Eastern (H) and Western Pacific
(I) and Indian Ocean (J) SSTs (Sea Surface Temperatures °C). Vertical black lines indicate the average value for each proxy. The LIA
and MCA time periods are marked with light blue and dark blue backgrounds (indicating wetter conditions) while 2250-1250 BP is
marked with red background (indicating drier conditions).

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variation on the Tibetan Plateau since the past 12 000 years: geochemistry
evidence from lake sediments in Selin Co. Chinese Science Bulletin 38, 61-64.
Guenther, F., Aichner, B., Siegwolf, R., Xu, B., Yao, T. and Gleixner, G. 2013. A
synthesis of hydrogen isotope variability and its hydrological significance at the
Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary International 313-314, 3-16.
Gupta, A., Anderson, D. and Overpeck, J. 2003. Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest
monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature
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Migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone Through the Holocene. Science
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Li, B., Li, J. and Cui, Z. 1991. Quaternary glacial distribution map of Qinghai-Xizang
(Tibet) Plateau 1:3,000,000. Shi, Y. (ed), Quaternary Glacier and Environment
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Mann, M., Zhang, Z., Rutherford, S., Bradley, R., Hughes, M., Shindell, D., Ammann,
C., Faluvegi, G. and Ni, F. 2009. Global signatures and dynamical origins of the
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M.M., Bailey, D.A., Refsnider, K.A., Lehman, S.J., Southon, J.R., Anderson, C.,
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3. HOLOCENE INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON INTENSITY OVER THE SOUTHCENTRAL TIBETAN PLATEAU INFERRED FROM SEDIMENTOLOGY
AND LEAF-WAX n-ALKANE HYDROGEN ISOTOPES
3.1 Introduction
The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is the primary climatic system that delivers
moisture to the Tibetan Plateau, accounting for more than 90% of annual precipitation for
eastern and central Tibet (Tian et al., 2007). Assessing long-term and abrupt ISM
variability on the Tibetan Plateau is critical because of this region’s role as a water tower
for much of South Asia; several of the largest rivers in South Asia have headwaters on
the plateau that are reliant on stored monsoonal precipitation in the form of groundwater
and glacial melt for baseflow. Model simulations suggest that these water resources are
threatened by climate change (Kumar et al., 2006; Li et al., 2017; Sharmila et al., 2015),
with projections of warmer air and sea surface temperatures, decreasing land-sea
temperature gradients, a driving mechanism behind ocean-atmosphere circulation and the
ISM. Understanding how these ocean-atmosphere circulation changes will impact the
ISM is crucial, as the reliance on seasonal monsoon precipitation will increase as glaciers
disappear from the landscape (Qui, 2008). Because instrumental records for the region
are short (1930s to present) and spatially underrepresented at high elevations and remote
regions of the Third Pole (Tian et al., 2007), paleoclimate records are essential for
determining the long-term relationships between hydrologic variability and local and
global climate drivers.
Given its importance, there has been considerable effort expended to reconstruct
Holocene ISM variability in recent decades. The majority of research indicates that ISM
precipitation reached a maximum during the early Holocene from 11.7 – 7 ka before a
decline in intensity between 7.5 and 5 ka, with evidence of an earlier decline in local
monsoon precipitation and intensity (e.g. lake levels and erosion indicators) before
synoptic scale changes reflected by isotopic records in some records (Berkelhammer et
al., 2012; Bird et al., 2014; Dykoski et al., 2005; Fleitmann et al., 2003; Gupta et al.,
2003). The expression of the weakened monsoon varies both spatially and temporally,
with evidence that the monsoon expanded in the early Holocene reaching as far as

54

northern Iran to the west (Djamali et al., 2010) and southeastern China to the east,
contracting during the middle Holocene as a result of weakened monsoon winds and
precipitation (Gupta et al., 2003; Magny and Haas, 2004). The middle Holocene
weakening of the ISM was driven by declining boreal summer insolation in the Northern
Hemisphere (NH), which peaked around 11 ka and began to gradual decline after 8 ka
(Berger and Loutre, 1991; Fleitmann et al., 2003; Wu et al., 2018). Reduction in solar
insolation resulted in a southerly shift in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (Fleitmann
et al., 2003; Haug et al., 2001), weakened ISM winds near the Arabian Peninsula (Gupta
et al., 2003), cooler temperatures in the NH (Marcott et al., 2013) and the Tibetan Plateau
(Herzschuh et al., 2009; Herzschuh et al., 2006), and a shift to El Niño-like conditions in
the Pacific (Conroy et al., 2008; Marchitto et al., 2010; Moy et al., 2002). High frequency
paleoclimate records from the Tibetan Plateau indicate that superimposed on these
millennial scale changes in ISM are more frequent shifts between wet and drought
conditions during the early Holocene (Bird et al., 2014). This study seeks to identify how
high-frequency Holocene ISM variability was expressed in the south-central Tibetan
Plateau, near the westernmost extent of monsoon precipitation on the Plateau, and
investigate how relative precipitation and lake level proxies respond to local and global
climate drivers.
To this end, a high-resolution, multi-proxy lacustrine paleoclimate record from
Cuobu, a small alpine lake located in the Gangdise Mountains on the southern Tibetan
Plateau (Fig. 1). Local-scale hydroclimate at the lake and watershed level was
investigated/reconstructed using sedimentology, sediment geochemistry including δ13C
and δ15N isotopes and x-ray fluorescence (XRF), total organic matter and carbonate, and
short-chain n-alkane hydrogen (δ2H) isotopes. Synoptic-scale ISM intensity was
investigated using long-chain n-alkane δ2H. Isotopic difference between long-chain and
short-chain n-alkane δ2H were additionally used to estimate the ratio of local
precipitation:evaporation (P:E) as an indicator of local effective moisture. The Cuobu
record in conjunction with other sites on the Tibetan Plateau and from the broader ISM
region is used to assess: 1) Holocene ISM variability near the westernmost extent of the
ISM on the Tibetan Plateau, 2) distinguish the timing and differences between how local
and synoptic hydroclimate proxies respond to changes in monsoon intensity, especially

55

during the middle Holocene, and 3) how high-frequency hydroclimate variability
responds to local and global drivers of the ISM.
3.2 Study Area: Cuobu
Cuobu is a small (1.1 km2) high elevation (4734 m a.s.l) alpine lake located on the
southern Tibetan Plateau in the Gangdise Mountains (Fig. 3.1; 29.55813° N, 87.02519°
E). The bathymetry of the lake is largely shallow with a deep northern basin that reaches
a maximum water depth of 5.1 m. The lake’s littoral zone is heavily vegetated with
submerged and emergent macrophytes and algae. The watershed is sparsely vegetated
with a few species of ferns, flowers, and mosses. The water chemistry of the lake was
slightly basic (pH=8.54) with moderate conductivity (137 mS/m) and alkalinity (36
mEq/L).
The regional geology consists of Pleistocene andesite bedrock (Choubert et al.,
1983) with fluvial and glacial features. The watershed for Cuobo (8.4 km2) has been
dominated by past glacial activity with the lake and its watershed resulting from the
intersection of two valley glaciers (Fig. 3.2A). The watershed is flanked by steep
mountain ranges to the north and southwest that reach maximum elevations of 5110 m
a.s.l, while the eastern and southeastern edge of the watershed is flanked by a moraine
(4750 m a.s.l), which separates the lake from a river channel, referred to here as the
Cuobu River (Fig. 3.2B). The lake is situated at the eastern edge of the watershed within
a wide and long (2.5 km by 3.3 km) valley and is dammed by a long terminal moraine
(2.2 km).
Cuobu’s main tributary is an ephemeral stream that enters the lake on its
northwestern corner (Fig. 3.1). Two secondary tributaries include a small stream
positioned on the western edge of the lake and an ephemeral stream on Cuobu’s eastern
shore. This ephemeral secondary tributary is an overflow point of Cuobu River to the east
of Cuobu’s watershed, which is situated approximately 20 m higher in elevation than
modern lake level, separated by a medial moraine (Fig. 3.2C). The geomorphic features
associated with the overflow tributary (e.g., vegetation growing within the channel,
limited incision) suggest that overflow events are infrequent under current climatic
conditions, but may have been more frequent at times in the past when ISM precipitation

56

was greater and river height increased sufficiently to reactive the channel. The wider
channel that surrounds the modern channel incision suggests that this river sustained
greater waterflow than the current channel can support. Outflow from Cuobu occurs via
an outlet on the southern edge of the lake, however, there is little surface geomorphic
evidence for sustained surface flow from the outlet. Instead, it appears that today
groundwater seepage reaches the surface approximately 200 m downslope from the
outlet, at which point it forms a permanent surface stream that eventually flows into the
Dogxung Zangbo (River), a tributary to the Yarlung Tsangpo River, which has carved a
steep valley through the area.
Data from the Xigaze weather station, (located ~180 km south the lake at 3837 m
a.s.l.; 29.25° N, 88.883° E) indicates that the regional climate is relatively dry, with an
annual total of 367 mm of precipitation (1988-2018; Fig. 3.3), compared with the
northeastern (i.e., Mischke, 2008) and southeastern Tibetan Plateau (Bird et al., 2017;
Bird et al., 2014). Approximately 99% of this annual precipitation occurs during the
monsoon season (June-September: 363 mm), with peak precipitation in July and August.
This is later in the season than eastern sites along the plateau, indicating that it takes
longer for monsoon precipitation to reach the southcentral region as the monsoon system
originates in the southeast of the plateau near the Nyainqêntanglha Mountains. Water
isotopes indicate that precipitation is greater than evaporation (mean δ18O = -16.6 ‰;
mean δ2H = -138.0 ‰). Mean temperatures are cool (mean annual temperature = 7.1°C,
mean monthly temperatures = -2.5 – 15.4 °C), with ice cover during boreal winter months
preventing evaporation during this time (Dec-Feb: mean temperature = -1.73°C, total
precipitation: 0.2 mm).
3.3 Methods
3.3.1 Sample Collection
Sediment cores, surface sediments, water, and vegetation samples were retrieved
from Cuobu and its watershed in June 2017 (Fig. 1). Two surface cores, A-17 (core
length = 69 cm, water depth = 5.05 m) and B-17 (core length = 85 cm, water depth = 4.3
m), were retrieved using a modified piston corer. Three longer sediment cores were

57

collected using a modified Livingstone piston corer (Livingstone, 1955; Wright, 1967).
Each 1-meter-long drive was overlapped by 30 to 50 cm to ensure complete stratigraphic
recovery. The C-17 core consisted of 9 drives (water depth = 4.3 m; 728 cm total
recovery). The D-17 core was collected at a water depth of 4.4 m and consisted of 5
drives for a total recovery of 371 cm. A third core collected nearby E-17 consisted of 7
drives for a total recovery of 357 cm (water depth = 4.6 m). A composite of the B-17
surface and D-17 Livingstone cores was made based on magnetic susceptibility with a
total core length of 431 cm.
A transect of 14 surface sediment samples was collected across the northern side
of the lake using an Ekman grab sampler to characterize the modern distribution of
sediment characteristics, including all of the down-core sediment proxies, across the lake
basin and their relationship with water depth and proximity to shore. Two soil samples
were collected from southeast shore of the lake. Samples of aquatic and terrestrial
vegetation within and surrounding the lake were additionally collected. A water sample
was collected for isotopic analysis. Water chemistry, including temperature, pH,
alkalinity, and conductivity was measured on site at 1-meter depth intervals using a
Hydrolab MS5. Sediment, vegetation, and water samples were subsequently stored and
analyzed at the Paleoclimatology and Sedimentology Laboratory at Indiana UniversityPurdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI).
3.3.2 Sediment Dating
Sediment 210Pb, 214Pb, and 137Cs was measured by direct gamma counting of 21
dry, homogenized samples from the upper 41 cm of the B-15 surface core at the
University of Pittsburgh. The 210Pb age model was produced using the constant rate of
supply (CRS) model (Appleby and Oldfield, 1978). Radiocarbon (14C) dates of bulk
sediment samples from the F-17 core (n=10) were measured with accelerator mass
spectrometry at the Keck AMS Facility, University of California Irvine. Bulk sediment
samples were dried and treated with 1 N HCl (KCCAMS, 2011; Olsson, 1986). An age
model combining radiocarbon, 210Pb, 214Pb, and 137Cs dates was established using the
program Bacon (Blaauw and Christen, 2011). Dates used in this age model are reported
in calendar years before present (0 ka; 0 ka = 1950 of the common era).

58

3.3.3 Initial Core Description
Surface and Livingstone cores were split, described, and imaged using a GeoTex
Multi-Sensor Core Logger at IUPUI’s (Indiana University-Purdue University,
Indianapolis) Paleoclimatology and Sedimentology Laboratory. Volumetric samples (1
cm3) were taken at 1 cm intervals for each core and drive respectively for bulk density
and loss-on-ignition analysis. Wet samples were weighed, dried for 24 hours at 60 °C and
reweighed to calculate dry bulk density (ρdry; g/cm-3) and water content (%). Each sample
was combusted 550 °C and 1000 °C for four hours and two hours, respectively, and
weighed after each combustion to measure percent total organic matter (%TOM) and
total carbonate (%TC; Heiri et al., 2001). Surface and Livingstone cores were
subsampled at 1 cm and 0.5 cm resolutions respectively for further analysis.
Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of magnetic minerals in sediments, and is
used to understand the deposition of lithics in lake sediments, with increased MS
associated with higher influxes of terrestrial material to the lake during either wetter or
drier conditions (Dearing, 1994; Thompson et al., 1975). Under wetter conditions the
increase in MS is attributed to a greater volume of eroded terrestrial materials contributed
to the lake; while drier conditions result in the concentration of terrestrial materials with
lower lake levels winnowing these materials to the center of the lake. Conflicting
scenarios for MS require an interpretation in conjunction with other proxies. MS was
measured down-core at 0.5 cm intervals on the GeoTex Multi-Sensor Core Logger at
IUPUI’s Paleoclimatology and Sedimentology Laboratory.
3.3.4 Lithics & Grain Size
Distributions of sediment grain sizes were measured at 1 cm intervals across the
B-17 and D-17 composite core. Grain size distributions of the surface sediments and soil
samples were also measured. A portion of wet sediment (~1 g) was dried and weighed
before soaking in 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 24 hours. The sample was then
treated with 5 aliquots of 20 mL of H2O2 at 70 °C to remove organic matter. Biogenic
silica was removed by treating samples for 6 hours at 60 °C with 20 mL of 1 N sodium
hydroxide (NaOH). Carbonates were removed from samples with greater than 3% TC as
determined by LOI by treating samples with aliquots of 10 ml of hydrochloric acid (HCl)

59

for at least 1 hr or until there was no visible reaction. Samples were rinsed with DI water,
freeze dried, and weighed to estimate %lithics. Sample preparation methods were
modified from (Gray et al., 2010). Each sample was then treated with 2.5% sodium
metaphosphate and sonicated. Each sample was run on a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 at
IUPUI with final values the average of three measurements. Results were binned into 49
diameter size fractions between 0.2 and 2000 μm.
Grain size analysis is used to understand the influxes of sediments to the core site,
but like MS, their interpretation needs to be considered within the context of other
proxies. For instance, increases in grain size can indicate either lower lake levels, with
the winnowing of coarse grains toward the deeper portions of the lake during low stands
(Bird et al., 2017; Conroy et al., 2008; Dearing, 1997; Digerfeldt, 1986; Shuman et al.,
2001; Shuman et al., 2009) or an increase in high-energy runoff and delivery of coarse
terrestrial sediment to the lake during wet climatic conditions (e.g., Conroy et al., 2008).
In contrast, finer sediments can indicate either deeper lake levels during wetter climatic
conditions (i.e., increased distance between the core site and the sediment source) or a
reduction in the energy of terrestrial runoff during drier conditions.
3.3.5 X-ray Florescence (XRF) Geochemistry
Scanning XRF geochemistry was measured at 0.5 cm resolution down the length
of the B-17 surface core and D-17 Livingstone core drives. Measurements were made
using an ITRAX XRF Core Scanner at the Large Lakes Observatory, University of
Minnesota Duluth (Croudace et al., 2006) for select elements (Al – Ur) and are reported
in counts per second (cps). A Cr source tube (30 kV, 55 mA) was used with a 15 second
dwell time and 10 mm resolution. Peak optimization was made using Qspec 8.6.0
software.
3.3.6 Elemental Abundances & Isotopic Composition of Organic Carbon & Total
Nitrogen
Measurements of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), δ13C, and δ15N
were made at the Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth. Sediment
samples were measured at a 2 cm resolution for the composite B-17 and D-17 core.

60

Samples with less than 5% total carbonate as determined by LOI were homogenized and
weighed (~4 mg) into tin capsules. Samples with greater than 5% total carbonate were
homogenized and weighed (~12 mg) into silver capsules. The samples were injected with
50 µl DI water and placed in a desiccator with an open beaker of 12M HCl. Samples
were acidified overnight and air-dried to remove HCl before being placed in tin capsules.
Measurements were made with a Thermo Finnigan Delta Plus XP isotope ratio
mass spectrometer (IRMS) fitted with a Conflo III device and a Costech 4010 elemental
combustion system at the Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth.
Samples were run against a series of standards including acetanilide, B-2153, B-2159,
USGS41, and caffeine (standards from the National Institute of Standards and
Technology). Values are reported in delta notation as the per mil (‰) deviation from
Vienna Peedee Belemnite (VPDB) for 13C and air for 15N.The coefficient of variation
standards ranged between 1.4-3.8% for N and 0.5-2.5% for C while isotopic precision
was 0.04-0.13‰ and 0.06-0.2‰ for 13C and 15N.
The ratio of total organic carbon to total nitrogen (C:N) reflects shifts in organic
matter sources in lacustrine systems, with values under 10 indicating aquatic derived
organic matter and values above 15 indicating terrestrial organic matter (Meyers, 1999).
The isotopic composition of organic carbon (13Corg) is affected by photosynthetic
pathways, with C3 land plants and algae being isotopically similar (range: - 30 to -25‰),
depending on lake water CO2, while C4 plants are more enriched (range: -14 to -10‰;
Meyers, 1999). The isotopic composition of total nitrogen (δ15N) is also affected by
productivity source, but must be considered in conjunction with other productivity
proxies due to its complex nature as it also impacted by other processes, such as nitrogen
cycling within the water column (Meyers and Lallier-Vergès, 1999). Higher δ15N is often
correlated with terrestrial productivity and a higher C:N ratio (Thornton and McManus,
1994).
3.3.7 Lipid Extractions & δ2H Isotopes
Thirty-four samples were collected from the composite core for long-chain nalkane extraction and hydrogen isotopic measurements (2H) at the Lamont-Doherty
Earth Observatory, Columbia University. Lipids were extracted from homogenized

61

sediments with a 9:1 dichloromethane and methanol solvent on a Dionex Accelerated
Solvent Extractor (ASE–350). The aliphatic fraction was isolated using hexane solvent
across a silica gel column (70-230 mesh, 60A). Ketone and polar fractions were isolated
subsequently using dichloromethane and methanol. The n-alkanes were purified with a
second separation across a silver nitrate column (10% AgNO3) with hexane solvent. Nalkane distribution and concentration was determined using an Agilent Technologies
7890A gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCMS). Leaf wax 2H isotopic
measurements were made on the extracted n-alkanes using a combined GCMS-IRMS
(Thermo Scientific Trace GC Ultra GCMS and Delta V Plus IRMS; GC column: 30m,
0.25mm, 14.2psi, 60°C). A mixture of long-chain n-alkanes (Mix A7) and a reference
sample were both used as standards. Values are reported in delta notation as the per mil
(‰) deviation from VSMOW (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water). Sample isotopic
values were corrected using MATLAB with uncertainties ranging between 3.2% and
4.2% (1 σ s.e.m.; (Polissar and D'Andrea, 2014).
Average chain length (ACL) quantifies whether short or long-chain n-alkanes are
more abundant (Diefendorf et al., 2015; Mügler et al., 2008), while the carbon preference
index (CPI) represents the ratio of odd to even carbon atoms in n-alkanes (Marzi et al.,
1993). Higher values for both the ACL and CPI are indicative of more terrestrial organic
matter in the lake, which suggests either increased productivity in the watershed and/or
increased delivery of terrestrial organic matter to the lake.
25 𝐶25
ACL

𝐶𝑃𝐼

𝐶25
𝐶23
𝐶25
2 𝑋 C24

27 𝐶27
𝐶27
𝐶25
𝐶27
C26

29 𝐶29
31 𝐶31
33 𝐶33
37 𝐶37
𝐶33
𝐶35
𝐶29
𝐶31

35 𝐶35
𝐶37

𝐶27
𝐶29
𝐶31
𝐶33
𝐶35
𝐶29
𝐶31
𝐶33
𝐶35
𝐶37
C28
C30
C32
C34
C36

In contrast to the ACL and CPI, the aquatic vegetation index (Paq) quantifies the
abundance of short-chain n-alkanes in the sediments, with higher values indicating
increased aquatic vegetation productivity (Ficken et al., 2000; Seki et al., 2009).

62

𝑃𝑎𝑞

𝐶23

𝐶23
𝐶25

𝐶25
𝐶29

𝐶31

3.3.8 Effective Moisture Estimation
Because the δ2H of n-alkanes produced by aquatic vegetation (e.g., δ2HC23) reflect
the δ2H of lake water, it integrates isotopic variability related to both changes in ISM
precipitation and lake volume changes as a result of evaporation. The later isotopic
effects can be isolated by subtracting precipitation isotopic variability, captured by longchain n-alkanes (δ2HC31), from aquatic isotopic variability (δ2HC23). The resulting socalled delta-delta index (Δδ2HC23-C31) provides a semi-quantitative estimate of the ratio of
precipitation to evaporation (P:E) where higher Δδ2HC23-C31 values indicate a reduction in
lake volume from greater evaporation relative to precipitation (i.e., lower effective
moisture) whereas lower Δδ2HC23-C31 values reflect an increase in effective moisture and
lakes volumes as a result of reduced evaporation relative to precipitation (Aichner et al.,
2010; Mügler et al., 2008; Seki et al., 2009).
3.4 Results
3.4.1 Core Description
The lithology of the composite core was characterized by massive units of light
brown, fine grained sediments with small fragments of aquatic grasses throughout the
core.
3.4.2 Age Model
Excess 210Pb was highest in the top 2.5 cm (0.19-0.20 Bq/g) of the B-17 core and
reached background levels at 22.5 cm (Table 3.1; Fig. 3.4). Only three samples had
measurable 137Cs at 2.5, 16.5, and 18.5 cm. Ten radiocarbon dates from bulk sediments
were measured from the E-17 and D-17 core. Dates were calibrated using IntCal 13.0
(Reimer et al., 2013). The oldest radiocarbon date was 7910 ± 20 cal yr BP. Comparison
between the 210Pb and 14C dates from the same depths at the top of the E-17 surface core

63

showed a carbon reservoir effect of 930 years, which was subtracted from all radiocarbon
dates in the age model. The age model shows continuous deposition at the lake, with no
hiatuses, and spans the past 8.34 ka (Fig. 3.5). Full age results for Cuobu are in Appendix
1, Table A 2.1.
3.4.3 Elemental Abundances & Isotopic Composition of Organic Carbon & Total
Nitrogen
Total organic matter (%TOM) was lowest in the early Holocene from 8.3 – 5 ka,
averaging 42.2% (Fig. 3.6A). %TOM gradually increased from 5 – 2 ka by 8.5%, then
subsequently decreased from 2 ka to present (35.9%; Fig. 3.6A). Total carbonate (%TC)
was low for most of the record with a mean of 5.6% (range: >0.01 – 41.2%), with
elevated TC from 2.9 – 33.3% from 2.6 – 2.1 ka (Fig. 3.6B).
The ratio of total organic carbon to total nitrogen (C:N) averaged 9.3 across the
Cuobu record (range: 6.1 – 12.2), with high C:N from 7.3 to 2.3 ka (range: 9.5-12.2) and
lower C:N for the late Holocene (range: 6.1 – 9.2; Fig. 3.6E). At Cuobu, δ13Corg was
lowest at the beginning of the record, averaging -16.2 ‰, gradually increasing by 2.4 ‰
by 5 ka when δ13Corg plateaued (Fig. 3.6C). δ13Corg varied significantly over the last 3 ka,
with an increase of 6.1 ‰ over the early Holocene from 0.9 to 0.5 ka. The trend for δ15N
follows a similar pattern as δ13Corg, with lower δ15N in the earliest part of the record,
averaging 2.4 ‰ around 8.3 ka, gradually increasing by 0.6 ‰ until 5 ka (Fig. 3.6D).
δ15N values at Cuobu peak at 4.5 ‰ in the last 1 ka and remain elevated.
3.4.4 Lipid Biomarkers
Sedimentary n-alkanes are valuable biomarkers, providing a record of past
vegetation and the isotopic composition of regional precipitation and lake water. Shortchain C23 n-alkanes are derived from aquatic vegetation (Ficken et al., 2000; Seki et al.,
2009) and were the most abundant throughout the record, with concentrations ranging
from 510 to 98,208 ng/g (mean: 26,691 ng/g), but decreased sharply after 2 ka (Fig.
3.7A). C25 and C27 n-alkanes are a mixture of aquatic and terrestrial vegetation and
averaged 19,395 ng/g and 18,036 ng/g respectively (Fig. 3.7B and 3.7C). Long-chain C29
and C31 n-alkanes are synthesized by terrestrial vegetation (Mügler et al., 2008; Seki et

64

al., 2009). Both C29 (range: 749-28920 ng/g) and C31 (range: 1051-32,072 ng/g) were
less abundant than short-chain n-alkanes in the record, with averages of 14,717 and
12,672 ng/g respectively (Fig. 3.7D and 3.7E), with C31 increasing over the past 2 ka.
ACL values ranged from 27.2 – 28.6 throughout the early and middle Holocene
(8.3 to 2 ka, mean: 27.6), increasing sharply after 2 ka, with a range of 28.8 – 29.6 (mean:
29.1; Fig. 3.7F). The ACL suggests that aquatic vegetation remained high until 2 ka,
when the plant community shifted to a terrestrial dominated vegetation community. CPI
showed a similar pattern, with low values, ranging from 3.7 – 6.9, from 8.3 – 2 ka (mean:
4.4; Fig. 3.7G). After 2 ka, CPI increased, ranging from 6.1 – 8.3 (mean: 6.5), suggesting
a shift from aquatic to terrestrial vegetation dominated contributions to the lake.
At Cuobu, Paq was highest from 8.3 to 2 ka, averaging 0.68 (range: 0.57 – 0.76),
and decreased by 0.32 over the last 2 ka (Fig. 3.8H). Paq concurs with the ACL and CPI
indices that aquatic vegetation remained high until 2 ka when terrestrial vegetation inputs
increased.
3.4.5 Hydrogen Isotopes
Leaf wax n-alkane hydrogen (δ2H) isotopes provide information about
precipitation and lake water isotope signatures. Short-chain n-alkanes δ2H (i.e., C23) are
produced by aquatic vegetation that incorporate hydrogen directly from lake water, which
integrates variations in the isotopic composition of lake water (in part due to evaporation
and lake volume changes) as well as variations in precipitation (Liu and Liu, 2016;
Mügler et al., 2008; Seki et al., 2009). Short-chain C23 n-alkane δ2H (δ2HC23) averaged 248.2 ‰ and ranged between -263.0 to -235.2 ‰ over the record (Fig. 3.8A). δ2HC23 was
low from 8.3 to 5 ka, averaging -253.1 ‰, before increasing by ~15 ‰ to -268 ‰ from 5
to 2.5 ka. From 2.5 ka to present, δ2HC23 showed high isotopic variability, with a shift
towards wetter conditions around 2 ka, with the largest decrease around 1 ka to an
average of -260.2 ‰.
Terrestrial vegetation utilizes soil water during its photosynthetic processes,
which is isotopically similar to precipitation and is incorporated in long-chain n-alkane
δ2H (Xia et al., 2008). With more than 90% of precipitation at Cuobu derived from the
ISM, variations in long-chain n-alkane δ2H (i.e., C29, C31) are inferred to reflect changes

65

in the monsoon (e.g., Bird et al., 2014). Long-chain n-alkanes δ2HC29 and δ2HC31 exhibited
similar trends as the short-chain n-alkanes (Fig. 3.8D-E). δ2HC29 was lower from 8.3 to 6
ka, averaging -253.1‰, before gradually increasing to a mean of -245.3 ‰ at 2.5 ka.
After 2.5 ka, δ2HC29 decreased, remaining low until 1 ka (-258.6 ‰), after which δ2HC29
subsequently increased and remained high until the present (mean: -244.9 ‰). δ2HC31 was
low from 8.3 to 5 ka (mean: -261.1 ‰), but subsequently increased after 2 ka, with an
isotopic range between -267.5 to -237.0 ‰.
Mid-chain length δ2HC25 and δ2HC27, showed similar patterns to short-chain nalkanes on millennial and centennial time scales, with lower values during the early
Holocene (8.3 – 6 ka), with an isotopic range between -246.1 to -251.9 ‰ for δ2HC25 and 247.2 to -250.7 ‰ for δ2HC27 (mean: -250.0 ‰, mean δ2HC27: -249.1 ‰; Fig. 3.8B).
δ2HC25 increased by 9.9 ‰ between 6 to 2.5 ka (mean: -239.6 ‰); while δ2HC27 increased
by 9.6 ‰ (mean: -239.5 ‰).
3.4.6 Effective Moisture
The delta-delta index (δ2HC23-C31) estimates the ratio of precipitation:evaporation
(P:E) Δδ2HC23-C31 in Cuobu was variable, but generally low during the early Holocene
from 8.3 to 5 ka, averaging -6.7, suggesting precipitation exceeded evaporation (high
P:E; Fig. 3.8F). Higher frequency variability indicates that superimposed on this trend of
a wetter (high P:E) early Holocene, there were two periods of higher P:E interspersed
with lower P:E conditions. At 5 ka, Δδ2HC23-C31 increased and remained elevated until 1
ka, averaging -1.6. From 1 to 0.5 ka, Δδ2HC23-C31 decreased again, averaging -6.1, and
then increased from 0.5 ka to modern, averaging -12.4.
3.4.7 Sedimentology
Several sedimentological proxies are used to assess changes in the input of clastic
materials eroded from the watershed into the lake. Bulk density is a measurement of the
mass of sediment per a given volume and has an inverse relationship with organic matter
and water content (Brady, 1984). In the Cuobu core, bulk density was highly variable,
ranging 0.01 – 3.5 g x cm-3 throughout the record (mean: 0.14 g x cm-3; Fig. 3.9A). Bulk

66

density was highest during the early Holocene from 8.3 to 6.5 ka, averaging 0.12 g x cm-3
and sharply declines around 6 ka and again from 4.5 to 3 ka.
Magnetic susceptibility (MS) ranged from -1.5 to 0 SI x 10-5 and averaged -0.78
SI x 10-5 for the record (Fig. 3.9B). MS was higher from 8.3 to 5 ka (mean: -0.62 SI x 105

) before decreasing from 5 ka to present (mean: -0.9 SI x 10-5), with a sharp increase

around 1 ka. High frequency variability of MS follows bulk density, indicating a stronger
relationship between these proxies.
Both %clay and %silt was lower from 8.3 to 5 ka, with %clay ranging from 0.43
% to 20.8 % and %silt ranging from 5.7 % to 82.1% (mean: clay: 6.7 %; silt: 45.7 %; Fig.
3.9C and 3.9D). From 5 ka to present, %clay and %silt increased by 3.7 % and 12.6 %
respectively (5 ka – present; mean %clay: 10.4 %; %silt: 59.8 %). Percent sand, showed
the opposite trend of %clay and %silt, ranging 1.4 % to 93.6 % from 8.3 to 5 ka (mean:
47.6 %) and decreased from 5 ka to present by 17.5 % (mean: 29.7 %; Fig. 3.9E). A
histogram of the grain size diameters shows that the Cuobu record had higher abundances
of coarse sediments from 8.3 to 4.5 ka when the distribution abruptly shifts to favor finer
sediments (Fig. 3.9F). Finer sediments were more abundant until 1 ka with short periods
of coarser sediment influxes.
3.4.8 X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Geochemistry
Of the forty-nine elements measured using XRF, I focus here on titanium (Ti),
and zirconium (Zr). Ti and Zr are both conservative elements that are associated with
lithic materials, with increased concentration of any of these elements being associated
with greater terrestrial sediment inputs into the lake environment (Chassiot et al., 2018;
Croudace et al., 2006; Cuven et al., 2010; Löwemark et al., 2011; Nesbitt and Markovics,
1997; Roberts et al., 2019). In the Cuobu record, Ti shows a pattern of higher
concentrations during the early Holocene, ranging from 9348 – 18,577 cps (mean: 14,436
cps), than gradually decreased from 6 to 2.5 ka by 6270 (mean: 8165 cps; Fig. 3.9G). Ti
concentrations increased again by 1929 in the late Holocene around 2.5 ka and remained
high until present (mean: 10,121 cps). Zr showed a similar pattern as Ti, with higher
concentrations in the early Holocene (8.3 – 6 ka) ranging from 430 to 1573 cps (mean:
927 cps; Fig. 3.9H). Average Zr gradually decreased by 353 from 6 to 3 ka when average

67

Zr increased again by 88.3 from 3 ka to present (mean: 661 cps). The full XRF dataset
are in Appendix 2 Tables A 2.1 – 2.6.
3.4.9 Statistical Analysis
A Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was performed on select data from
Cuobu including lithics, TOM and TC, n-alkane concentrations and their metrics (ACL,
CPI, Paq), Δδ2HC23-C31, C:N ratios, and δ13C and δ15N isotopes. All data were normalized
using a z-score with the mean subtracted from each value and divided by the standard
deviation. The distribution of proxies as evidenced in a biplot of the PCA, shows the
grouping of proxies and their relation to each other as they are correlated with the two
principal components (Fig. 3.10). Principal Component 1 (PC1) accounts for 40.6% of
the variability in the dataset, while Principal Component 2 (PC2) accounts for an
additional 16.1% of the dataset variability. The PCA biplot shows that fine sediments
(%clay and %silt), n-alkane concentrations (nC23 – nC29) and TC are all positively
correlated with PC1 and PC2 (top right quadrant). Paq, BD, and TOM are positively
correlated with PC1 and negatively correlated with PC2 (bottom right quadrant). C:N,
δ13C, δ15N, %lithics, ACL, CPI, δ2HC23, and Ti are all positively associated with PC1 and
negatively associated with PC2 (top left quadrant). %sand, MS, Zr, mid-chain and longchain n-alkane hydrogen isotopes (δ2HC25 – δ2HC25) are all negatively associated with
PC1 and PC2 (bottom left quadrant). A second PCA was conducted only on grain size
proxies, %clay, %silt, and %sand, and the time series of PC1, which accounts for % of
the dataset variability, closely follows the same trends as %sand.
3.5 Discussion
3.5.1 Inferred ISM Precipitation & Evaporation on the South-Central Tibetan Plateau
Leaf-wax n-alkane 2H show pronounced shifts in ISM strength and P:E balance
at Cuobu during the last 8 ka. δ2H isotopic composition is controlled by the amount of
precipitation and the moisture source (Sachse, 2012), with lower δ2H values inferred as
greater precipitation. With terrestrial plants incorporating ISM precipitation during the
growing season, I interpret δ2HC31 as a signal of monsoon intensity over the region. At

68

Cuobu, low δ2HC31 values suggest a strengthened ISM from 8.3 to ~5 ka, after which high
δ2HC31 indicates a weakened ISM from 5 to 1 ka. From 1 ka to the present, lower δ2HC31
suggests a slight strengthening of the ISM. The interpretation of short-chain n-alkanes
δ2HC23 is more complex, with lake water incorporating the isotopic signals of evaporation
and the ISM. Lake water isotopes (δ2HC23) at Cuobu showed similar long-term trends as
δ2HC31, indicating that the isotopic composition of lake water largely tracked that of
precipitation during the Holocene. Supporting wet local conditions between 8 and 5 ka,
the Dδ2HC23-C31 record shows low values, indicating a positive P:E balance at Cuobu at
the same time that the ISM was strengthened (low δ2HC31). While most of this period had
higher effective moisture, there was a noted increase in the P:E balance between 6.2 to 6
ka, which corresponds to a drop in the C:N ratio, that indicates drought conditions
locally. Following early Holocene pluvial conditions, Dδ2HC23-C31 shows a sharp increase
between 5.5 and 4.5 ka, indicating a decrease in the local P:E balance that occurred when
ISM intensity was also diminished (high δ2HC31). A decrease in the Δδ2HC23-C31 record
after 1 ka additionally supports wetter conditions locally from ~1 ka to the present that
coincides with a suggested strengthening of the ISM during this time in the δ2HC31
timeseries.
The interpretation of local hydroclimate is supported by the aquatic and terrestrial
vegetation proxies. The δ13Corg record suggests a high contribution of aquatic and/or C3
land plants from 8.3 to 5 ka, after 5 ka there was a higher influx of C4 plant terrestrial
vegetation productivity inputs to the lake, with terrestrial vegetation dominating over the
last 1 ka. This corresponds to a shift from higher C:N ratio from 8.3 to 2 ka to lower C:N
2 ka to present, suggesting a shift from larger aquatic plants to planktonic aquatic
productivity. The δ15N record productivity interpretation, like the δ13Corg record, indicates
high aquatic productivity between 8.3 and 5 ka, with terrestrial vegetation inputs
increasing throughout the middle and late Holocene with highest terrestrial productivity
over the last 1 ka.
Wet conditions at Cuobu in the early Holocene correspond to high aquatic
productivity from 8.3 to 5 ka indicated by high concentrations of short-chain n-alkanes
(C23) and lower δ13C and δ15N. Productivity shifted to terrestrial dominated vegetation
inputs in Cuobu during the middle and late Holocene, with a mixed aquatic and terrestrial

69

vegetation signal indicated by δ13C and δ15N from 5 to 1 ka, while the n-alkanes
concentrations shifted abruptly to higher long-chain concentrations between 2.5 and 2 ka.
The decline in n-alkane derived aquatic productivity around 2.5 ka occurred much later
than the shift to drier conditions indicated by δ2HC31 and Δδ2HC23-C31 or the mixedvegetation signal suggested by the δ13C and δ15N isotope data. The difference in the
timing between these vegetation proxies suggest that after ISM precipitation and effective
moisture declined around 5 ka lake levels began to decline, but remained high enough to
support a shift in vegetation communities from more aquatic planktonic species to a
mixture of emergent and submerged macrophytes with terrestrial vegetation.
3.5.2 Monsoon-induced Cuobu River Overflow
Grain size variations are typically interpreted as reflecting either lake level change
(Bird et al., 2017; Bird et al., 2014; Dearing, 1997; Digerfeldt, 1986; Shuman et al., 2001;
Shuman et al., 2009) or the energy and amount of runoff entering a lake (Conroy et al.,
2008). While, other lake-based paleoclimate studies from the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have
interpreted grain size proxies, %sand in particular, as lake level indicators (Bird et al.,
2017; Bird et al., 2014), this does not appear to be the case at Cuobu. If interpreted in
terms of lake level, the Cuobu sand record would suggest low lake levels between 8.3 and
4.5 ka and after 1 ka and high lake levels from 4.5 to ~1 ka. This pattern of Holocene
hydroclimate variability stands in stark contrast to the multitude of other ISM
reconstructions from the TP that indicate a strengthened monsoon, in agreement with the
δ2HC31 record at Cuobu, and high lake levels during this time (Bird et al., 2017; Bird et
al., 2014; Herzschuh et al., 2009; Zhu et al., 2008). Instead, I contend that the Cuobu sand
records reflect changes in monsoon-derived runoff entering the lake whereby increased
monsoonal runoff delivered greater quantities of sand and vice versa. This interpretation
is consistent with lower δ2HC31 and Δδ2HC23-C31 between 8.3 and 4.5 ka, which
respectively indicate intensified monsoonal precipitation and greater effective moisture at
Cuobu when sand abundances were high. High frequency variability in %sand between
8.3 and 4.5 would indicate that runoff was highly variable during the early Holocene
through the early half of the middle Holocene, with high runoff from 8.3 to 6.2 ka and 6
ka to 4.5 ka while runoff declined from 6.2 to 6 ka. Conversely, decreased sand

70

abundances between 4.5 and 1 ka occurred when δ2HC31 and Δδ2HC23-C31 increased,
indicating a reduction in sand when monsoonal intensity weakened and effective
moisture decreased. The Ti and Zr records further support interpreting sand abundances
in terms of terrestrial eroded sediments and surface runoff to the lake. Higher titanium
and zirconium concentrations from 8.3 to 5 ka corresponded with high %sand, with the
influx of sand and terrestrial sediments co-occurring with wetter conditions at Cuobu as
indicated by the Δδ2HC23-C31 record.
Determining the mechanism responsible for Holocene sedimentology at Cuobu,
with coarser sediments inferred as runoff, requires an understanding of the physical
environment. The geomorphology of the site shows that Cuobu formed behind glacial
moraines that both dammed the valley and separated the lake from the Cuobu River. One
of the ephemeral tributaries to the lake is a dry stream channel that cuts across the
moraine and forms a delta into the lake; connecting Cuobu with the Cuobu River. I
suggest that the geomorphological setting of Cuobu is the primary driver of the grain size
signal. Increased sand at Cuobu during a period of stronger monsoon intensity can be
attributed to an influx of sediment from the Cuobu River. During the early Holocene ISM
maximum, this stream could have been an important source of sediments to the lake and
is closer to the core sites than the other tributaries, which supports coarser sediments
influxes coming from this stream channel. Cuobu River is situated at a higher elevation
than the lake, but at a lower base elevation than the moraine crest, requiring high river
discharge to breach the moraine, contributing a flow of water and coarser sediments
directly into the lake through the ephemeral stream channel. Modern observations of the
site show that the overflow channel could have accommodated large water volumes and
is perfectly situated at the lowest point of the moraine at the junction between the
moraine and the mountain spur where the braided channel formed. In the early Holocene,
increased ISM precipitation may have increased fluvial discharges and contributed to
overland flooding. River height would need to be 5 m higher than modern water levels
for overbank flooding to breach the moraine and connect the overflow tributary to the
lake. When monsoon intensity declined during the middle Holocene, water levels fell at
both Cuobu and Cuobu River disconnecting the flow of water and coarse sediments from
river to the lake.

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3.5.3 Synoptic vs. Local Hydroclimate at Cuobu
Cuobu shows a strong agreement between synoptic and local hydroclimate
proxies, with millennial scale trends in ISM variability indicating pluvial (wet) conditions
from 8.3 to 5 ka and 1 ka to present and drought conditions from 5 to 1 ka. Higher
frequency variability during the early Holocene shows pluvials from 8.3 to 6.2 ka and
again from 6 to 5 ka with drought conditions from 6.2 to 6 ka. Pluvials at Cuobu are
indicated by high %sand, low Δδ2HC31, high P:E balance (low Δδ2HC23-C31), and increased
aquatic productivity. Drought conditions are indicated by low %sand, high Δδ2HC31, low
P:E balance, and higher terrestrial vegetation inputs. PCA of the Cuobu synoptic and
local hydroclimate proxies supports the association of fine sediments with TOM and nalkane concentrations (C23 – C29) and coarse sediments are associated with mid-chain
and long-chain n-alkane hydrogen isotopes (δ2HC25 – δ2HC31). P:E balance (Δδ2HC23-C31)
is associated with short-chain n-alkane Δδ2HC23, long-chain n-alkane concentrations
(C31), δ13C, δ15N, ACL and CPI. A PCA of the grain size measurements was used to
assess the time series of the sedimentology at Cuobu, with the PC1 time series strongly
reflecting the %sand record (Fig. 3.11B). The strong relationship between synoptic and
local hydroclimate proxies, with changes in large-scale monsoon drivers having an
immediate impact on local monsoon expression, has also been observed in other
hydroclimate records from the Tibetan Plateau (Bird et al., 2014).
To better understand spatiotemporal ISM variability on the Tibetan Plateau, I
compare the Cuobu record with high-resolution paleoclimate records from Paru Co (Bird
et al., 2014). A high elevation lake from the southeastern plateau, Paru Co (29.796°N,
92.352°E, elevation 4845 m a.s.l.; 520 km east of Cuobu) is a precipitation and lake level
record for the last 11 ka in southeastern Tibet (Bird et al., 2014). Similar to Cuobu, longchain n-alkane δ2HC27 and δ2HC29 indicate strengthened ISM precipitation at Paru Co until
5 ka when ISM intensity declined. Lake levels at Paru Co, as interpreted from %sand, and
runoff intensity, interpreted from %lithics, also show similar trends with the Cuobu
record. Specifically, runoff was high during the early and the late Holocene at Paru Co
(8.3 – 7 and 1.5 – 0.5 ka), while lake levels remained high throughout the early and
middle Holocene (8.3 – 5 ka). The centennial scale variability at Paru Co also shows
agreement with Cuobu, with deeper lake levels and increased runoff at Paru Co

72

coinciding with higher %sand and greater effective moisture (low P:E) from 8.3 to 6.2 ka,
after which lake levels and runoff at Paru Co decreased in conjunction with lower runoff
and effective moisture at Cuobu. Runoff at Paru Co increased from 1.5 and 0.5 ka
indicating an increase in monsoon intensity, which corresponds with higher effective
moisture and increased %sand at Cuobu. A late Holocene increase in ISM intensity was
also observed at another eastern TP lake, Nir’Pa Co, with increased %lithics and %sand
over the last 1 ka indicating a stronger monsoon (Bird et al., 2017). These trends in local
hydroclimate were driven, not only by synoptic ISM dynamics, but also local climate
conditions including temperature.
3.5.4 Millennial & Orbital Scale Drivers of ISM Variability
Holocene ISM variability has been attributed to multiple drivers, including solar
insolation, the migration of the ITCZ, and the ocean-atmosphere system. Northern
Hemisphere (NH) solar insolation was highest during the early Holocene and began to
decline around 8 ka (Berger and Loutre, 1991), which drove the southward migration of
the ITCZ (Fleitmann et al., 2003; Haug et al., 2001) and cooler temperatures on the
plateau (Herzschuh et al., 2009; Herzschuh et al., 2006). ITCZ record at Qunf Cave in
Oman (17º10’N 54º18’N), shows that the ITCZ slowly migrated south from 8.3 ka until 5
ka (Fleitmann et al., 2003). The southward latitudinal displacement of the ITCZ
stabilized from 5 to 3 ka, coinciding with the decline in effective moisture at Cuobu.
In addition to isolation-forced ITCZ variability, changes in the ocean-atmosphere
system play a leading role in millennial and higher-frequency ISM variability. A strong
sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the equatorial Pacific (La Niña-like state: cool
eastern and warm western equatorial Pacific) during the Holocene between 11 and 4 ka,
for example, corresponded with enhanced ISM intensity, greater effective moisture, and
high lake levels across much of the Tibetan Plateau (Conroy et al., 2008; Koutavas and
Sachs, 2008; Marchitto et al., 2010; Moy et al., 2002). After 4 ka, the SST gradient
reversed (El Niño-like state: warm eastern and cool western equatorial Pacific), which
corresponded to reduced ISM intensity, lower effective moisture and lake levels across
the Tibetan Plateau, and weaker ISM winds that reduced upwelling in the Arabian Sea
(Gupta et al., 2003). The co-occurrence of pluvial conditions on the TP during La Niña-

73

like conditions is consistent with modern climatic relationships between the Tropical
Pacific and ISM with weak annual monsoons linked to El Niño events and strong annual
monsoons corresponding with La Niña events (Chowdary et al., 2016; Samanta et al.,
2020; Surendran et al., 2015).
These orbital drivers of ISM variability are reflected in the millennial scale trends
of synoptic and local hydroclimate at Cuobu. Wet conditions at Cuobu during the early
Holocene ISM maximum were driven by high insolation and the northerly ITCZ, while
the middle Holocene transition to dry conditions around 5 ka corresponds with drier
conditions at other sites on the Tibetan Plateau and evidence of weakening ISM
precipitation and winds throughout the region (Bird et al., 2014; Cai et al., 2012;
Fleitmann et al., 2003; Fleitmann et al., 2007; Herzschuh et al., 2009). The timing of the
middle Holocene transition at Cuobu shows that runoff (%sand) and P:E balance abruptly
shifted in response to reduced solar insolation, the southward migration of the ITCZ, and
the shift to El Niño-like conditions in the Pacific. Lake levels at Paru Co also decreased
at this time, indicating that local hydroclimate on the southeastern TP was consistent at
these sites that are over 500 km apart. While there is strong agreement with these orbital
drivers on ISM expression at Cuobu on longer time scales, these drivers do not account
for the higher-frequency variability seen in the Cuobu record, particularly during the
early and late Holocene.
3.5.5 Drivers of Decadal & Centennial ISM Variability
Higher frequency variability at Cuobu is superimposed on the millennial trends of
a wet early and late Holocene and a dry middle Holocene, which is driven by centennial
and decadal scale variability in local climate and SSTs. Local hydroclimate is reflective
of local and regional precipitation, temperature, and evaporation patterns. Temperature
and effective moisture records from the Tibetan Plateau help explain how local climate
can drive regional monsoon expression. One temperature record from the Tibetan Plateau
at Lake Zigetang (90.9ºE 32.0ºN, 463 km northeast of Cuobu), shows that the early
Holocene was a warm, humid environment as inferred by dominant temperate steppe
vegetation (Herzschuh et al., 2006). After 5 ka, the eastern Tibetan Plateau transitioned to
a drier, cooler environment; while there was a modest warming over the last 1 ka. This

74

warming over the last 1 ka corresponds to the decline in effective moisture seen at
Cuobu, suggesting that higher evaporation reduced effective moisture even as monsoon
intensity increased.
The Koucha Lake temperature and effective moisture pollen record (97.2 ºE
34.0ºN, 1,090 km northeast of Cuobu) also showed warmer, wetter conditions in the early
Holocene until 7 ka, when effective moisture began to gradually decline (Herzschuh et
al., 2009). Koucha Lake also supports a drier, arid hydroclimate in the eastern Tibetan
Plateau during the middle and late Holocene (5 ka to modern), as evident in the Cuobu
Δδ2HC23-C31 record from 5 to 1 ka. A persistently drier, more evaporative middle and late
Holocene is also evident in the ISM record at Tianmen Cave (90º4’E, 30º55’N; Fig.
3.12C) at the easternmost edge of the Tibetan Plateau (Cai et al., 2012). ISM intensity at
Tianmen Cave gradually declined after ~ 7 ka with a hiatus in the record between 3.5 and
1 ka; indicating a drier climate in eastern Tibet from 7 to 1 ka. Calcite precipitation
restarted temporarily around 1 ka, simultaneous with the higher effective moisture at
Cuobu, increased runoff at Cuobu and Paru Co, and deeper lake levels exhibited at Nir’Pa
Co (Bird et al., 2017).
Centennial monsoon variability at Cuobu during the early and late Holocene can
be attributed to both local temperature records as well as SSTs. Early Holocene pluvials
from 8.3 to 6.2 ka and 6 to 5 ka coincide with warmer temperatures and La Niña-state in
the equatorial Pacific, while drought conditions from 6.2 to 6 ka correspond with colder
temperatures on the TP and an El Niño-like state. Late Holocene increases in effective
moisture and runoff at Cuobu from 1 ka to present are reflective of relatively warmer
temperatures on the plateau with highly variable shifts between La Niña and El Niño-like
states. Coherent patterns in centennial scale local hydroclimate between Tibetan Plateau
records at Cuobu and Paru Co indicate that monsoon expression in the southeasternsouthcentral Tibetan Plateau is strongly impacted by the land-sea thermal gradient.
Warmer temperatures on the Tibetan Plateau and the Pacific Ocean are projected to
continue and increase with climate change, threatening to suppress the land-sea thermal
gradient that is a mechanical driver of the ISM (Kumar et al., 2006; Li et al., 2017;
Sharmila et al., 2015). The Cuobu record shows that the land-sea gradient is an important
driver of short-term scale variability in the ISM, with the suppression of this gradient

75

potentially driving a weaker monsoon expression and drier local hydroclimate conditions
on the Tibetan Plateau in the future.
3.6 Conclusions
The multi-proxy Cuobu paleoclimate record indicates that the lake has
experienced significant hydroclimate variations over the last 8.3 ka. Sedimentological
indicators show that Cuobu had increased runoff in the early Holocene that abruptly
decreased around 4.5 ka as indicated by a shift from coarser to finer dominated
sediments. This runoff is attributed to increased discharge in the Cuobu River, which runs
parallel to the lake, under a stronger ISM that breached the moraine that separates the
river from the lake. The river contributed coarse sediments to the lake until monsoon
intensity and water levels dropped around 4.5 ka, isolating the river from the lake and
decreasing the discharge of coarse sediments and stream flow into the lake. Leaf-wax nalkane isotopes support the interpretation of strong monsoon intensity in the early and
late Holocene and weak monsoon intensity in the middle Holocene. Δδ2HC23-C31, a proxy
for effective moisture and the ratio of precipitation to evaporation, shows more effective
moisture between 8.3 and 4.5 ka and 1 ka to present. Effective moisture was lower from
4.5 to 1 ka corresponding to a decline in ISM intensity observed in records across the
Tibetan Plateau. The timing of the synoptic and local hydroclimate response to changes
in the monsoon intensity are in-sync, suggesting a simultaneous response to large-scale
orbital changes in the ISM. Both monsoon intensity and effective moisture increased after
1 ka, however, this increase was insufficient to reconnect the two water bodies. The
timing of this decline in monsoon intensity corresponds to records across the Tibetan
Plateau that show a decline in effective moisture around 5 ka and a shift to a cooler, drier
hydroclimate that persisted until the monsoon intensity increased around 1 ka. The
synchronous decline in ISM intensity around 5 ka in the southern central and eastern
Tibetan Plateau occurs at the same time as the migration of the ITCZ in response to the
reduction of solar insolation and warming conditions in the Pacific similar to an El Niñolike state.

76

3.7 Tables
Table 3.1: 210Pb dates from Cuobu B-17 surface core
MEAN

210

DEPTH

ACTIVITY

PB

±

(CM)

SUPPORTED

±

EXCESS

210PB OR 214PB

210

ACTIVITY (BQ/G)

ACTIVITY

PB

±

137CS

±

ACTIVITY

CAL.
YR BP

(BQ/G)

77

2.50

0.243

1.240

0.0544

0.045

0.18860

1.19490 0.0101

0.00517 -65

4.50

0.276

0.115

0.0739

0.056

0.20210

0.05900 N/A

N/A

-62

6.50

0.208

0.079

0.0444

0.019

0.16360

0.05940 N/A

N/A

-60

8.50

0.241

0.084

0.0601

0.028

0.18090

0.05660 N/A

N/A

-57

10.50

0.299

0.082

0.0374

0.017

0.26160

0.06510 N/A

N/A

-52

12.50

0.28

0.085

0.033

0.018

0.24700

0.06750 N/A

N/A

-40

16.50

0.249

0.067

0.0381

0.014

0.21090

0.05260 0.0201

0.019

-33

18.50

0.246

0.085

0.0359

0.033

0.21010

0.05260 0.0356

0.0321

-28

20.00

0.246

0.080

0.0304

0.027

0.21560

0.05280 N/A

N/A

136

22.25

0.185

0.094

0.0795

0.028

0.10550

0.06690 N/A

N/A

N/A

Table 3.2: Radiocarbon dates from Cuobu B-17 and D-17 composite core
CORE

MEAN

14

C YR

±

CAL YR

±

DEPTH (CM)
B17

1.5

940

15

172.5

15

B17

5.5

910

15

156.5

15

B17

46

1740

15

730.5

15

D17

93

1915

15

935.5

15

D17

145

2460

20

1666.5

20

D17

200

3100

15

2378.5

15

D17

280

4415

15

4073.5

15

D17

313

5255

15

5066.5

15

D17

374

6210

20

7165.5

20

D17

414

7950

20

7910.5

20

78

Figures 3.8

Figure 3.1. Bathymetric map of Cuobu with core sites marked (red colored dots with
core names). Bathymetry mapped with 0.5 m contour intervals. Inlets and outlets to the
lake are marked with blue dashed lines and arrows. Cuobu River is marked with a blue
dashed line. Grey background and black dashed line designate the extent of a moraine
between Cuobu and Cuobu River. A delta feature on the moraine is present where an
ephemeral stream bed cuts across the moraine.

79

Figure 3.2. Topographic map of the area surrounding Cuobu, inset with the lake
bathymetry (A). Cuobu watershed is designated with an orange dashed line. Topographic
contours are at 50 m intervals while bathymetric contours are at 0.5 m intervals. An
ephemeral stream (ii) and its delta (iii) that cut across the moraine are identified with a
black box and shown in greater detail (B). The Cuobu River (i) is to the east of a moraine
that forms the southeastern edge of Cuobu (iv). A transect (red dashed line) across the
moraine is used to show the elevational profile (C) of the lake-moraine-river environment
(B). The elevational profile is marked with red lines show the elevational difference
between features.

80

Figure 3.3. Average monthly temperature (°C ± s.d.) and total precipitation (mm ± s.d.)
at Xigaze weather station from 1988-2018. Gray background indicates the annual
monsoon season.

81

Figure 3.4. Excess and supported 210Pb activity with 137Cs activity in the top 22 cm of
Cuobu sediment core.

Figure 3.5. Age model for Cuobu produced by Bacon program using both 210Pb and 14C
dates.

82

83
Figure 3.6. Cuobu B-17 and D-17 total organic matter (TOM %; A), total carbonates (TC %; B), δ13C (‰; C), δ15N (‰; D), and the
ratio of C:N I. Black vertical line represents average values. The grey background indicates the period with highest C:N. Blue and red
backgrounds indicate inferred wet and dry conditions at the lake.

84
Figure 3.7. Concentration of leaf wax n-alkanes extracted from Cuobu B-17 and D-17 sediments (ng/g) for C23 (A), C25 (B), C27
(C), C29 (D), and C31 I. Indices to distinguish between terrestrial (long-chain) and aquatic (short-chain) n-alkanes include average
chain length (ACL: F), carbon preference index (CPI: G), and aquatic vegetation index (Paq: H). Black vertical line represents average
values. Blue and red backgrounds indicate inferred wet and dry conditions at the lake.

85
Figure 3.8. Coubo leaf wax n-alkane δ2H (‰) for C23 (A), C25 (B), C27 (C), C29 (D), and C31 I. Δδ2HC23-C31 is the balance of
precipitation to evaporation (P:E; F). Black vertical line represents average values. Blue and red backgrounds indicate inferred wet and
dry conditions respectively.

86
Figure 3.9. Cuobu 5 pt. moving average (MA) dry bulk density (BD g cm-3: A), magnetic susceptibility (MS, SI 10 x -5: B), 5 pt. MA
percent clay I, 5 pt. MA percent silt (D), 5 pt. MA percent sand I, histogram of grain diameter size for each sample (F), Ti (G) and 5
pt. MA Zr (H). The full record is shaded behind each moving average. Black vertical line represents average values. Red and blue
background indicate periods with dry and wet conditions respectively, based on grain size.

Figure 3.10. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) results from the Cuobu sediment
record, indicating the contributions of each proxy in the overall variance of the dataset.

87

88
Figure 3.11. Cuobu 5 pt. moving average (MA) %sand (A), 5 pt. MA Principal Component 1 (PC1; B) and Δδ2HC23-C31 (C) in
comparison with Tibetan Plateau records from Paru Co n-alkane δ2HC27 and δ2HC29 (D) lithics I and primary component 1 (F), Lake
Zigetang pollen index (G), and Koucha Lake effective moisture (H). The full record is shaded behind each moving average. Black
vertical line represents average values. Blue and red backgrounds infer wet and dry conditions at Cuobu.

89
Figure 3.12. Cuobu Δδ2HC23-C31 (A) and δ2HC31 (B) records in conjunction with records from the ISM span and Pacific SSTs. Records
are from Tianmen Cave (C), Qunf Cave (D), El Junco I, and Eastern Pacific SST (F). Black vertical line represents average values.
Blue and red backgrounds infer wet and dry conditions at Cuobu.

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Wu, D., Chen, X., Lv, F., Brenner, M., Curtis, J., Zhou, A., Chen, J., Abbott, M., Yu, J.
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4. MULTI-PROXY EVIDENCE FOR AN EARLY HOLOCENE LOW LAKE STAND
DURING A STRONG MONSOON: INVESTIGATING THE ELEVATION
DEPENDENT EXPRESSION OF THE INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON ON
THE TIBETAN PLATEAU
4.1 Introduction
Understanding hydroclimate variability in the Third Pole Environment, which
encompasses the Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding region (Qui, 2008), is important for
establishing how climate change impacts water availability for over a third of the world’s
population. The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) is the primary source of precipitation in
the Third Pole region, with as much as 90% of annual precipitation falling during the
boreal warm season between May and September (Tian et al., 2007). There is
considerable evidence from paleoclimate archives that ISM intensity has varied
throughout the Holocene and that there have been abrupt changes in its mean state from
pluvials (wet phases) to droughts and vice versa. After an early Holocene maximum in
precipitation from 11.7 to 7, ISM precipitation declined between 7 and 5 ka, with isotopic
proxies indicating a gradual decline while sediment proxies indicating a more abrupt
transition (Berkelhammer et al., 2012; Bird et al., 2017; Bird et al., 2014; Fleitmann et
al., 2003; Fleitmann et al., 2007; Herzschuh et al., 2006). The middle Holocene transition
to a weakened monsoon between 7 to 5 ka has been attributed to reduced solar insolation
(Fleitmann et al., 2003) that resulted in a southward migration of the ITCZ (Haug et al.,
2001) and increased El Niño-like conditions in the Pacific (Chen et al., 2016; Conroy et
al., 2008; Emile-Geay and Tingley, 2016; Emile‐Geay et al., 2016; Moy et al., 2002).
While many records agree that the ISM weakened during the middle Holocene (7
– 5 ka), questions remain about the elevation-dependent expression of this decline in
monsoon intensity (Bird et al., 2014; Herzschuh et al., 2006). This is in part because there
are few decadally-resolved records of ISM dynamics (Berkelhammer et al., 2012; Cai et
al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2008) and even fewer decadal-resolved records found directly on the
Tibetan Plateau, with most of these records in high-elevation regions (Bird et al., 2017;
Bird et al., 2014). High-resolution records allow for the investigation of hydroclimate
processes that occur on shorter time scales and capture variability missed by records

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resolved on centennial and millennial time scales. Monsoon precipitation has also been
shown to vary between synoptic and local hydroclimate proxies, with evidence to suggest
that isotopic records (synoptic) show earlier decline than local, sedimentological proxies
(Berkelhammer et al., 2012; Bird et al., 2017; Bird et al., 2014; Fleitmann et al., 2003;
Herzschuh et al., 2009; Herzschuh et al., 2006), with evidence that the monsoon
contracted during the middle Holocene transition with reduced precipitation and
upwelling evident in the Arabian Sea and Arabian Peninsula (Fleitmann et al., 2003;
Gupta et al., 2003). It is difficult to determine how this is reflected on the Tibetan Plateau
since records are frequently from central and eastern Tibet, with limited records further
east towards the Hengduan Mountains, a highly populated area of the Plateau. Lowresolution pollen and tree-ring records from the Hengduan Mountains are from highelevation sites (Fan et al., 2008; Fan et al., 2009), and therefore may not necessarily
reflect hydroclimate variability affecting lower elevation intermontane areas where
populations are centered. Limited understanding of Holocene monsoon expression in
these low-elevation, highly populated areas of the Tibetan Plateau reduces the accuracy
of future monsoon rainfall projections under climate change.
Here I present a high-resolution, low elevation (2810 a.s.l.) sediment record from
Galang Co (Fig. 4.1), an inter-montane valley lake in the Hengduan Mountains. The
Galang Co record spans the last 12.3 ka and was developed to understand the expression
of the ISM along elevational gradients across the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Local
hydroclimate conditions throughout the Holocene was reconstructed using
sedimentology, organic matter, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) geochemistry, and long- and
short-chain leaf-wax n-alkane hydrogen isotopes. This record addresses: 1) hydroclimate
variability at an under-represented area of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, 2) how the
expression of ISM precipitation differs between low and high elevation sites and across
the eastern Tibetan Plateau, and 3) how the timing of the transition to a weak monsoon
differs between synoptic and local ISM hydroclimate proxies.
4.2 Study Area: Galang Co
Galang Co is a small (0.1 km2), low elevation lake (2810 a.s.l.) within the
Hengduan Mountains of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (Fig 4.2A, 29.90817° N,

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95.60391° E). The lake is situated near the bottom of a deep valley at the confluence of
the Parlung Zangpo and Quzong Zangpo rivers and surrounded by steep mountain terrain
with nearby peaks rising to over 5900 m a.s.l. The lake’s small watershed (4.2 km2)
consists of steep mountain slopes (4150-3750 m a.s.l.) to the northwest with a smaller hill
(2900 a.s.l.) to the south of the watershed. Geomorphological observations of the lake’s
watershed made in the field and from satellite images show scarp features on the
mountain along the north side of the lake and the heterogeneous mixture of rocks within
the hill formation on the south edge of the lake that are suggestive of an ancient landslide.
There are no geomorphic features that would suggest any additional landslides and there
are no landforms indicating glaciation in the watershed (Fig. 4.2B). Historical marker
observed in the area suggest that the watershed was the home of the Galang or Tubo
Dynasty which existed from around 700 CE to the early 20th century. Today, a small
village (est. population = 100) exists along the outlet of the lake, utilizing the Galang Co
watershed for grazing and small-scale agriculture.
Field observations during coring indicate that Galang Co’s bathymetry consists of
a broad wetland and littoral zone that sharply transitions to a deep central basin with a
maximum depth of 18 m. The inlet on the southwest corner of the lake is modified with
an 8-foot stone structure, extending a few feet above the water level, powering prayer
wheels at a stupa on the southwest edge of the lake. There is no impoundment present
behind the structure, indicating that it does not impact lake levels. The littoral zone of the
lake is densely vegetated with aquatic macrophytes, while the vegetation immediately
surrounding the lake is comprised of thick groundcover vegetation, including ferns and
mosses. The watershed of the lake transitions from wetland to a mixed deciduousconiferous forest, which covers the rest of the watershed, including the surrounding
slopes. This is consistent with the broader vegetation pattern of the region with montaneneedle and broadleaf forests in the southeastern plateau below 3000 m elevation
(Herzschuh et al., 2006). The northern shore of the lake transitions into a shallow wetland
where water collects from the steep mountainside.
Modern regional climate data is derived from the Qamdo station (3307 m a.s.l.;
31.15° N, 97.167° E), which is ~220 km from Galang Co. Regional precipitation totals
367 mm and tracks the seasonal ISM cycle, with 89% of rainfall occurring between May

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and September (330 mm; average summer temperature = 15.4°C; Fig. 4.3). Winters
(December-February) are characterized by low precipitation (2.1 mm) and cold
temperatures (-0.7 – 1.8°C), with winter ice cover on the lake from at least December
through February.
4.3 Methods
4.3.1 Sample Collection
Sediment cores, water samples, surface sediments, and vegetation were collected
at Galang Co in June 2015. The surface water chemistry of the lake was close to neutral
(pH = 7.82) while conductivity and turbidity were low. Dissolved oxygen was 6.1 mg/L
and the temperature was 17°C. Three surface sediment cores that captured the sedimentwater interface were retrieved using a piston surface corer (Fig. 4.2). A 114 cm surface
core, E-15, was acquired at a water depth of 17.3 m, while two shorter surface cores, A15 (102 cm) and B-15 (115 cm), were collected at water depths of 17.5 m. The top 27 cm
of E-15 were extruded at 1 cm intervals in the field while A-15 and B-15 were secured
with Xorbitol® gel for transport and split at the Paleoclimatology and Sedimentology
Laboratory at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). A longer
sediment core, D-15, was retrieved from 17.7 meter water depth using a modified
Livingstone piston corer (composite core length = 294 cm) (Livingstone, 1955; Wright,
1967). D-15 consisted of four-1 m drives that were overlapped by 30 cm in order to
ensure complete sediment recovery. A replicate Livingstone core C-15 (composite core
length = 266 cm; water depth=17.5 m) was also retrieved with a 30 cm overlap.
Composite cores were made using a combination of field depths, images, and magnetic
susceptibility to identify and correlate lithological units between drives.
Water samples were collected for isotopic analysis, while water chemistry,
including temperature, pH, alkalinity, and conductivity, was measured in-situ using a
Hydrolab MS5. Modern sediments from the surface-water interface were collected from
the deep and shallow basins using an Ekman grab sampler. Two soil samples were also
collected from the surrounding watershed. Samples of aquatic and terrestrial vegetation
communities within and surrounding the lake were additionally collected. All samples

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were stored at 4°C before analysis at the Paleoclimatology and Sedimentology
Laboratory at IUPUI.
4.3.2 Geochronology
Sediments were dated using a combination of 210Pb, 214Pb, 137Cs, and 14C
radiometric techniques. The 210Pb, 214Pb, and 137Cs activities were measured by direct
gamma counting on 13 samples from the upper 35 cm of the E-15 surface core at the
University of Pittsburgh (Appleby and Oldfield, 1978). Radiocarbon (14C) dates of
charcoal samples from the D-15 core (n = 9) were determined using accelerator mass
spectrometry (AMS) at the Keck AMS Facility, University of California Irvine. Charcoal
samples were isolated by wet sieving at 63 μm before undergoing acid-base-acid (1 N
HCl and 1 N NaOH) pretreatment based on UCI protocols (KCCAMS, 2011; Olsson,
1986). Radiocarbon dates were calibrated using the IntCAL 13 dataset (Reimer et al.,
2013) and an age model was produced using the Bacon software program (Blaauw and
Christen, 2011). All dates for the Galang Co E-17 and D-17 composite core are reported
in calendar years before present (0 ka; 0 ka = 1950 CE).
4.3.3 Initial Core Description
All cores were split, imaged, and described before sub-sampling. High resolution
images of the cores were made at IUPUI using a GeoTek Multi-Sensor Core Logger.
Volumetric samples (1 cm3) were collected from the work half of all cores at 1 cm
intervals, weighed, and dried at 60 °C for 24 hours before being reweighed to determine
dry bulk density (ρdry; g/cm-3) and water content (%water). The sediment was then
combusted at 550 °C for four hours, weighed, combusted again at 1000 °C for two hours,
and weighed again in order to calculate total organic matter (%TOM) and total carbonate
(%TC) from weight loss (Boyle, 2001; Heiri et al., 2001). The surface cores were then
sliced into sections at a 1 cm resolution while Livingstone cores were sliced into 0.5 cm
section for further analysis.

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4.3.4 Grain Size
Approximately ~1 g of wet sediment was taken from cores E-15 and D-15 cores
at 1 cm intervals, and from homogenized samples of the surface sediments and soil
samples for grain size analysis. The samples were dried at 60 °C for 24 hours before
weighing. Organic matter was removed by soaking the samples in 30 % hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) for 24 hours at room temperature before treating them with up to 5-20
ml aliquots of 30 % H2O2 at 70°C (Gray et al., 2010). Biogenic silica was then removed
from the samples by soaking them in 20 mL of 1 N NaOH for six hours at 60 °C. The
samples were subsequently centrifuged and rinsed with DI H2O to remove any trace
NaOH before freeze drying and reweighing to calculate lithics (%). Because carbonates
were not present, the samples were not treated with HCl. Samples were lastly stored in
2.5% sodium metaphosphate and sonicated before grain size analysis, which was
conducted using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 at IUPUI. Grain size results were reported
in a range of 49 particle diameter size bins between 0.2 and 2000 μm with an average of
three replicates per sample.
4.3.5 XRF Geochemistry
Sedimentary geochemistry for elements ranging between aluminum (Al) to
uranium (U) (atomic numbers 13 – 92) were measured using scanning x-ray florescence
(XRF) at 0.5 cm resolution. XRF analysis was conducted at the Large Lakes Observatory,
University of Minnesota Duluth using an ITRAX XRF Core Scanner (Croudace et al.
2006). Cores were scanned using a Cr source tube (30 kV; 55 mA) with a 15 second
dwell time and a 10 mm measurement resolution. Raw data was processed using Qspec
8.6.0 software. All measurements are reported as counts per second (cps).
4.3.6 Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes
Samples from the composite E-15 and D-15 core were collected at 2 cm intervals
(n=148), dried, homogenized, and weighed into tin capsules (~4 mg) before C and N
isotopic analysis at the Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth.
Measurements of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), organic δ13C, and δ15N
were made using a Thermo Finnigan Delta Plus XP Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer

102

(IRMS) combined with a Costech 4010 elemental combustion system. Measurements are
reported as per mil (‰) with δ13C relative to the Vienna Peedee Belemnite (VPDB) and
δ15N relative to atmospheric nitrogen. A series of standards were used including
acetanilide, caffeine, B-2153, B-2159, and USGS41 (National Institute of Standards and
Technology) with coefficient of variation for C and N ranging between 0.5-1.1 %.
Isotopic precision for standards was 0.03-0.26 ‰ for N measurements and 0.05-0.18 ‰
for C.
The carbon isotopic composition of organic matter (δ13Corg) is often used in
conjunction with C:N to distinguish between C3 and C4 plant groups due to isotopic
fractionation differences between their photosynthesis pathways (Meyers and LallierVergès, 1999). It is difficult to differentiate the δ13Corg signature between algal and C3
plants when lake and atmospheric CO2 are at equilibrium (both typically range between 30 to -25 ‰), but C4 plants have more positive isotopic values with a range between -14
and -10 ‰. Interpreting δ15N is complex because it is affected by organic matter source
and available nitrogen in the water column and must be considered in conjunction with
other productivity proxies, such as C:N and δ13Corg (Meyers and Lallier-Vergès, 1999;
Talbot, 2002). C3 land plants typically have an average δ15N of 1 ‰ while phytoplankton
have an average δ15N of 8 ‰. Because total organic matter can be derived from both
terrestrial and aquatic sources, the ratio of elemental organic carbon to total nitrogen
(C:N) provides useful information about changes in the sources of organic matter to
lacustrine systems. C:N values under 10 indicate aquatic sourced organic matter,
typically algae, while values greater than 15 are indicative of C3 and C4 land plants
(Meyers and Lallier-Vergès, 1999).
4.3.7 Lipid Biomarker Extraction & 2H Analysis
Lipids were extracted from a sub-set of thirty-five samples from the composite
sediment core at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University. Lipids
were extracted from freeze-dried and homogenized sediments with dichloromethane and
methanol solvent (9:1) using a Dionex Accelerated Solvent Extractor – 350. The total
lipids extract was separated into aliphatic, ketone, and polar fractions through subsequent
elutions using hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol solvent across a silica gel column

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(70-230 mesh, 60A). The aliphatic fraction then underwent separation across a silver
nitrate column (10 % AgNO3) with hexane elution for n-alkanes and ethyl acetate elution
for n-alkenes. The concentration of n-alkanes for each sample was determined using an
Agilent Technologies 7890A gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCMS).
The contribution of aquatic vs. terrestrial vegetation to the sediments was assessed
using three indices. The average chain length (ACL) index quantifies the distribution of
short vs. long chain n-alkanes with lower values (< 25) indicating aquatic vegetation and
higher values (> 25) indicating terrestrial vegetation (Diefendorf et al., 2015; Mügler et
al., 2008). The carbon preference index (CPI) represents the ratio of odd to even carbon
atoms in leaf-wax n-alkanes with relative lows and highs indicating aquatic and terrestrial
vegetation, respectively. The relative abundances of aquatic vs. terrestrial vegetation
deposited in the lake was also assessed with the Paq index, where higher values indicate
greater abundance of aquatic plants (Ficken et al., 2000; Seki et al., 2009).
25 𝐶25
ACL

𝐶𝑃𝐼

27 𝐶27

𝐶25

29 𝐶29
31 𝐶31
33 𝐶33
37 𝐶37
𝐶29
𝐶31
𝐶33
𝐶35

𝐶27

𝐶23
𝐶25
2 𝑋 C24
𝑃𝑎𝑞

𝐶25
𝐶27
C26

35 𝐶35
𝐶37

𝐶27
𝐶29
𝐶31
𝐶33
𝐶35
𝐶29
𝐶31
𝐶33
𝐶35
𝐶37
C28
C30
C32
C34
C36

𝐶23

𝐶23
𝐶25

𝐶25
𝐶29

𝐶31

Twenty long-chain n-alkane extract samples then underwent hydrogen isotopic
analysis (2H). 2H measurements of the n-alkanes were made using a combined Thermo
Scientific Trace GC Ultra GCMS and Delta V Plus IRMS (GC column: 30m, 0.25mm,
14.2psi, 60 °C). Samples were run with an isotopic standard (Mix A7) and a lab standard
to assess drift. Raw isotopic values underwent drift correction using MATLAB. Isotopic
variability ranged between 3.5-4.5 % for samples (Polissar and D'Andrea, 2014).
Measurements are reported in delta notation as per mil (‰) with measurements relative
to the VSMOW (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water). The average chain length (ACL),

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carbon preference index (CPI), and aquatic vegetation index (Paq) were calculated to
assess changes in the distribution of n-alkanes and assess whether they were sourced by
aquatic or terrestrial vegetation (Diefendorf et al., 2015; Ficken et al., 2000; Marzi et al.,
1993).
Hydrogen isotopic measurements of the short-chain n-alkane nC23 reflects the
isotopic composition of the lake water in which aquatic plants grow. The isotopic
composition of lake water in turn incorporates changes in the isotopic composition of
inflows (primarily precipitation) and subsequent modification from evaporation (Mügler
et al., 2008). The isotopic measurements of longer chain n-alkanes (e.g., nC29 and nC31)
incorporate the isotopic signature of soil water, which closely tracks the isotopic
composition of precipitation.
4.4 Results
4.4.1 Core Description
A 294-cm-long composite core was constructed using the E-15 surface and D-15
Livingstone cores. The composite core was differentiated into two distinct halves based
on visual stratigraphy (Fig. 4.4). The bottom 144 cm of the core from 294 to 150 cm
consisted of a light brown peat material with bands of white coarse sand and gravel
between 283-280 cm and 270-265 cm and a tan sand layer from 220-215 cm. The top 150
cm of the core consisted of massive units of dark to light brown muds with interspersed
fragments of organic matter, including charcoal and grasses. There were two distinct
white clay bands between 125-120 cm and 145-142 cm.
4.4.2 Age Model
Excess 210Pb activity was highest at the top of the E-15 core, peaking at 10 cm,
before decaying to background levels at 32 cm (Table 4.1; Fig. 4.5). An age model was
developed for the top 31.25 ± 0.25 cm based on the constant rate of supply (Appleby and
Oldfield, 1978). Three samples had 137Cs activity at 14.75, 16.25, and 23.75 ± 0.25 cm
depth, which were dated to -38 ± 3.4, -34 ± 3.8, and -3 ± 5.6 BP. The oldest 210Pb date
was at 31cm depth and dated as 67.3 ± 13 BP. Eight radiocarbon dates (Table 4.2) were

105

obtained from charcoal fragments and calibrated using the IntCal 13 dataset (Reimer et
al., 2013) using the program Bacon (Blaauw and Christen, 2011). The oldest 14C date for
D-15 at 271-269 cm was calibrated to 11.27 ka. Dates below this depth were extrapolated
by extending the age model in Bacon. The 210Pb and 14C dates were used to assess the
age-depth relationship and an age model was established using the Bacon program
spanning the last 12.3 ka (Fig. 4.6). The full age model dataset is in Appendix 3, Table A
3.1.
4.4.3 Organic Matter Chemistry
Total organic matter was highest during the early Holocene (11.7 – 6.2 ka)
averaging 44.5% until 6.2 ka (Fig. 4.7A). Total organic matter subsequently decreased
throughout the end of the middle (5 – 3 ka; average: 33 %) and late Holocene (3 ka to
present; average 27.4 %). Total carbonate was low throughout the record (3.0 %) with a
few isolated high carbonate intervals (17.7-34 %) from 11 – 10.9 ka (Fig. 4.7B).
The ratio of elemental organic carbon to total nitrogen (C:N) ranged between 8.6
and 28.1 with an average of 11.5 in the record (Fig. 4.7C). C:N was elevated during the
early Holocene from 11.7 to 9.3 ka (average: 14.87) and slowly decreased from 9.3 to 6
ka (average: 12.13), suggesting a greater contribution of organic matter from terrestrial
plants to the lake. After 6.0 ka, C:N was consistently lower for the rest of the record
(average: 10.13).
Organic matter δ13Corg at Galang Co varied significantly during the Holocene with
13C values averaging -27.2 ‰ and ranging between -32.41 ‰ to -12.4 ‰ (Fig. 4.7D).
The most positive values of δ13Corg occurred during the early Holocene between 11.9 – 11
ka (average: -21.59 ‰). After 11 ka, δ13Corg varied between -29 and -25 ‰ before
decreasing to an average -30.2 ‰ over the last 1 ka.
Galang Co sedimentary δ15N averaged 0.99 ‰ and ranged between -1.25 ‰ and
2.37 ‰ throughout the record (Fig. 4.7E). δ15N ranged between -1 and 0.5 ‰ between
11.3 – 6.2 ka. After 6.2 ka, 15N increased by 1.7 ‰ and varied between 0.6 to 2.4 ‰
(average: 1.8 ‰), remaining elevated until 1 ka, at which point 15N decreased to 0.9 ‰.

106

4.4.4 Sedimentology & Magnetic Susceptibility
Dry bulk density was variable throughout the record, averaging 0.2 g cm-3, with
lower values during the early Holocene (11.7 – 9.1 ka; Fig. 4.8A). MS was low,
averaging 1.3 SI x 10-5 SI, until 6.2 ka before increasing to an average of 12.16 SI x 10-5
SI over the last 6 ka (Fig. 4.8B). Percent lithics varied during the Holocene (average: 51.9
%; range: 0.7-98 %) with low lithics between 11.7 – 11 ka and 7.5 – 6.5 ka corresponding
to high organic matter (Fig. 4.8C). Lithics were higher from 6.5 ka to present (average:
60.1 %; range: 1.1-98 %) corresponding with finer sediments.
Clay content was low from 11.7 to 6 ka (average: 4.33 %; range: <0.1-18.5 %)
before increasing and remaining high over the last 6 ka (average: 6.73 %; range: 0.2-35.3
%; Fig. 4.8D). Silt (average: 51.7 %; range: <0.1-86.1 %) and sand (average: 42.8 %;
range: <0.1-100 %) abundances showed an inverse relationship throughout the Holocene
(Fig. 4.8E and 4.8F). Silt content was lowest in the early Holocene from 11.7 to 6 ka,
averaging 45%, before increasing around 6 ka to an average of 58.4 % when there was a
noticeable change towards finer sediments in the core lithology. Percent sand was highest
from 11.7 to 6 ka during the early Holocene averaging 50.6 % and declined after 6 ka by
15.7 %. Grain size diameters shows an abundance of coarser sediments from 11.7 until
around 6 ka, when grain size distribution shifted to finer sediments for the rest of the
Holocene (Fig. 4.8G).
4.4.5 XRF Geochemistry
Of the forty-seven elements measured on the composite core using XRF, I focus
on iron, manganese, titanium, and zirconium for hydroclimatic interpretations. Titanium
(Ti) and Zirconium (Zr) are conservative elements typically associated with clastic
detritus, where higher Ti is interpreted as representing more terrestrial sediments being
deposited into the lake, and vice versa (Croudace et al., 2006). Measurements of Ti
(range: 701-113,073 cps) were lower in the early Holocene, averaging 13,226 cps from
11.7 to 6 ka (Fig. 4.9A). Ti concentrations increased after 6 ka, averaging 17,940 cps,
indicating an increase in terrestrial sediments being deposited into the lake. Zr (range: 0-

107

3413 cps) follows a similar pattern with Ti, with lower Zr from 11.7 to 6 ka, averaging
959 cps (Fig. 4.9C). Zr increased after 6 ka, averaging 1485 cps.
Iron (Fe) is also linked with clastic material, but this relationship is additionally
influenced by the lake’s redox potential, with Fe staying in solution under anoxic
conditions because it is redox sensitive (Cuven et al., 2010; Nesbitt and Markovics,
1997). Fe content showed a significant transition from low measurements, average
68,188 cps, between 11.7 and 6 ka and subsequent higher values in the rest of the record
after 6 ka, averaging 159,015 cps (Fig. 4.9B). Redox potential of the lake was inferred by
the ratio of manganese (Mn) to Fe (Naeher et al., 2013). The Mn: Fe ratio was higher
between 11.7 and 6 ka, averaging 0.052, than declined after 6 ka to an average of 0.025
(Fig. 4.9D). The full XRF dataset is in Appendix 4, Tables A 4.1 – 4.6.
4.4.6 δ2H Lipid Biomarkers
Long-chain n-alkanes (e.g., nC29 and nC31) are typically produced by terrestrial
vascular plants while short chain n-alkanes (e.g., nC23) are generally produced by
emergent and submerged aquatic macrophytes (Ficken et al., 2000; Seki et al., 2009).
Mid-chain n-alkanes (e.g., nC25) can reflect a mixture of aquatic and terrestrial
vegetation sources (Mügler et al., 2008; Seki et al., 2009). Overall the concentration of nalkanes varied with the highest concentrations in the mid-chain n-alkanes nC25 (average:
6094 ng/g) and nC27 (average: 5913 ng/g), and with lower concentrations in short-chain
and long-chain n-alkanes: nC23 (average: 3847 ng/g), nC29 (average: 4869 ng/g), and
nC31 (average: 2528 ng/g; Fig 4.10). The concentration of leaf-wax n-alkanes in general
were low for most of the Holocene before an increase in the concentrations of nC23nC29 around 1.7 ka and subsequent decline (Fig. 4.10A-D). The concentration of nC31
was high between 11.7-8 ka before decreasing and remaining low throughout the
remainder of the Holocene (Fig. 4.10E).
The ACL at Galang Co averaged 27.7 throughout the Holocene with values
between 26.9 and 28.6, indicating that aquatic vegetation dominated the record (Fig.
4.10F). The CPI was highly variable over the record, ranging from 1.9 to 9 (average: 5.5),
with higher CPI during the first half of the record from 12 to 5 ka, suggesting a higher
abundance of terrestrial vegetation (Fig. 4.10G). Paq was high for most of the record,

108

varying between 0.28 and 0.69 and averaging 0.5 indicating a high contribution of
aquatic vegetation to the lake (Fig. 4.10H).
The concentration of sedimentary n-alkanes was generally low throughout the
Galang Co core, limiting δ2H measurements to twenty of the thirty-five samples selected.
Δ2H isotopic measurements on short-chain and long-chain n-alkanes ranged from -243.1
‰ to -156.3 ‰ (Fig. 4.11). δ2HC23 was higher from 10.7 – 7.7 ka, averaging -192.2 ‰,
then decreased by 18 ‰ during the middle Holocene (6 – 2.5 ka) to 174.2 ‰ (Fig.
4.11A). After 2.5 ka, δ2HC23 increased by 43.3 ‰ to an average of -167.4 ‰. Both δ2HC25
and δ2HC27 averaged -215.8 and -218.8 ‰ during the early Holocene (10.7 – 7.7 ka),
increased during the middle Holocene (6 – 2.5 ka) by 21.1 ‰ and 12.6 ‰ for averages of
-194.7 ‰ and -206.2 ‰ respectively and subsequently decreased from 2.5 ka to present
(Fig. 4.11B and 4.11C). Both long-chain n-alkanes δ2HC29 and δ2HC31 were lower during
the early Holocene from 10.7 – 7.7 ka, averaging -230.1 and -223.8 ‰ (Fig. 4.11D and
4.11E). δ2HC29 decreased by -13.1 ‰ at 5.6 ka then subsequently increased and remained
higher throughout the middle and late Holocene, averaging -222.7 ‰ from 5.3 ka to
present. Δ2HC31 record is limited after 7 ka with few data points, increasing to an average
of -217.1 ‰ from 2.7 ka to present.
4.5 Discussion
4.5.1 Holocene Hydroclimate & Lake Level Variability at Galang Co
The co-occurrence of peat, high C:N, low δ15N, high δ13Corg, and coarse grain
sizes at Galang Co between 11.7 and 6.2 ka strongly suggests that water levels were at a
minimum during the early and middle Holocene. High organic matter inputs to the lake
between 11.7 to 6.2 ka, which coincides with low δ15N, high C:N, and high δ13Corg, all
suggest high influxes of terrestrial vegetation (C3 and C4 plants) to the lake. Shallow
lake conditions are additionally supported by high Mn:Fe ratios from 11.7 to 6.2 ka,
which indicate oxygen-rich conditions during this time, with shallow waters being more
oxygen-rich than deeper waters. The onset of deeper lake conditions between 7 and 6 ka
is suggested by rapid changes in sedimentology, including a transition to finer sediments
and greater aquatic productivity as indicated by higher δ15N and C:N values below 10.

109

Anoxic conditions as evident with lower Mn:Fe from 6.2 ka to present, indicate deeper
lake conditions at Galang Co were established in the middle Holocene and have persisted
through the present day.
The short-chain n-alkane δ2HC23 results support the Galang Co lake level
interpretations based on sedimentological and geochemical data. Specifically, high (low)
δ2H values of nC23 correspond to lower (deeper) lake levels. δ2HC23 was high during the
early Holocene from 11 to 7.7 ka, indicating increased evaporation when lake levels were
low as indicated by peat-rich, coarse sediments. δ2HC23 decreased in the middle Holocene
(6 – 2 ka) as the lake transitioned to a deeper steady-state as indicated by the
predominance of fine-grained sediments and high aquatic productivity. Based on this
relationship, I interpret δ2HC23 as a signal of effective moisture at Galang Co. Stronger
ISM intensity, inferred by long-chain n-alkane δ2HC29 and δ2HC31, persisted in the early
Holocene (11 – 6 ka) when effective moisture was lowest, likely as a result of high
evaporation. Both evaporation and monsoon intensity decreased in the middle Holocene
around 6 ka resulting in greater effective moisture that persisted until the late Holocene
when effective moisture declined around 1.5 ka. This relationship between monsoon
precipitation, effective moisture, and lake levels at Galang Co stands in contrast to many
of the existing records from the Tibetan Plateau, but as is discussed below, is not
incompatible with the well-established Holocene trend of the ISM.
The Galang Co local hydroclimate record stands in sharp contrast to many of the
ISM and lake level reconstructions from other sites on the Tibetan Plateau, which
indicate greater effective moisture and deeper lake levels during the early Holocene (11 –
7 ka) when the ISM was strengthened, followed by a decline in effective moisture in the
middle Holocene (7 – 3 ka) as the ISM weakened. This trend is evident at Paru Co
(29.8°N, 92.4°E, 4845 m a.s.l.), a shallow high altitude lake approximately 300 km west
of Galang Co, where high effective moisture and deeper lake levels are evident in the
early Holocene (Bird et al., 2014). High %lithics and %sand, inferred as runoff and lake
level signals respectively, indicate that effective moisture remained high until at least 7
ka when runoff declined while lake levels didn’t fall until 5 ka (Fig. 4.12G-H).
An effective moisture and temperature record at Koucha Lake in eastern Tibet
(34.0°N, 97.2°E, 4540 m a.s.l.), located 400 km northeast of Galang Co, shows a

110

maximum in effective moisture in the early Holocene (11.7 – 6 ka) simultaneous with
warmer temperatures indicated by a steppe dominated plant community (Herzschuh et al.,
2009). The warmer, wetter Tibetan Plateau during the early Holocene is also evident in
the Lake Zigetang pollen record (90.9ºE 32.0ºN), where warmer temperatures persisted
until 5 ka, when the climate transitioned to cooler and drier conditions (Herzschuh et al.,
2006). High effective moisture derived from the pollen record coincided with lower
carbonate δ18O in the sediments from Koucha Lake between 11.7 – 7 ka, indicating lower
lake levels (Mischke et al., 2008). Colder temperatures and drier conditions became
dominant after 6 ka, evidenced by a transition to a high-alpine meadow vegetation
community, and coincides with deeper lake levels inferred from higher δ18O. The
contradiction between high effective moisture in the watershed and lower lake levels at
Koucha Lake indicates is suggested to be an indication that high evaporation impacted
lake levels even as the local hydroclimate was warmer and wetter.
The sharp contrast between Galang Co and other monsoon records is also evident
when compared with records across the broader ISM extent. The timing of the transition
to a deeper lake at Galang Co around 6.2 ka coincides with declining monsoon intensity
at Dongge, Mawmluh, and Qunf Caves (Fig. 4.13C-E). Mawmluh Cave in northeastern
India (25.3°N, 91.9°E, 1290 m a.s.l.), supports a strong monsoon in the early Holocene,
with depleted δ18O between 8 to 6 ka (Berkelhammer et al., 2012). Monsoon intensity
subsequently declined after 6 ka with a hiatus in the record after 3.5 ka, interpreted as a
significant reduction in effective moisture. Another δ18O record from Dongge Cave
(25.3°N, 108.1°E, 680 m a.s.l.), located in southeastern China, also shows a strengthened
monsoon from 11-5 ka (Dykoski et al., 2005). The Dongge Cave is at the farthest east
extent of the ISM and follows the same precipitation patterns as other ISM records, with
a stronger monsoon during the early Holocene with a noted decline towards weaker
monsoon conditions after 5 ka. These cave records indicate that monsoon intensity and
effective moisture was greatest in the early Holocene and declined between 6 and 5 ka
when solar insolation declined and the ITCZ shifted southward (Fleitmann et al., 2003).

111

4.5.2 Hydroclimate Drivers of Galang Co Effective Moisture
I hypothesize that low effective moisture in the Galang Co record is attributed to
local hydroclimate conditions. Whatever mechanism is responsible for the hydroclimate
response at Galang Co, a reversal of this condition must have occurred around the midHolocene decline in the monsoon resulting in a deeper lake. The timing of the transition
from a shallow to a deep lake at Galang Co occurs at the same time as monsoon intensity
declines in other records, supporting the conclusion that hydroclimate is the driver of
effective moisture and lake levels at Galang rather than other hydrological factors. Strong
monsoon conditions in the early Holocene (11.7 to 7 ka) at ISM sites were driven by
broader climate mechanisms, including higher solar insolation, the position of the ITCZ,
and a La Niña-state in the Pacific (Berkelhammer et al., 2012; Bird et al., 2014; EmileGeay and Tingley, 2016; Emile‐Geay et al., 2016; Fleitmann et al., 2003).
However, I propose that the more likely mechanism is evaporation driven by
temperatures and ice cover. The early Holocene was warmer as observed in the Koucha
Lake and Lake Zigetang pollen records which could have resulted in reduced ice cover on
the lake. Ice plays an important role in reducing evaporation from a lake surface during
the winter season, with modern studies of Tibetan Plateau lakes indicating that ice cover
results in lower evaporation and greater lake levels (Lazhu et al., 2016; Lei et al., n.d.).
Evaporation on Plateau lakes is highest during the fall and winter due to the large
temperature differences between the lake water and air (Lei et al., n.d.), providing further
evidence that a decline in ice cover on Galang could be responsible for the anti-phase
effective moisture pattern observed in the early and middle Holocene. An ice free Galang
Co would have allowed for year-round evaporation driving a reduction in effective
moisture and decreasing lake levels. Evaporation rates in the early Holocene would have
been higher due to warmer temperatures and could account for low lake levels if Galang
Co had little or no ice cover during the year. When temperatures cooled on the Plateau
during the middle Holocene between 6 and 5 ka, winter ice cover would have been
reestablished and could reduce the evaporation season on the lake by up to six months,
resulting in higher effective moisture and lake levels. Another possible driver of the
effective moisture trends at Galang Co is a rainout or orographic effect with high
convection in the early Holocene resulting in rainout along southern slopes in the

112

Himalayas and southern Tibet. When monsoon intensity and, subsequently, convection
declined, moisture remained in the atmosphere longer, reaching low altitude intermontane valleys in the eastern plateau. The inter-montane valley where Galang is situated
is flanked by high elevation mountains in three-directions, to the east, west and south,
which could prevent moisture from reaching the site during high convection and may be
responsible for the contradictory moisture record at this site. Further research is needed to
determine which mechanism is responsible and requires the development of additional
records from this region, including low-elevation sites, to see if this phenomenon is
unique to Galang Co.
4.5.3 Elevation-Dependent Expression of Monsoon Precipitation
As I hypothesized, Galang Co is an effective moisture record of the southeastern
Tibetan Plateau, which shows that the early Holocene (11.7 – 7 ka) was extremely
evaporative (low P:E balance). Evaporation began to decline between 7 and 6 ka, after
which effective moisture increased (higher P:E balance). The middle Holocene transition
in lake conditions at Galang Co from 7 to 6 ka coincides with shift towards a global
weaker monsoon and cooler Northern Hemisphere temperatures. Solar insolation, a driver
of the decline in monsoon intensity, declined after reaching an early Holocene maximum,
and steadily decreased through the middle and late Holocene (Berger and Loutre, 1991).
Lower solar insolation is a driving force of the southerly shift of the ITCZ, weaker
monsoon winds, and more El Niño-like conditions in the Pacific. An ITCZ record at Qunf
Cave in southern Oman (17.2°N, 54.3°E, 650 m a.s.l.), also supports stronger monsoon
intensity from 10 – 6 ka with depleted δ18O during this period indicating a more northerly
ITCZ position (Fleitmann et al., 2003). After 6 ka, the ITCZ moved further south as
evidenced by increasing δ18O at Qunf Cave, where a hiatus in the record from 2.7 to 1.3
ka coincides with reduced ISM winds in the Arabian Sea (Gupta et al., 2003). Pacific sea
surface temperatures (SSTs) from the eastern Pacific near the Baja Peninsula (Marchitto
et al., 2010), Laguna Pallcacocha (Moy et al., 2002), and the sand record at El Junco
(Conroy et al., 2008) indicate a La Niña-like state in the Pacific between 11.7 – 6 ka
before a transition to more frequent El Niño-like conditions from 6 ka to present. The
timing of the state-change in these ISM drivers, support our hypothesis that the transition

113

to a wetter local hydroclimate at Galang Co is the result of a climatic change rather than
local hydrological change.
As a low-elevation site on the Tibetan Plateau, Galang Co exhibits a strong local
hydroclimate response to the decline in ISM precipitation, however, the lake level
interpretation shows an anti-phase response to other high elevation records. A lack of
low-elevation paleoclimate records from the region has limited our understanding of
monsoon expression in low-elevation areas of the Tibetan Plateau, increasing the
importance of the interpretation of the Galang Co record. I have hypothesized that this
anti-phase lake level relationship is the result of high evaporation in the early Holocene
driven by warmer temperatures and reduced ice coverage. Lower lake levels, despite
higher precipitation, in the early Holocene suggests that local hydroclimate at lowelevation sites is driven by evaporation.
The anti-phase trend of high precipitation and low lake levels, was also observed
at Koucha Lake, where the pollen record indicated high effective moisture and warmer
temperatures, while the carbonate sediment record shows low lake levels (Herzschuh et
al., 2009; Mischke et al., 2008). Both Galang Co and Koucha Lake were evaporationcontrolled lakes, exhibiting lower lake levels despite higher monsoon precipitation in the
warmer, early Holocene. Lakes are more susceptible to evaporation, as the lake
experiences year-round evaporation, while the vegetation community is largely dormant
during the driest parts of the year. As the monsoon coincides with the growing season,
plant communities are reflective of trends in the ISM, with pollen and long-chain nalkane proxies being minimally affected by evaporation. The seasonality of the pollen
record at Koucha Lake and the long-chain n-alkane record (δ2HC29 and δ2HC31) at Galang
Co is the most likely explanation for indicators of high early Holocene ISM precipitation
in the respective watersheds, while lower lake levels persisted. Projections of warmer
temperatures on the Tibetan Plateau with climate change indicate that southeastern
Tibetan Plateau will become drier, as evaporation increases, ice cover decreases, and
other moisture sources, such as glacial melt, decrease (Yao et al., 2007; Yao et al., 2012).
Lakes, like Galang Co, may be more strongly impacted by these changes, with greater
evaporation occurring during the fall and winter months, that would be exacerbated by
reduction in ice cover. The Galang Co Holocene ISM interpretation suggests that as air

114

temperatures continue to warm on the Tibetan Plateau, evaporation rates will play a
larger role in determining water availability.
4.6 Conclusions
Galang Co demonstrates a unique contradiction to other ISM paleoclimate records
from the Tibetan Plateau, with a shallow lake during the ISM maximum from 11.7 to 6.2
ka and a deeper lake after monsoon intensity declined after 6.2 ka. Rising lake levels at
Galang Co from 7 – 6.2 ka coincide with the gradual weakening of the mid-Holocene
monsoon at other sites, evidenced by falling lake levels at Paru Co and higher δ18O at
Dongge, Mawmluh, and Qunf Caves. The concurrent timing of the change in lake levels
at Galang Co with declining ISM intensity at other sites from the Tibetan Plateau suggest
that shifts in effective moisture at Galang Co was driven by broader climate forcing. This
inverse relationship between ISM precipitation and effective moisture indicate that
Galang Co was an extremely evaporative environment during the early Holocene and that
evaporation declined after 6.2 ka. I suggest that ice cover drove this change, with warmer
temperatures in the early Holocene resulting in limited ice cover on Galang Co and yearround evaporation. During the middle Holocene, temperatures on the Tibetan Plateau
declined, increasing ice coverage on the lake and reducing evaporation. A lack of lowelevation sites on the Tibetan Plateau limits our ability to confirm whether the lake level
responses at Galang Co to synoptic ISM intensity is consistent with other sites or is
driven by local conditions. New records are needed both at low-elevation sites and in the
easternmost extent of the ISM on the Tibetan Plateau to determine the mechanisms
responsible for Galang Co’s low lake stand during a strong monsoon. The Galang Co
record suggests that low-elevation lakes in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau are
vulnerable to high evaporation when temperatures increase that can drive lower lake
levels despite increased precipitation, indicating that climate change can have a
significant impact on water availability in this highly populated region.

115

4.7 Tables
Table 4.1: 210Pb and 137Cs results from Galang Co E-15 Core.
DEPTH

210

(CM)

ACTIVITY

PB

±

SUPPORTED

±

EXCESS

210PB OR 214PB

210

ACTIVITY (BQ/G)

ACTIVITY

±

PB

137CS

±

CAL.

ACTIVITY

YR BP

(BQ/G)

116

2.75

0.336

0.113

0.0923

0.0375

0.2437

0.0755

NA

NA

-58.1392

5.75

0.55

0.145

0.171

0.0508

0.379

0.0942

NA

NA

-52.8343

10.25

1.04

0.289

0.287

0.105

0.753

0.184

NA

NA

-45.3396

14.75

0.759

0.197

0.185

0.0599

0.574

0.1371

0.0221

0.0178

-37.8562

16.25

0.536

0.15

0.15

0.0591

0.386

0.0909

0.0154

0.0148

-34.2936

17.75

0.26

0.0915

0.0839

0.0371

0.1761

0.0544

NA

NA

-27.2629

19.25

0.544

0.177

0.197

0.0832

0.347

0.0938

NA

NA

-17.1551

23.75

0.253

0.0638

0.103

0.0275

0.15

0.0363

0.00815

0.00679

-3.37822

25.25

0.304

0.0841

0.154

0.0404

0.15

0.0437

NA

NA

33.14854

26.5

0.255

0.0655

0.132

0.029

0.123

0.0365

NA

NA

56.26261

31.25

0.218

0.0917

0.116

0.0687

0.102

0.023

NA

NA

67.37271

32.75

0.146

0.0706

0.12

0.0507

0.026

0.0199

NA

NA

NA

34.25

0.21

0.0783

0.146

0.0475

0.064

0.0308

NA

NA

NA

Table 4.2: 14C dates from Galang Co D-15 Core.
CORE

MEAN

14

C YR

±

CAL YR

±

DEPTH (CM)
D15

83

3085

30

3295

30

D15

140

6100

130

5030

130

D15

147

5100

60

5830

60

D15

162

6110

190

6600

190

D15

178

6360

80

7440

80

D15

201

6610

20

7504

20

D15

221

6980

20

7902

20

D15

270

9975

25

11273

25

117

4.8 Figures

Figure 4.1. Paleoclimate archives from the greater ISM region including Galang Co
(GAL; red), Paru Co (PC), Mawmluh Cave (MA); Dongge Cave (DC), Qunf Cave (QC),
Arabian Sea (AS), Eastern Pacific (EP), and El Junco (EJ). Lake and marine sediments
are marked with circles and stars respectively. Cave records are marked with squares.
The Qamdo weather station (QA) is marked with an open circle.

118

119
Figure 4.2. Galang Co (blue outline) and its watershed relative to the Parlang Zangbo River and surrounding region (A). Galang Co
and its surrounding shoreline with the modified inlet on the southwest corner of the lake and the outlet on the southeast (B). On the
lake, locations of core sites are marked with red circles while the surface sediments and soil samples are marked with blue circles.

Figure 4.3. Thirty-year average of monthly total precipitation (mm ± s.d.) and average
temperature (°C ± s.d.) at Qamdo weather station.

120

Figure 4.4. Stratigraphy of the composite Galang Co E-17 surface and D-17 Livingstone
core. Core lithological units have been colored and marked to include clay (dashed lines),
mud (silt and clay; horizontal lines), sand (small dots), gravel (large dots), and peat (solid
grey). The location of radiocarbon dated material are designated with triangles.

121

Figure 4.5. Supported (grey) and excess (blue) 210Pb activity (± 1 s.e.m,) and 137Cs
activity (gray bar) from the top 35 cm of the E-17 surface core.

122

Figure 4.6. Age model for Galang Co composite E-17 and D-17 core over the past 12.3
ka using both 210Pb and 14C dates.

123

124
Figure 4.7. Sedimentology and geochemistry of Galang Co E-17 and D-17 composite core including total organic matter (TOM %; A)
and total carbonates (TC %; B) as derived from loss-on-ignition and the ratio of elemental carbon to nitrogen (C: N; C), organic matter
δ13C (VPDB ‰; D), and sediment δ15N (air ‰;E). Black vertical lines denote average values over the record. Red and blue
backgrounds indicate shallow and deeper lake conditions respectively.

125
Figure 4.8. Physical sedimentology of Galang Co E-17 and D-17 composite core including dry bulk density (BD g x cm-3; A), wet
sediment magnetic susceptibility (MS SI x 10-5), 5 point moving average (MA) percent total lithics I, percent clay 5 pt. MA (D),
percent silt 5 pt. MA I, percent sand 5 pt. MA (F), and a histogram of grain size diameters (G). Black vertical lines denote average
values over the record. Red and blue backgrounds indicate shallow and deeper lake conditions respectively.

126
Figure 4.9. Select elemental XRF results from Galang Co E-17 and D-17 composite core including Ti (A), Fe (B), and Zr (C) and the
ratios of Mn: Fe (F). All measurements are in counts per second (cps). Black vertical lines represent average values over the record.
Red and blue backgrounds indicate shallow and deeper lake conditions respectively.

127
Figure 4.10. The concentration of Galang sediment n-alkanes (ng/g) for nC23 (A), nC25 (B), nC27 (C), nC29 (D), and nC31 I carbon
chain lengths. The average chain length (ACL; F), carbon preference index (CPI; G), and aquatic vegetation index (Paq; H) of
sediment n-alkanes. Black vertical lines denote average values over the record. Red and blue backgrounds indicate shallow and deeper
lake conditions respectively.

128
Figure 4.11. Galang E-17 and D-17 composite core sediment δ2H (‰) for nC23 (A), nC25 (B), nC27 (C), nC29 (D), and nC31 I
carbon chain lengths. Black vertical lines denote average values over the record. Red and blue backgrounds indicate shallow and
deeper lake conditions respectively.

129
Figure 4.12. Galang Co δ15N (‰; A), ratio of C to N (B), δ2HC23 (C), percent silt 5 pt. MA (D), percent sand 5 pt. MA (E) in
conjunction with the reconstruction of effective moisture from Koucha Lake (F), the sand and lithics records from Paru Co (%; G-H),
and temperature reconstruction from Lake Zigetang. Grey background indicates period of low lake level in Galang Co (12.5-6 ka).
Average values over the record are designated as vertical lines. Red and blue backgrounds indicate shallow and deeper lake conditions
respectively.

130
Figure 4.13. Galang Co sand 5 pt. MA (%; A) and δ2HC23 (‰; B) compared with records from the broader ISM extent, the East Asian
Monsoon, and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Records include Dongge Cave δ18O (‰; C), Mawmluh Cave δ18O (‰; D), Qunf
Cave δ18O (‰; E), Eastern Pacific SSTs (°C; F), El Junco sand (%: G), and Pallcacocha (red color intensity). Grey background
represents low lake level stand (12.5-6 ka) at Galang Co. Vertical lines denotes average values over each record. Red and blue
backgrounds indicate shallow and deeper lake conditions respectively.

4.9 References
Appleby, P. and Oldfield, F. 1978. The calculation of lead-210 dates assuming a
constant rate of supply of unsupported 210Pb to the sediment. CATENA 5(1), 18.
Berger, A. and Loutre, M. 1991. Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million
years. Quaternary Science Reviews 10, 297-317.
Berkelhammer, M., Sinha, A., Stott, L., Cheng, H., Pausata, F. and Yoshimura, K. (2012)
Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations, pp. 75-87, Geophysical Monograms
AGU, Washington D.C.
Bird, B., Lei, Y., Perello, M., Polissar, P., Yao, T., Finney, B., Bain, D., Pompeani, D.
and Thompson, L. 2017. Late Holocene Indian summer monsoon variability
revealed from a 3,300-year-long lake sediment record from Nir’pa Co,
southeastern Tibet. The Holocene 27(4), 541-552.
Bird, B., Polissar, P., Lei, Y., Thompson, L., Yao, T., Finney, B., Bain, D., Pompeani, D.
and Steinman, B. 2014. A Tibetan lake sediment record of Holocene Indian
summer monsoon variability. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 399, 92-102.
Blaauw, M. and Christen, J.A. 2011. Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an
autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian Analysis 6(3), 457-474.
Boyle, J. (2001) Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Last, W. and
Smol, J. (eds), pp. 83-141, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Cai, Y., Zhang, H., Cheng, H., An, Z., Edwards, R., Wang, X., Tan, L., Liang, F., Wang,
J. and Kelly, M. 2012. The Holocene Indian monsoon variability over the
southern Tibetan Plateau and its teleconnections. Earth Planetary Science Letters
335-336, 135-144.
Chen, S., Hoffmann, S.S., Lund, D.C., Cobb, K.M., Emile-Geay, J. and Adkins, J.F.
2016. A high-resolution speleothem record of western equatorial Pacific rainfall:
Implications for Holocene ENSO evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters
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135

5. CONCLUSIONS
This dissertation provides three high-resolution paleoclimate records of Holocene
(11.7 ka to present) Indian summer monsoon (ISM) expression in Tibet. Sediments from
three small lakes, Nir’Pa Co, Cuobu, and Galang Co, situated along an east-west transect
on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau address knowledge gaps of the spatial and temporal
patterns of monsoon precipitation and local hydroclimate conditions in connection with
broader regional and global climate drivers. Nir’Pa Co is a late Holocene, leaf wax nalkane hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) hydroclimate record (chapter 2), Cuobu is a 8.3 ka record
of effective moisture, runoff, and leaf wax n-alkane δ2H hydroclimate (chapter 3), and
Galang Co is a lower-elevation effective moisture and lake level record for the entire
Holocene (chapter 4). Each record uses a combination of sedimentological (i.e., grain
size, total organic matter), geochemical (i.e., XRF), and isotopic proxies (i.e., leaf-wax nalkanes hydrogen (δ2H), organic carbon (δ13C), and nitrogen (δ15N)) to characterize local
and synoptic hydroclimate conditions on centennial and millennial time scales.
Synoptic hydroclimate, inferred by long-chain n-alkane δ2H, is a measure of
regional ISM precipitation signals and, as demonstrated in this dissertation, may not be
reflective of local hydroclimate conditions. In contrast, local hydroclimate conditions
including effective moisture, lake levels and runoff, inferred from short-chain n-alkane
δ2H, Δδ2HC23-C31, grain size, XRF, carbon and nitrogen isotopes, explain how the lake and
its watershed responded to altered monsoon precipitation patterns. The use of leaf-wax nalkane δ2H was crucial to this work, as this proxy captures growing season precipitation
and evaporation signals that occur simultaneous with the monsoon season. Long-chain nalkanes captured precipitation isotopic signatures through terrestrial vegetation, while
aquatic vegetation-derived short-chain n-alkanes reflected the precipitation and
evaporation signals captured by lake water. This multi-proxy, high temporal resolution
approach addressed questions about the relationship between local and synoptic
hydroclimate indicators of changes in monsoon intensity with respect to 1) regional and
global climate drivers and events and 2) local hydrological and elevation conditions.
All three paleoclimate records are consistent with the well-documented pattern of
an ISM-maximum in the early Holocene that transitioned to a weaker monsoon in the

136

middle Holocene with weaker conditions continuing to the present, however, each record
shows that local hydroclimate and monsoon expression is more complex on shorter time
scales and can be greatly impacted by site specific geomorphology and hydrology. Both
the Galang and Cuobu records show that the early Holocene, when the ISM is recognized
at its strongest, there were distinct periods of dry conditions locally. Cuobu indicated that
intense precipitation in the early Holocene resulted in greater hydrological connectivity,
due to higher lake and river water levels. Meanwhile, an anti-phase relationship observed
at Galang, between ISM precipitation and lake levels in the early Holocene, indicates that
it is possible to have low lake levels, even with heavy precipitation, if evaporation rates
reach an unknown threshold. The Nir’Pa Co late Holocene leaf-wax δ2H record
demonstrates that even as monsoon intensity was at its weakest during the Holocene,
there were distinct periods of drought and pluvial (wet) conditions. These changes in late
Holocene monsoon intensity do not appear to be connected with globally-recognized
climate events, the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and the Little Ice Age (LIA).
Instead, these changes may be attributed to other broader scale climate drivers, such as
sea surface temperatures and land surface gradients.
The connection between synoptic and local hydroclimate indicators varied
between records, dependent on the mechanisms responsible for local hydroclimate
variability and the sensitivity of the lake system to precipitation changes. The Nir’Pa Co
δ2H and grain size records suggested that synoptic long-chain n-alkane δ2HC31 showed
earlier evidence of monsoon weakening than grain size-inferred lake levels. Just as in the
other records, when local hydroclimate responded to the monsoon weakening, that
response was abrupt, indicating some threshold when monsoon precipitation declines
before lake level responds. Abrupt changes in local hydroclimate are also highly visible
in the Cuobu and Galang grain size records, but for both of these lakes, the timing of
variability in runoff and lake levels, respectively, is concurrent with synoptic shifts in
ISM expression.
While this dissertation has addressed several questions about the expression of the
Holocene ISM on the Tibetan Plateau, particularly in relation to synoptic and local
hydroclimate, it has also shown where further research is needed. The Galang Co record
showed an anti-phase effective moisture and ISM precipitation relationship, however,

137

limited records in the region and, particularly, in low-elevation sites prevents further
analysis on determining whether ice cover changes in the early and middle Holocene
drove this relationship. The grain size record at Cuobu interpreted as a river runoff signal,
suggests that rivers on the Tibetan Plateau may have peaked during the early Holocene,
altering hydrological connections. To determine whether these proposed mechanisms are
correct and answer other questions about the ISM, additional high-resolution
paleoclimate records from the Tibetan Plateau and the broader ISM region need to be
developed, with an emphasis on greater spatial and elevation representation. Paleoclimate
records remain a crucial tool for improving our understanding of this complex and vital
monsoon system and how it will respond to changes in climate drivers.

138

6. APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Cuobu age model produced by Bacon® with composite depths vs. mean
age.
Table A 1.1 Depth and Mean Age (BP) for Cuobu composite core.
Depth
Mean Age (BP)
Depth
Mean Age (BP)
(cm)
(cm)
1
-66.5
33
390
2
-65.4
34
418
3
-64.4
35
446
4
-63.3
36
467.2
5
-62.3
37
488.4
6
-59.9
38
509.5
7
-57.6
39
530.9
8
-55.3
40
551.9
9
-53
41
580.2
10
-50.6
42
608.4
11
-46.6
43
636.7
12
-42.6
44
665.1
13
-38.7
45
693.4
14
-34.8
46
699.6
15
-30.9
47
705.8
16
-20.4
48
711.9
17
-10.1
49
717.9
18
0.3
50
723.7
19
10.6
51
728.5
20
20.9
52
733.3
21
55
53
738
22
88.8
54
742.7
23
122.4
55
747.4
24
155.8
56
752
25
189.5
57
756.8
26
212.9
58
761.4
27
236.3
59
766.2
28
259.7
60
770.8
29
282.9
61
776
30
306.4
62
781.1
31
334
63
786.2
32
362
64
791.3

139

Depth
(cm)

Mean Age (BP)
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103

Depth
(cm)

796.2
801.1
806.1
811
815.9
820.8
825.6
830.5
835.2
840
844.8
849.4
854
858.7
863.3
868.1
873
877.9
882.9
888
893.1
898.1
903
908.1
913
917.9
923.7
929.6
935.5
941.5
947.5
957.6
967.6
977.6
987.8
997.6
1007.4
1017
1026.8

Mean Age (BP)
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142

140

1036.3
1045.9
1055.5
1065.4
1075.1
1085
1094.8
1105.5
1116.1
1126.7
1137.4
1148.1
1158.6
1168.9
1179.4
1189.9
1200.2
1210.9
1221.5
1232.2
1242.7
1253.3
1263.6
1273.9
1284.1
1294.5
1304.8
1314.5
1324.3
1334.2
1344
1353.9
1364.1
1374.3
1384.6
1395
1405.4
1415.6
1425.6

Depth
(cm)

Mean Age (BP)
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181

Depth
(cm)

1435.8
1446.1
1456.1
1470.6
1485.2
1499.5
1513.6
1527.5
1541.8
1556.3
1570.6
1584.9
1599.2
1612.5
1625.7
1639
1652.1
1665.3
1678.9
1692.2
1705.7
1719.3
1732.6
1747.1
1761.9
1776.9
1791.7
1806.6
1821
1835.4
1849.7
1863.5
1877.4
1890.5
1903.8
1917.2
1930.8
1944.3
1959.6

Mean Age (BP)
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220

141

1975.1
1990.7
2006.4
2022
2035.4
2048.9
2062.6
2076.4
2089.9
2104.8
2119.7
2134.7
2149.5
2164.4
2179.1
2193.8
2208.8
2223.8
2238.7
2257.4
2275.9
2294.2
2312.5
2330.6
2349.1
2367.4
2385.4
2403.2
2421.2
2439.9
2458.7
2477.3
2496
2514.8
2532.8
2550.9
2568.9
2586.9
2604.9

Depth
(cm)

Mean Age (BP)
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259

Depth
(cm)

2625.3
2645.6
2666.1
2686.5
2706.9
2725.1
2743.4
2761.6
2780.1
2798.3
2818.2
2838.1
2858.2
2878.1
2897.7
2916
2934.1
2952.5
2970.7
2988.8
3007.5
3026
3044.5
3062.9
3081.5
3101.4
3121
3140.9
3160.6
3180.6
3200.2
3220.2
3240
3260
3279.7
3299.3
3318.9
3338.4
3358

Mean Age (BP)
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298

142

3377.5
3397.1
3417.1
3436.7
3456.5
3476.1
3496.9
3517.6
3538.5
3559.5
3580.2
3598.5
3617.2
3635.9
3655.5
3674.8
3692.8
3710.8
3728.6
3746.8
3765.2
3794.8
3825
3854.6
3883.6
3912.7
3944.4
3975.8
4007.8
4039.1
4069.6
4101.9
4134.4
4166.7
4199.3
4231.8
4266.2
4300.7
4335.3

Depth
(cm)

Mean Age (BP)
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337

Depth
(cm)

4369.8
4404.4
4439.1
4473.9
4508.7
4543.3
4578.1
4616.3
4655.8
4694.9
4734.3
4773.6
4804.5
4836.9
4869.4
4901.7
4933.6
4953.8
4973.8
4993
5012.2
5031.1
5050.3
5069.3
5088.4
5107.2
5125.9
5146.1
5166.4
5187.1
5207.4
5227.4
5246.9
5266.5
5286
5305.4
5324.9
5345.9
5366.8

Mean Age (BP)
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376

143

5387.6
5408.6
5429
5449
5469
5489.2
5509.3
5529.1
5548.8
5568.8
5588.8
5608.8
5628.6
5647.9
5667.5
5687.1
5706.7
5726.3
5745.3
5764.4
5783.3
5802.2
5820.9
5839.6
5858.3
5876.9
5895.6
5914.6
5934.2
5954.3
5974.8
5995.2
6015.8
6036.6
6057.7
6079.7
6101.2
6122.6
6161.6

Depth
(cm)

Mean Age (BP)
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404

Depth
(cm)

6200.4
6239.6
6278.5
6317.6
6360
6402.4
6444.6
6486.4
6527.9
6574.2
6620.4
6666.8
6712.6
6758.6
6800.7
6843
6885.6
6928.2
6970.7
7016.8
7062.7
7108.8
7155.2
7201.7
7245.7
7290.9
7335.7
7380.7

Mean Age (BP)
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431

144

7425.5
7471
7517.3
7563.6
7609.8
7656.1
7698.9
7741.8
7784.9
7828.4
7656.1
7698.9
7741.8
7784.9
7828.4
7873
7916.5
7959.4
8002.3
8045.3
8087.6
8130.8
8173.2
8216.1
8258.4
8301.2
8344.1

Appendix 2: Cuobu XRF Geochemistry
Table A 2.1 Cuobu XRF Geochemistry Al - Ca
Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
27
67
23916
241
407
3086
640
12
23465
27.5
184
19929
234
487
225
253
0
7172
28
255
11320
802
641
713
1138
0
15346
28.5
217
10670
1076
864
624
1120
73
16093
29
179
12182
1067
470
522
643
0
16735
29.5
184
11470
1088
550
638
878
0
14702
30
218
10086
1116
913
636
1052
0
15285
30.5
205
10114
797
404
754
831
216
14020
31
216
9359
786
531
585
726
0
14472
31.5
241
8966
1406
1034
379
1034
144
14269
32
236
9077
1251
1076
523
678
216
15286
32.5
172
9136
1194
680
593
814
89
14995
33
210
8523
1022
1006
481
922
553
13822
33.5
201
8128
1157
1013
437
562
69
14154
34
205
7616
770
879
557
658
0
14928
34.5
260
8469
984
812
648
769
0
13774
35
182
9066
1136
823
484
914
0
14744
35.5
117
10111
913
597
738
444
0
14281
36
201
10441
1332
723
459
995
0
14929
36.5
155
9919
873
740
630
949
0
15586
37
295
9627
1161
820
934
981
0
16928
37.5
217
10000
1024
697
627
916
0
18828
38
214
9510
1032
664
575
1073
0
19795
38.5
249
9774
1068
725
552
1027
0
16806
39
222
10689
1522
657
475
649
0
16690
39.5
195
10949
1397
906
666
980
0
16648
40
237
9638
964
898
694
721
0
15123
40.5
164
10486
1117
792
529
807
199
17003
41
207
11087
1171
915
661
809
137
16294
41.5
244
11099
1169
467
827
783
0
16150
42
240
10775
1288
554
487
933
0
15653
42.5
222
11165
1084
543
492
478
53
15616
43
223
11045
1313
741
720
722
0
15479
43.5
175
9871
1121
617
581
960
0
14837
44
190
8766
1151
984
733
738
0
14956
44.5
194
10019
1133
517
485
1033
17
14756
45
165
10439
1145
900
669
848
0
14665
145

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
45.5
238
10224
1118
850
811
803
103
14342
46
285
10214
1375
805
366
823
29
14704
46.5
270
9642
941
573
518
618
284
15200
47
183
8608
1387
927
384
765
0
14587
47.5
228
7898
1094
1057
739
705
0
13967
48
227
7931
1433
707
651
908
0
13743
48.5
136
7932
1331
677
656
841
0
15461
49
180
8583
1098
890
816
678
0
15914
49.5
202
9558
1216
831
710
1026
0
15361
50
181
9164
1126
588
601
920
47
15887
50.5
220
9365
1625
812
721
860
121
16949
51
224
10792
927
674
620
789
0
16148
51.5
195
10064
1203
816
577
834
0
15190
52
207
8133
969
911
645
759
0
14485
52.5
263
7827
1650
1031
561
1205
0
15219
53
154
8608
1271
719
746
636
0
14573
53.5
236
9138
1378
1191
545
879
0
15532
54
222
7984
993
692
628
628
0
13445
54.5
226
7483
1061
589
554
922
0
14395
55
272
9729
1079
849
867
936
0
16660
55.5
170
8106
1519
1168
585
834
0
15731
56
220
8555
1316
1032
457
735
379
15563
56.5
229
8971
1208
794
458
940
0
15955
57
174
9380
1147
627
719
324
0
15920
57.5
206
8750
993
601
893
386
0
14885
58
149
8656
1089
945
560
807
0
14701
58.5
150
9212
1396
911
687
966
0
15227
59
215
7571
1136
851
412
815
223
15511
59.5
229
8189
1074
998
674
865
0
15604
60
223
7649
1363
704
396
696
0
16301
60.5
221
8431
1511
873
558
809
0
15442
61
181
7733
1447
681
553
881
0
14033
61.5
226
8194
1130
577
744
947
0
15164
62
217
10083
1464
871
630
1039
203
15167
62.5
146
9066
1372
812
429
897
0
14878
63
236
7592
1184
834
630
729
0
14251
63.5
172
8758
952
777
583
714
0
15423
64
182
10162
1032
979
796
744
215
14875
64.5
176
9958
1207
1036
629
903
0
15609

146

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
65
193
10555
1105
755
431
858
8
16048
65.5
176
11129
1288
729
668
904
151
16336
66
223
12432
904
641
838
548
0
15537
66.5
206
12108
837
717
705
594
0
15679
67
199
9618
1285
581
498
833
219
16687
67.5
195
8060
1261
782
688
1072
0
16699
68
249
8054
1258
900
1137
1043
11
16834
68.5
213
7965
890
817
816
817
0
16135
69
193
8741
1453
719
746
836
0
17261
69.5
186
9240
1314
626
721
899
0
15413
70
206
9405
1475
1021
682
852
0
15492
70.5
229
8371
1354
933
863
713
0
14378
71
232
7805
1148
926
303
880
0
15388
71.5
248
8636
1301
840
674
715
0
16240
72
200
8950
1442
724
878
569
75
18031
72.5
277
8098
1108
840
962
1090
0
17034
73
210
8343
1511
945
837
896
0
16856
73.5
276
8279
1185
764
838
969
0
18833
74
291
11996
822
926
643
519
0
15483
74.5
131
17977
422
377
273
351
0
8577
75
114
17419
944
698
384
311
0
9480
75.5
133
15359
1064
539
522
500
41
10838
76
238
10183
780
569
590
557
0
13938
76.5
243
8571
855
834
291
851
0
14853
77
220
8352
1148
906
610
924
0
15410
77.5
208
8517
1377
923
743
707
318
16121
78
247
8166
1209
737
835
892
705
15624
78.5
182
7548
1224
729
676
526
0
16049
79
240
8357
1039
685
975
585
130
17270
79.5
271
8128
1194
656
459
690
0
16590
80
279
7647
1166
714
682
1030
21
17469
80.5
187
7906
816
1027
726
945
0
15789
81
217
10016
849
1013
837
546
0
15225
81.5
218
10524
952
794
674
739
0
15518
82
235
9687
1490
701
510
577
0
15698
82.5
237
10242
1188
546
1134
882
0
15960
83
225
12435
965
669
762
671
40
17195
83.5
150
13613
732
204
560
161
0
9712
84
123
12966
1239
598
456
397
69
9714

147

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
84.5
116
12654
933
584
633
395
0
10241
85
104
12433
1101
380
257
145
0
10558
85.5
89
12070
1373
478
484
324
0
10933
86
92
11583
776
341
644
537
313
11499
86.5
146
11235
801
478
631
548
431
11625
87
137
11612
740
285
519
287
0
12356
87.5
79
11610
504
641
565
97
198
12080
88
106
11680
618
475
469
419
143
12377
88.5
160
11551
921
381
566
683
0
11804
89
135
11539
641
303
767
261
0
11792
89.5
98
12028
731
454
309
417
0
10904
90
126
12219
651
463
430
185
729
10615
90.5
101
12180
512
417
287
351
366
10433
91
140
11954
438
162
377
251
0
11144
91.5
102
10899
599
444
387
622
0
12122
92
125
9782
827
301
166
265
0
13398
92.5
166
9369
739
405
299
443
0
13905
93
133
10130
966
441
295
506
0
13444
93.5
126
9711
985
679
398
311
44
13489
94
70
9851
995
319
287
270
0
13656
94.5
83
9700
1199
505
320
560
0
13383
95
110
9484
1064
373
616
417
0
13706
95.5
121
8756
1396
413
611
454
154
13816
96
121
9754
888
287
584
488
0
13867
96.5
124
11307
894
577
411
356
0
12105
97
102
9170
1312
689
536
400
175
13957
97.5
167
8928
1653
686
445
645
0
14050
98
142
8464
1430
622
567
704
323
14006
98.5
74
7614
1889
517
714
647
0
14379
99
138
5860
1235
514
570
347
195
14642
99.5
53
4908
1654
691
458
512
219
14207
100
120
7220
1413
542
398
447
137
13721
100.5
90
7717
1794
664
591
549
0
13041
101
136
7730
1809
538
357
380
10
13616
101.5
120
5844
1877
432
565
471
0
14326
102
154
4243
2345
638
620
287
0
14003
102.5
137
4911
1908
642
427
742
12
14988
103
132
4900
1979
672
282
573
0
14260
103.5
76
4656
2170
513
737
622
0
13864

148

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
104
107
5100
2074
663
645
383
0
17124
104.5
151
4562
2381
774
539
556
0
13988
105
173
4117
2423
594
604
564
0
13775
105.5
170
4213
2451
811
554
527
71
14240
106
225
4310
2386
726
555
579
166
14401
106.5
71
4477
2657
935
573
592
58
14730
107
140
4946
2380
1127
374
420
164
14901
107.5
113
5219
2123
906
394
678
0
15041
108
133
4728
2579
819
507
558
0
15222
108.5
107
4365
2791
818
460
482
0
14791
109
180
4612
2622
782
517
575
117
15107
109.5
201
4981
2587
673
848
837
0
15477
110
121
4608
2458
764
438
404
0
15203
110.5
154
4355
2587
759
327
576
33
14561
111
118
3392
2633
921
425
337
183
13627
111.5
165
3574
2732
801
537
564
38
14412
112
151
3345
2435
827
395
350
0
14028
112.5
136
3444
2681
720
421
514
0
14702
113
167
3468
2042
851
317
545
57
14218
113.5
153
3721
2296
513
772
700
446
14884
114
178
4503
2532
593
697
421
0
15537
114.5
83
5109
2756
638
743
419
0
15952
115
111
5144
2511
814
959
445
0
15484
115.5
137
5076
2523
927
576
490
0
15108
116
135
4932
2516
562
552
455
0
15079
116.5
178
4241
2571
929
788
737
0
14875
117
183
3839
2671
769
255
671
0
14705
117.5
165
5534
2188
853
628
496
0
14494
118
116
8627
1421
431
228
324
0
12006
118.5
114
9014
1473
463
511
318
0
12647
119
108
8398
1620
570
848
587
94
12956
119.5
171
5225
2078
539
308
601
211
14833
120
101
4361
2724
827
722
441
0
15764
120.5
140
3772
2570
741
793
466
0
15673
121
143
3724
2622
961
474
727
0
15068
121.5
181
3705
2229
676
690
451
0
15956
122
161
4090
1856
770
653
398
0
16359
122.5
97
4264
1855
870
544
518
58
16017
123
126
4101
1602
516
719
708
0
15870

149

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
123.5
150
4914
1744
581
561
655
27
16008
124
156
4091
1802
872
714
514
0
15050
124.5
187
3809
1854
806
729
922
18
15060
125
91
3937
1654
615
511
881
0
15794
125.5
196
4189
1649
586
600
536
0
15580
126
102
4503
1403
840
844
443
0
16419
126.5
87
5159
1644
574
426
641
0
16309
127
174
4495
1383
563
318
552
0
14467
127.5
154
4487
1603
625
489
569
0
15842
128
124
4840
1490
546
316
680
0
15619
128.5
168
5027
1541
904
496
640
0
15460
129
161
4861
1656
802
764
510
0
16082
129.5
158
4776
1765
692
562
647
0
15622
130
159
4215
1753
858
480
854
0
15446
130.5
125
4131
1997
718
477
686
0
14654
131
101
4654
1701
784
704
552
0
15476
131.5
184
5190
1698
858
515
611
0
16267
132
182
4801
1458
637
663
584
0
16169
132.5
136
5146
1458
847
869
944
0
16044
133
187
5093
1886
935
473
442
0
15937
133.5
89
5287
1690
664
517
467
0
15935
134
153
5122
1748
829
612
695
0
16117
134.5
124
5350
1927
920
351
605
0
16405
135
151
5553
1701
776
629
797
0
16151
135.5
167
5552
1910
521
988
569
204
16560
136
167
5250
1812
917
745
705
0
16239
136.5
155
5158
1986
770
451
574
0
16316
137
144
5062
2117
665
576
488
0
15655
137.5
161
5659
2042
509
706
443
0
16297
138
94
14090
432
456
327
53
0
9241
138.5
145
15023
152
244
200
46
0
7069
139
45
15954
354
261
144
240
0
6524
139.5
176
6972
1707
506
670
463
99
13594
140
164
6047
2350
762
625
368
0
15711
140.5
186
5830
1717
624
776
683
0
15948
141
135
6110
2022
912
176
622
0
15585
141.5
142
5704
2128
818
280
595
70
15766
142
129
6320
1728
577
613
541
0
15999
142.5
168
5914
1849
756
489
531
133
15697

150

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
143
97
5441
1904
526
723
572
0
15456
143.5
167
5556
2151
727
637
204
0
15957
144
168
5682
2157
448
513
679
0
15185
144.5
145
5916
1777
760
880
599
100
15823
145
150
5833
2023
886
487
806
0
16019
145.5
165
6010
2076
529
443
508
0
15702
146
147
5995
2172
739
443
427
73
16045
146.5
111
6299
2260
952
577
689
0
15863
147
199
6585
1996
619
795
574
95
16175
147.5
130
6496
1624
495
809
414
0
15899
148
176
6577
2256
1038
763
594
0
16176
148.5
125
7257
1776
543
736
543
0
16391
149
114
6778
1340
636
498
627
0
15765
149.5
80
7423
1063
564
727
587
0
15838
150
104
8697
1253
584
432
509
103
13526
150.5
102
7734
1095
736
317
356
0
10171
151
109
10320
648
341
321
473
181
10768
151.5
139
6040
1130
503
64
425
0
10839
152
162
6082
1910
657
598
815
0
15691
152.5
207
7870
2314
571
930
697
0
15929
153
141
7965
2540
741
721
350
0
16152
153.5
138
9914
502
1017
115
599
0
15688
154
101
9667
1200
1075
115
153
0
15381
154.5
174
9900
1027
957
80
94
0
15137
155
116
10101
1335
941
122
0
0
14616
155.5
141
10105
1336
831
124
70
37
14874
156
168
9801
847
781
112
233
0
14986
156.5
150
10554
1059
844
144
0
0
14651
157
107
11056
1292
727
91
164
0
13778
157.5
150
10806
1457
822
159
0
62
13777
158
117
10361
1617
1177
195
139
0
13828
158.5
179
9828
1939
1017
132
53
121
13735
159
79
9528
1921
1145
235
0
18
14243
159.5
130
9610
1514
1017
126
78
0
14239
160
86
9277
1343
1098
169
0
0
14897
160.5
176
8979
1289
925
84
79
0
14284
161
116
9029
957
980
135
173
0
14865
161.5
150
9201
1119
1016
83
220
0
14594
162
124
9378
758
977
252
454
140
15131

151

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
162.5
190
9255
1411
945
163
16
0
14819
163
101
9168
1382
1143
112
420
307
14905
163.5
164
8871
1323
820
171
256
0
14715
164
115
8457
1023
1168
110
362
465
14579
164.5
127
8534
1245
832
142
93
0
15110
165
73
8465
940
1238
153
108
458
15088
165.5
123
8194
919
947
120
457
132
15084
166
128
8523
1359
1135
138
232
356
15186
166.5
100
8190
1800
819
132
237
0
14589
167
141
8332
1386
836
79
0
0
14631
167.5
145
8681
1064
830
162
93
0
14259
168
129
11345
899
912
6
26
0
9385
168.5
107
11283
771
950
103
0
0
6599
169
58
10643
519
752
71
216
0
7747
169.5
124
9657
895
794
78
87
0
11287
170
146
6744
1008
973
211
248
180
14552
170.5
86
8417
1276
781
137
0
74
14571
171
118
9046
1025
895
63
317
0
14581
171.5
178
8972
1467
1109
76
108
40
13575
172
70
9424
1343
1005
182
263
147
13529
172.5
68
9014
1970
1001
137
0
0
14058
173
143
9172
1813
995
159
0
0
14054
173.5
134
9314
1118
845
130
320
0
13710
174
167
9255
1449
613
167
11
42
14572
174.5
153
9010
1777
882
73
0
0
14481
175
172
9083
1448
1119
59
60
0
14575
175.5
135
9009
1246
848
114
116
0
15157
176
185
9219
1306
1270
80
0
75
14948
176.5
201
9020
1365
862
142
293
69
15107
177
128
9136
662
893
209
437
245
15004
177.5
177
8813
1003
972
145
131
26
14169
178
135
8999
997
716
122
168
0
15238
178.5
121
9578
1097
1088
186
100
0
14263
179
113
9072
1220
1009
192
12
64
14479
179.5
172
9822
1150
826
72
0
39
14080
180
128
9439
674
1212
121
162
0
14128
180.5
107
9268
659
695
119
537
0
14592
181
144
8920
922
1186
166
264
0
14879
181.5
107
8961
1229
1017
170
45
94
14806

152

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
182
95
9277
1097
1020
126
162
183
14598
182.5
95
9085
1344
979
173
0
127
14767
183
94
9155
1453
926
56
0
0
14286
183.5
103
9206
1163
1090
123
162
0
14626
184
111
9182
1341
1173
208
0
0
14787
184.5
86
9095
1150
1015
195
162
0
15024
185
161
9128
1782
1401
199
0
0
14745
185.5
79
9600
1241
1146
156
100
0
14537
186
150
9748
1221
1037
95
78
0
14424
186.5
123
10301
920
637
188
205
0
13186
187
146
8847
1433
886
234
0
0
13945
187.5
175
8850
1606
1004
113
0
0
14409
188
121
8905
1693
920
228
33
0
14723
188.5
131
8769
1576
926
154
379
213
14431
189
169
8880
1372
711
195
305
109
14118
189.5
194
9445
1275
879
81
192
0
13969
190
89
9148
1586
1108
209
102
0
14759
190.5
92
8180
1457
662
102
0
0
14422
191
226
6662
1553
751
52
76
0
14667
191.5
131
8153
1186
1171
161
130
0
15606
192
129
7950
868
1079
209
282
0
15356
192.5
138
7746
1302
1185
158
564
144
15432
193
144
7756
1860
1162
163
145
0
15089
193.5
136
8010
2342
1081
156
133
0
15461
194
144
7970
2651
928
171
266
0
14291
194.5
137
8285
3376
1085
71
76
18
14341
195
151
8756
2914
723
156
131
0
14790
195.5
112
8804
2557
984
248
221
0
15083
196
114
8069
1809
1219
107
28
0
16245
196.5
197
8439
1549
1006
184
217
152
16088
197
159
8030
1201
885
152
140
0
16123
197.5
155
8542
986
1094
220
638
0
16573
198
195
8364
833
818
208
455
0
16638
198.5
151
8454
1115
774
107
165
0
16681
199
179
8356
1417
1061
136
336
0
16613
199.5
241
8535
1897
701
113
0
0
16710
200
99
8637
1644
904
146
189
0
16421
200.5
158
8664
1225
830
73
245
0
16273
201
161
8356
1968
904
143
210
64
15899

153

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
201.5
125
9051
1766
1007
188
180
0
15380
202
145
8647
1990
1164
239
0
0
15672
202.5
101
10953
1455
693
113
0
65
13329
203
125
13756
1149
591
123
0
0
8377
203.5
85
14742
946
563
127
0
0
7520
204
116
14383
679
392
63
0
122
7986
204.5
135
6917
1342
894
79
0
0
13678
205
155
8410
1357
1062
172
400
0
16284
205.5
123
7945
1641
810
198
177
0
16691
206
111
8151
1817
874
244
29
0
16549
206.5
135
8270
1739
932
182
287
0
15772
207
199
8699
1190
951
171
297
0
16759
207.5
143
8488
1162
994
201
262
93
16969
208
164
8598
2288
859
196
0
13
15874
208.5
136
8724
1755
918
233
184
0
16073
209
72
8588
1867
1026
195
0
0
16216
209.5
181
9036
1188
1025
118
171
0
16732
210
126
8968
1511
1023
191
0
0
16926
210.5
119
8336
1045
1088
120
160
82
17144
211
126
8304
1276
900
228
278
0
16802
211.5
104
8534
1032
879
139
0
36
17255
212
123
8412
892
888
98
392
0
17288
212.5
108
8421
1213
931
168
290
9
16868
213
137
8414
611
967
217
381
607
17414
213.5
109
8825
902
947
104
273
0
17013
214
132
9956
1160
816
211
38
200
15465
214.5
137
9129
1152
878
179
214
0
15950
215
95
6365
1194
900
164
100
0
17553
215.5
142
8019
1335
792
128
33
0
17379
216
136
7924
1320
767
135
215
0
17825
216.5
141
8711
1709
937
132
80
76
17892
217
163
8738
2123
972
194
0
0
17341
217.5
180
8534
2392
865
138
0
0
17614
218
185
8815
1953
1018
130
0
0
17506
218.5
143
8742
1274
811
115
331
0
17453
219
95
9203
1174
707
135
161
0
17418
219.5
148
9831
678
1033
50
271
320
17194
220
198
10367
1393
1151
188
221
167
17164
220.5
165
9360
1200
987
75
314
0
16901

154

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
221
148
9872
1706
1073
206
0
0
17212
221.5
182
9739
836
855
139
296
15
17510
222
140
9520
1051
1035
69
25
0
17237
222.5
162
9512
999
1232
199
292
0
17830
223
178
9254
832
907
156
381
252
17678
223.5
92
9437
875
1034
122
200
0
17898
224
121
13311
981
606
189
0
0
13101
224.5
88
8154
1583
773
305
0
0
16129
225
157
9317
751
806
142
388
246
17695
225.5
130
8915
1016
1159
213
0
0
18188
226
126
9188
725
1112
155
129
0
18533
226.5
177
8816
818
1111
142
146
0
16618
227
90
8043
909
1228
155
108
29
17926
227.5
169
8453
746
718
73
90
0
18136
228
129
8355
1146
870
195
0
202
17775
228.5
105
8632
849
850
177
103
0
17928
229
199
8540
802
1023
128
105
0
18264
229.5
93
8527
434
1053
179
158
42
17288
230
128
8842
821
1171
180
210
0
17854
230.5
136
7944
886
1016
150
109
0
17892
231
131
7477
539
1163
76
583
0
18133
231.5
84
1605
1062
853
0
766
0
9340
232
122
1723
709
450
0
536
233
9718
232.5
145
2114
1233
763
12
713
157
9806
233
125
3007
540
872
0
634
0
9590
233.5
123
2731
550
529
0
447
198
7554
234
207
1770
826
928
73
752
0
10310
234.5
151
1779
1011
825
107
724
93
9801
235
143
1645
909
644
0
737
122
9846
235.5
139
1338
1306
794
0
514
11
9396
236
117
1344
1383
943
94
486
110
9585
236.5
132
1123
1398
1088
0
797
0
9412
237
138
1396
1438
980
0
582
141
10309
237.5
132
1486
1565
889
0
792
13
10226
238
115
1178
1468
749
102
696
327
9655
238.5
153
847
1398
1225
0
704
141
8523
239
169
893
1723
730
0
535
247
8539
239.5
100
2320
1243
717
0
663
0
9896
240
129
3238
780
581
33
325
22
9425

155

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
240.5
136
2885
1358
604
0
791
0
10001
241
107
1552
1305
734
11
407
0
8667
241.5
133
1272
1754
916
0
940
228
9355
242
127
1081
1605
855
0
654
0
8889
242.5
142
944
1728
709
0
674
0
8790
243
150
693
1400
974
0
795
206
7420
243.5
137
2048
1142
1064
0
295
0
6847
244
158
3193
983
777
23
539
74
5995
244.5
138
3581
869
501
0
449
241
6472
245
127
3697
810
590
0
86
0
6013
245.5
122
2058
1395
845
119
712
27
8682
246
125
1500
1256
521
46
439
0
9298
246.5
93
1400
1182
988
0
431
0
8958
247
135
1544
1175
963
0
664
0
9433
247.5
136
1460
1380
782
0
660
94
9373
248
171
1285
1357
994
0
634
0
8416
248.5
97
1071
1177
645
0
679
328
8212
249
112
1162
1458
872
0
779
63
8501
249.5
97
1404
1348
1035
103
753
21
9222
250
77
1240
1471
977
82
732
82
8380
250.5
131
1162
1429
729
0
578
0
8446
251
142
1023
1928
964
5
875
221
7830
251.5
142
778
1817
1116
0
749
0
7013
252
167
779
1602
712
0
637
0
7310
252.5
180
971
1779
928
10
624
206
7743
253
148
1097
1692
1039
123
759
0
8096
253.5
52
851
1913
1033
0
432
0
7262
254
153
984
1694
1071
0
615
0
7692
254.5
114
1212
1606
852
0
870
0
8202
255
140
1373
1889
1151
136
708
0
8381
255.5
98
1238
1690
714
35
697
0
8395
256
163
1209
2128
985
0
497
0
8423
256.5
169
1065
1866
1216
0
717
0
8462
257
110
1213
1760
720
0
585
0
8778
257.5
92
1318
2090
948
0
658
154
8429
258
138
989
1717
983
94
665
0
8081
258.5
125
974
1768
898
33
750
0
8081
259
114
1081
1721
712
12
640
0
7714
259.5
129
960
1412
1313
0
808
0
8234

156

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
260
152
1142
1605
794
0
540
0
9300
260.5
163
2060
1658
1028
73
652
0
10588
261
174
3286
1803
780
0
844
0
12909
261.5
158
3369
1688
793
0
686
0
13955
262
141
3210
1402
865
0
719
0
13798
262.5
137
3689
2162
821
270
549
101
14250
263
91
4434
1996
733
0
487
0
14708
263.5
138
4709
2182
894
0
782
304
14620
264
174
5145
1747
987
117
756
0
14762
264.5
130
4833
1656
755
145
553
0
14809
265
101
5215
1722
768
20
853
0
15115
265.5
103
4787
2269
1071
21
790
0
14036
266
165
3456
2053
751
7
617
0
13721
266.5
115
4149
2021
638
155
674
0
14839
267
118
6530
1727
659
169
721
0
13862
267.5
95
6722
1644
519
121
593
0
13807
268
103
7149
1225
619
163
564
0
12147
268.5
119
4404
2160
906
93
639
0
13059
269
119
2742
1935
905
172
829
0
13061
269.5
132
3334
2507
846
0
857
0
14506
270
193
3231
2032
781
74
709
118
13136
270.5
167
3122
1918
1068
191
864
245
14395
271
124
3439
2338
771
72
680
0
14140
271.5
141
4589
1945
729
75
594
0
14504
272
180
3429
1782
1011
157
755
207
13976
272.5
130
4033
2304
813
177
970
0
15331
273
129
3274
1697
950
10
843
290
14884
273.5
158
3630
1693
732
129
731
0
15874
274
146
5083
2047
911
0
764
0
17548
274.5
107
4644
1799
894
157
567
0
18650
275
159
4352
2118
980
186
585
0
18784
275.5
208
4879
1711
755
130
757
367
18201
276
173
5943
1705
596
198
586
0
16911
276.5
132
4840
1641
656
205
780
125
17706
277
208
4907
1517
1034
132
932
0
16760
277.5
181
5029
1873
798
272
713
0
17857
278
147
5781
2307
632
126
793
0
18030
278.5
126
6088
2088
932
194
639
0
17359
279
164
6256
1685
651
267
683
0
17798

157

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
279.5
156
6437
1925
510
75
835
0
17428
280
76
5595
1646
757
0
684
0
17106
280.5
139
5756
1518
633
0
575
0
16917
281
153
5771
1863
723
56
838
0
18190
281.5
186
6316
1946
535
318
700
166
18339
282
156
5475
2326
973
0
1070
91
17435
282.5
165
5681
2233
818
150
691
0
17336
283
154
6204
1941
737
246
592
242
17841
283.5
176
6054
1781
649
24
801
0
17439
284
149
5688
1643
805
269
616
0
17701
284.5
158
6022
1548
784
12
639
0
17319
285
90
5894
1952
482
412
631
0
16702
285.5
121
6555
2119
752
167
491
0
16369
286
182
5829
1777
698
148
510
0
16042
286.5
117
10687
1119
463
63
471
298
10446
287
94
12095
837
566
16
322
882
8456
287.5
65
11819
706
434
102
351
0
8023
288
116
5591
1470
616
0
514
0
11533
288.5
145
6712
1730
680
73
692
218
16565
289
167
7104
1753
806
166
723
0
16641
289.5
129
7438
1472
753
296
442
0
15873
290
109
7779
1711
354
0
563
0
15723
290.5
128
7956
1503
751
216
434
0
15912
291
45
7985
1224
396
135
497
0
15434
291.5
111
8080
1127
462
0
593
0
16530
292
185
8369
1336
573
247
620
0
15445
292.5
172
8520
1506
888
150
656
176
15383
293
138
8201
1388
446
108
399
0
15967
293.5
143
8509
1194
712
18
642
36
15802
294
132
8659
1473
520
131
583
0
14545
294.5
111
8518
1212
406
15
491
0
15967
295
126
9165
1194
495
76
692
231
15891
295.5
140
9782
1107
396
184
392
0
15416
296
115
6564
1232
597
150
423
0
11020
296.5
137
10482
695
476
0
308
92
9771
297
103
11600
257
308
0
425
0
8601
297.5
89
9398
327
511
32
257
0
9482
298
150
7550
1298
438
0
506
88
15042
298.5
184
7997
1322
452
0
384
0
14629

158

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
299
123
9166
1248
531
5
263
0
15285
299.5
138
9238
1323
847
0
391
0
15590
300
129
9075
1742
513
117
336
0
15266
300.5
144
9391
1706
796
101
581
0
15577
301
122
9821
1136
497
160
716
0
14105
301.5
182
10010
1603
680
127
500
188
14539
302
160
10146
1583
863
52
724
53
14734
302.5
144
10468
1248
549
159
567
0
14039
303
124
8527
1275
653
0
680
0
12078
303.5
129
10588
1095
386
0
517
0
13802
304
72
10638
1139
516
87
510
0
13785
304.5
98
10872
926
469
71
487
0
13881
305
114
11233
1017
495
0
574
0
13200
305.5
157
11058
1054
770
143
671
234
13489
306
136
11704
948
641
158
775
15
12767
306.5
187
11739
985
801
0
437
0
12862
307
157
11983
715
586
0
414
116
12716
307.5
123
3778
1072
725
322
844
0
14761
308
122
4174
1168
901
93
889
0
15186
308.5
159
4264
1077
944
307
1067
0
15316
309
208
4280
1008
994
243
424
0
15040
309.5
144
4132
1117
1154
114
811
0
15407
310
101
4230
1136
899
357
615
0
15522
310.5
99
4738
1236
1076
415
812
0
15695
311
221
5454
1389
911
492
444
86
16377
311.5
141
5633
1105
803
114
625
0
14653
312
95
5332
883
956
238
998
0
15086
312.5
105
4480
1078
800
411
659
0
14408
313
177
3822
1066
1005
0
1125
110
14300
313.5
131
4316
921
1128
396
903
207
14886
314
104
4272
991
621
291
963
0
14728
314.5
126
5258
861
1009
246
931
12
15370
315
110
4806
1490
884
183
597
0
15445
315.5
186
4852
1355
1012
379
503
233
16259
316
125
5054
1261
946
184
613
31
15452
316.5
165
4886
833
668
174
856
220
16176
317
170
4770
895
890
462
639
0
15431
317.5
100
4205
1286
843
101
771
0
15525
318
97
4707
1278
1122
192
724
0
15888

159

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
318.5
79
5594
1606
659
0
574
0
15977
319
125
4981
967
1048
190
581
0
15529
319.5
142
5256
1083
741
469
456
0
15274
320
133
5170
1465
885
493
541
257
16011
320.5
131
5229
1195
970
566
830
0
15396
321
164
5053
961
782
734
309
246
15080
321.5
103
4568
1003
894
721
779
24
14809
322
69
5302
1240
1102
367
694
0
15636
322.5
152
5898
1525
1011
777
873
0
15347
323
139
5850
988
767
362
870
0
16112
323.5
98
5999
720
756
434
676
0
15589
324
136
6042
800
920
564
640
0
15856
324.5
111
6006
1368
791
572
616
98
15805
325
84
6665
1359
650
451
263
0
16133
325.5
137
8108
809
666
233
603
0
16160
326
137
8370
896
727
495
702
53
16579
326.5
126
8497
592
635
489
678
0
15316
327
76
8101
902
684
322
582
0
15938
327.5
140
7493
973
795
277
670
0
15837
328
142
7286
1146
788
499
740
0
16331
328.5
137
6583
1231
674
467
625
0
15802
329
114
6729
809
720
606
390
228
15382
329.5
143
5997
1308
739
426
469
0
14867
330
179
5580
1200
950
628
546
0
15104
330.5
164
5704
1664
984
574
875
0
15752
331
124
5810
1612
832
378
859
284
17200
331.5
132
6690
1127
698
750
528
0
17279
332
176
7358
1903
812
459
677
0
17128
332.5
94
8874
1404
637
431
641
124
16975
333
138
9581
1217
435
119
546
0
16045
333.5
130
8202
1759
944
436
647
0
16973
334
166
7358
1480
855
587
842
0
16767
334.5
110
7864
1506
735
595
363
264
17194
335
150
8033
1162
822
731
843
0
17947
335.5
93
15936
759
341
216
0
0
4799
336
0
16915
105
195
14
181
0
2849
336.5
27
17415
45
112
7
58
0
3273
337
115
7494
984
596
338
500
131
11993
337.5
118
5195
1348
690
517
513
38
17389

160

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
338
137
9325
1601
641
495
670
0
17395
338.5
134
10022
1034
546
51
550
0
16056
339
136
9762
1667
640
834
515
0
16295
339.5
140
10396
1136
778
762
355
0
15478
340
121
10317
1215
551
405
386
0
14629
340.5
134
9242
1287
661
424
466
0
16604
341
185
9403
450
719
111
654
20
16646
341.5
166
9717
961
697
557
330
0
16748
342
116
10239
1448
678
504
581
0
15540
342.5
98
10366
527
783
321
585
34
14853
343
98
10030
890
379
467
408
87
14908
343.5
140
10102
994
794
231
556
0
15119
344
108
10720
810
641
522
541
0
14801
344.5
129
10621
1154
464
186
492
0
15841
345
103
10600
709
675
283
480
13
15313
345.5
112
10472
1085
595
493
304
0
15102
346
121
10861
671
626
449
601
0
14929
346.5
84
11232
413
434
289
307
0
14171
347
92
10913
798
377
389
612
0
15328
347.5
181
11118
830
615
485
390
0
14243
348
172
11473
799
722
517
439
0
13988
348.5
125
11604
670
623
471
584
86
14272
349
145
11351
798
688
297
621
188
14439
349.5
129
11815
737
500
102
282
0
13657
350
107
11287
687
484
449
252
0
13174
350.5
152
11332
1335
595
668
203
0
13500
351
81
12401
717
698
66
481
0
12755
351.5
156
11857
1024
564
106
570
242
12765
352
138
11596
843
518
567
490
0
13290
352.5
171
11731
812
583
238
207
0
13272
353
152
14550
500
481
314
205
0
7938
353.5
63
14444
605
366
190
64
0
6786
354
62
13162
551
361
83
223
86
7336
354.5
49
13104
648
357
117
307
0
8825
355
117
6419
1137
716
78
375
0
14416
355.5
128
6953
1191
502
268
414
0
16985
356
131
12492
676
456
384
638
0
13109
356.5
154
12173
807
737
38
524
0
12592
357
81
12646
1003
499
485
306
0
12160

161

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
357.5
162
12796
795
404
599
308
0
11483
358
126
12780
1014
552
338
392
31
12151
358.5
157
13513
451
426
517
261
0
10805
359
96
14175
919
459
433
367
0
8873
359.5
121
13941
686
429
274
167
0
9097
360
127
14206
543
522
468
335
0
8103
360.5
113
14371
96
497
566
208
146
8765
361
132
13667
395
508
425
225
0
9216
361.5
100
13267
836
386
610
367
0
10104
362
111
13163
687
505
525
567
19
10307
362.5
115
12968
839
502
654
376
0
10326
363
144
12478
732
470
271
554
0
11248
363.5
103
12905
0
620
467
458
0
10917
364
139
12802
219
676
460
569
322
11809
364.5
83
12659
602
459
358
445
0
12094
365
68
11945
634
533
688
504
0
13112
365.5
104
12405
733
622
560
449
0
12426
366
103
12153
640
595
172
327
0
12405
366.5
116
12044
601
693
363
453
0
12826
367
179
14018
853
506
288
482
0
10138
367.5
71
14083
267
351
482
152
191
10094
368
123
13169
448
564
826
290
0
11102
368.5
111
8220
1027
606
961
420
0
17532
369
90
8529
1340
690
806
382
248
18857
369.5
128
8813
1386
887
961
805
0
18199
370
133
8602
1365
862
1001
472
0
18369
370.5
207
8800
1396
578
1034
480
49
18960
371
118
8898
1345
644
509
501
20
18590
371.5
177
8758
1281
840
858
879
129
19391
372
119
9081
1167
735
694
455
0
18704
372.5
187
8705
1161
672
603
549
0
17957
373
156
8424
1049
358
482
445
74
18403
373.5
126
7945
880
954
545
674
117
18872
374
145
8004
1153
691
796
362
0
18352
374.5
138
9499
786
583
804
464
0
17122
375
163
8755
1009
548
794
423
0
16901
375.5
156
8947
988
759
623
307
0
17220
376
109
7488
1010
774
647
657
68
18782
376.5
97
7094
1005
760
783
622
0
18993

162

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
377
156
7560
873
599
1193
636
0
19172
377.5
122
7418
1151
535
934
557
0
19664
378
122
7112
923
630
767
675
0
19484
378.5
110
7223
817
498
936
323
273
18615
379
206
6972
927
766
629
294
0
18955
379.5
122
6911
1117
877
922
642
20
18888
380
132
6465
539
540
838
423
80
18457
380.5
166
6215
1015
863
501
668
0
18242
381
130
8576
1074
586
672
286
0
19025
381.5
102
7774
702
518
411
437
0
15543
382
155
6386
821
600
367
189
0
18342
382.5
67
6490
1119
510
855
381
0
18649
383
117
6833
1127
775
997
233
0
19374
383.5
199
6981
1255
775
1199
679
153
19659
384
146
7433
1323
743
742
558
0
19512
384.5
113
7341
1023
480
887
516
0
21234
385
100
7302
1038
703
593
792
0
19687
385.5
97
7373
904
481
646
576
0
19929
386
142
7521
971
645
711
443
0
20015
386.5
181
7587
1137
670
809
851
0
19565
387
117
7206
998
813
1149
515
0
20391
387.5
152
7459
912
478
1257
601
0
21341
388
145
8432
1100
581
1402
476
0
21499
388.5
168
8962
1310
724
1189
532
0
21062
389
171
8850
1519
521
861
463
0
21021
389.5
96
10387
1558
707
1018
412
0
20839
390
117
9964
1028
695
404
558
0
19594
390.5
183
9380
1007
751
770
481
0
19957
391
103
9103
770
569
525
571
0
19603
391.5
74
8970
955
405
718
562
0
19746
392
110
8885
858
477
718
729
0
19533
392.5
128
8805
1385
472
611
489
0
19328
393
151
9330
1523
557
700
805
78
18518
393.5
147
8973
1501
613
612
283
0
18017
394
124
8682
1233
618
461
598
0
18960
394.5
188
8799
605
619
558
487
0
19797
395
134
8895
771
539
616
426
0
19249
395.5
112
9509
599
651
541
597
0
19182
396
101
8906
702
297
506
465
72
17635

163

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
396.5
127
8616
914
601
583
558
0
19375
397
134
8992
798
424
763
642
0
19380
397.5
138
8745
727
467
431
1064
156
19789
398
113
8892
683
450
467
377
0
19872
398.5
186
8609
1107
583
578
399
0
20420
399
125
8822
860
533
842
695
0
20532
399.5
145
9133
389
695
1095
243
0
20943
400
135
8966
861
433
879
601
165
21236
400.5
148
8969
925
702
569
571
0
21180
401
97
8988
1461
660
897
686
0
21097
401.5
125
8965
931
650
1043
426
0
20699
402
94
8717
956
685
1005
523
0
20980
402.5
119
8729
697
456
735
599
0
21194
403
68
8643
899
469
842
582
0
21350
403.5
175
8504
983
415
759
748
0
21405
404
129
8813
1874
977
931
874
209
21400
404.5
148
8782
1450
730
514
685
0
21679
405
128
8992
2232
466
933
459
0
23127
405.5
134
9431
1591
471
1372
588
0
21014
406
83
8192
1254
319
976
450
0
21932
406.5
142
7977
2018
614
1171
784
0
22135
407
93
7888
1505
501
920
362
0
22857
407.5
131
7488
1513
776
955
597
23
23483
408
152
8270
1466
649
1038
363
0
23233
408.5
105
8316
1388
402
723
407
0
23320
409
127
8442
1818
777
983
471
33
23668
409.5
136
9062
1512
674
591
629
0
23730
410
131
8144
1384
612
937
736
202
23140
410.5
193
7963
1075
573
980
561
0
23291
411
132
8050
1289
581
729
482
9
23479
411.5
146
8476
1144
737
815
535
0
22755
412
119
7714
941
569
1071
660
137
23242
412.5
178
7948
1052
591
660
532
0
23790
413
149
7854
1098
579
714
551
0
22996
413.5
155
7502
969
546
476
453
0
23201
414
107
8385
881
466
792
283
0
22811
414.5
202
9514
687
481
667
316
0
19332
415
128
10163
616
434
515
453
0
18537
415.5
97
9422
624
286
876
227
0
20343

164

Depth
Al
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
Ca
(cm)
416
151
8616
992
618
259
339
161
23833
416.5
160
8081
945
675
1009
752
67
24253
417
169
7678
1245
853
575
635
0
23979
417.5
152
7614
1112
491
1014
610
320
23958
418
169
7548
1375
729
766
731
0
23959
418.5
165
7579
1230
663
939
519
0
24915
419
143
7518
980
515
1099
432
0
25308
419.5
110
7612
1023
574
872
487
0
24536
420
123
7598
999
359
570
283
175
25518
420.5
164
7652
864
393
882
301
0
25369
421
132
7417
1132
614
990
572
0
25618
421.5
132
7714
1247
716
1066
279
140
25713
422
135
7351
1010
525
987
475
0
26144
422.5
163
7550
849
658
394
409
0
26268
423
136
7512
1221
727
982
441
0
24811
423.5
132
6991
871
591
461
481
0
25012
424
148
7024
1535
616
1133
602
0
24577
424.5
166
7070
1251
498
1234
521
0
25248
425
154
7477
1097
464
806
527
0
24529
425.5
183
7312
1131
769
1227
851
117
25120
426
82
7558
775
523
1250
405
121
25564
426.5
153
7361
985
632
1191
646
0
24810
427
125
7060
1044
563
940
507
0
25383
427.5
135
6611
1438
604
1168
483
0
25100
428
165
6438
1162
689
1264
593
0
24001
428.5
185
7149
975
495
829
533
0
23972
429
158
8925
703
438
380
299
433
19689
429.5
116
9842
631
461
529
260
397
19859
430
112
11037
1047
392
594
334
507
16566
430.5
128
8027
959
534
842
357
214
18779
431
102
4119
1320
780
432
425
223
12602

165

Table A 2.2 Cuobu XRF Geochemistry Cl – Hf
Depth Cl
Co
Cu
Eu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hf
(cm)
27
264
0
460
3102
15005
69
70
0
27.5
32
0
906
2236
15269
582
356
50
28
0
0
1760
7862
29854
1069
524
443
28.5
24
0
1470
8418
32194
875
505
676
29
53
0
1306
8677
33019
864
823
546
29.5
0
0
1142
7438
32852
437
837
697
30
21
15
1591
7597
33778
1002
962
436
30.5
0
55
1134
7845
32239
717
668
462
31
0
0
1223
8376
32909
897
720
602
31.5
19
0
1319
8114
34689
753
984
747
32
53
0
1212
7898
36548
477
556
505
32.5
23
0
1467
8234
39882
388
734
345
33
0
0
1227
8189
34826
955
712
372
33.5
12
0
1110
6677
34304
939
994
612
34
8
0
1238
7874
35733
815
407
365
34.5
0
0
1209
7071
34209
1111
674
538
35
0
0
1359
8254
37105
1032
421
492
35.5
0
0
1237
8029
33922
657
678
551
36
43
0
1158
8412
35055
807
716
714
36.5
0
0
1021
8135
37304
600
522
482
37
53
0
1488
8727
41717
897
746
493
37.5
339
0
1111
8105
36553
1063
612
603
38
391
25
1161
7496
38401
1273
792
429
38.5
54
0
1241
8185
42793
974
591
434
39
59
0
1290
7576
44572
607
841
350
39.5
25
0
1390
8900
42717
796
712
693
40
0
0
1160
8276
39579
796
598
425
40.5
81
114
1171
8089
43857
624
491
638
41
73
0
1149
8583
45592
806
639
504
41.5
62
0
1117
8283
44324
1165
753
431
42
16
0
1184
8999
43258
1046
347
641
42.5
37
0
1370
8854
42416
942
779
405
43
60
0
1135
8346
40095
859
588
570
43.5
74
0
1259
7474
42569
1307
774
439
44
61
0
1105
7123
43468
1090
517
251
44.5
68
0
1308
7537
42083
1011
740
297
45
92
0
1269
7143
41606
784
365
358
45.5
23
0
1217
7043
39118
441
716
233
46
40
0
1098
6940
43595
899
733
482
166

Depth Cl
Co
Cu
Eu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hf
(cm)
46.5
124
0
1297
6593
41994
940
790
253
47
99
0
1240
6510
42435
928
837
351
47.5
50
0
1062
6735
42319
989
627
229
48
58
0
901
7059
42154
961
546
294
48.5
56
0
952
7648
40418
755
830
425
49
48
0
1089
7807
39781
654
717
379
49.5
0
0
1343
7566
39712
989
626
500
50
37
0
1075
7743
46278
526
557
307
50.5
55
0
1187
8120
44844
1292
754
421
51
71
0
985
7775
42344
523
786
641
51.5
85
0
979
7533
40810
846
361
312
52
115
0
1133
7018
42522
848
812
264
52.5
33
0
1417
7491
47005
1190
599
307
53
21
0
937
7712
47490
909
348
307
53.5
23
0
1120
8141
49313
397
682
230
54
0
0
1097
6672
38861
741
828
238
54.5
51
0
1279
6908
41024
1010
661
444
55
119
69
1362
7727
44345
1147
396
501
55.5
73
0
1264
7107
43639
975
630
493
56
21
0
1104
7473
46349
960
778
282
56.5
39
30
1099
7440
47560
1260
685
316
57
0
0
1047
7800
44598
815
954
271
57.5
22
0
1095
7352
38635
820
887
407
58
31
0
1133
6475
41576
1294
635
416
58.5
39
0
993
7331
43595
549
978
338
59
19
0
1025
7042
46162
119
1002
322
59.5
41
0
1308
7636
42839
912
758
277
60
28
0
1137
7451
44990
505
707
311
60.5
100
0
1022
7643
45246
736
771
336
61
0
76
1102
6991
39467
776
650
81
61.5
21
0
879
7185
41730
685
765
356
62
34
0
1276
8248
45346
739
598
360
62.5
0
0
844
7322
43910
880
663
412
63
14
0
1019
7077
41186
1153
441
213
63.5
0
0
741
7713
44211
298
621
275
64
6
95
1365
6707
41338
585
961
356
64.5
36
0
1076
7633
43178
647
647
455
65
20
0
1127
7292
45588
790
721
336
65.5
33
0
1079
7936
45048
1111
500
331

167

Depth Cl
Co
Cu
Eu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hf
(cm)
66
53
43
1086
7260
44695
660
689
429
66.5
62
0
1199
7355
42619
572
403
181
67
35
0
1362
7682
47033
940
490
242
67.5
31
0
919
7826
52762
922
615
428
68
0
0
1314
8218
51267
1356
731
315
68.5
48
0
934
7825
49259
829
720
339
69
69
0
953
7926
51364
995
866
468
69.5
0
0
1164
6756
46286
744
666
318
70
0
0
1052
7766
50120
962
666
351
70.5
8
0
1190
6658
43536
1034
218
323
71
26
0
1236
7933
47218
868
464
205
71.5
48
0
1394
8565
53955
1393
804
303
72
25
0
1198
9209
54555
508
1077
478
72.5
27
0
1080
7363
51591
1248
522
284
73
27
0
1154
8096
50558
1095
776
485
73.5
5
0
1089
8273
56196
858
1096
390
74
110
0
828
5433
47664
862
624
220
74.5
79
0
455
2216
23216
455
546
0
75
55
11
587
2230
26760
568
428
38
75.5
68
45
797
4622
31504
616
668
362
76
55
65
998
6044
42478
513
533
253
76.5
0
25
1024
6832
44388
1026
406
445
77
0
0
1327
7749
46279
1330
659
329
77.5
54
0
1157
6584
45821
783
565
408
78
0
0
1049
7153
48675
924
1206
258
78.5
18
0
953
7584
50834
1017
488
288
79
0
0
977
8165
51461
923
1358
271
79.5
7
0
1068
7375
50317
725
558
373
80
0
0
1117
7615
50190
939
915
332
80.5
0
0
1019
7466
50297
698
791
413
81
0
0
1064
7030
47948
718
521
346
81.5
38
0
956
6849
44154
743
726
374
82
17
0
1276
7515
46487
829
776
344
82.5
0
64
1106
7016
47094
1015
738
443
83
5
0
877
6853
45895
686
973
440
83.5
22
0
532
3969
63993
707
205
225
84
46
0
680
4187 100466
546
436
125
84.5
20
0
408
4265
96589
689
234
306
85
32
0
423
4199
68025
572
355
265

168

Depth Cl
(cm)
85.5
86
86.5
87
87.5
88
88.5
89
89.5
90
90.5
91
91.5
92
92.5
93
93.5
94
94.5
95
95.5
96
96.5
97
97.5
98
98.5
99
99.5
100
100.5
101
101.5
102
102.5
103
103.5
104
104.5

Co
31
0
54
19
23
40
22
33
0
54
36
18
4
20
28
11
29
37
0
14
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
33
0
38
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Cu
0
36
0
0
81
60
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
59
0
0
5
0
0
4
17
14
0
0
0
0
229
0
29
0
0
0
0
0

Eu
698
762
799
541
586
669
669
667
736
519
508
323
478
977
761
925
797
575
653
702
408
877
860
692
596
671
864
506
672
572
647
463
410
413
730
555
612
621
574

Fe

4462
4137
4821
4553
3792
3909
4086
4018
2847
3141
2341
3221
4212
4288
5085
4939
4775
5215
6204
5689
6462
5711
4258
6124
6495
7085
7345
6568
6281
5909
5490
6228
8392
8134
7924
7323
8294
7722
7920

169

86294
75061
75238
43971
39379
40623
41333
43565
32203
35488
27122
30982
30319
36065
41263
37096
51565
64719
95813
75232
71989
64198
43123
105413
116970
139521
128364
88964
92635
87918
104487
125838
140424
170900
142904
151630
159718
158784
171076

Ga
676
336
722
605
376
562
546
540
567
534
536
373
208
542
316
565
703
570
739
397
297
857
609
559
305
942
717
625
1003
553
792
533
755
585
956
743
555
525
708

Ge

Hf
440
343
665
434
448
474
539
266
359
330
438
416
342
592
395
291
339
545
410
517
466
328
570
652
598
496
358
530
680
465
617
422
385
673
495
301
656
308
411

211
241
178
275
277
235
257
276
149
212
96
181
318
195
285
337
226
321
318
219
284
304
265
282
272
337
302
292
273
126
352
340
113
127
224
279
181
238
166

Depth Cl
(cm)
105
105.5
106
106.5
107
107.5
108
108.5
109
109.5
110
110.5
111
111.5
112
112.5
113
113.5
114
114.5
115
115.5
116
116.5
117
117.5
118
118.5
119
119.5
120
120.5
121
121.5
122
122.5
123
123.5
124

Co
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
25
0
0
15
0
0
0
0
0
19
0
24
0
41
34
17
18
12
0
0
0
0
20
12
0
0

Cu
75
150
64
0
0
70
71
47
0
0
15
0
0
0
117
37
32
0
29
295
172
75
142
0
86
0
196
314
235
0
0
0
23
0
86
0
0
65
11

Eu
495
513
524
479
478
770
539
543
488
620
606
582
439
278
398
477
603
556
416
455
429
382
323
493
448
510
584
475
448
368
517
487
647
590
369
616
529
750
467

Fe

8724
8214
7725
8721
9046
8121
8043
9093
7603
8077
7452
7872
8464
8147
7390
7910
6978
7618
8838
7821
8186
8431
8150
8912
8275
7339
4347
4643
5997
7946
7466
8062
6936
7187
7397
7337
6839
6370
6483

170

206332
215602
187062
211796
202772
155814
204564
214388
157846
151522
152947
184217
188051
177391
170190
169429
167382
143019
180063
197630
217695
222688
182315
196937
206658
154909
131560
144862
130677
145572
166012
166846
154208
131754
129569
117589
93042
97764
118454

Ga
747
683
629
593
465
777
844
1049
681
662
776
1034
806
832
628
783
675
785
955
643
716
813
547
997
477
1244
420
414
560
764
903
834
879
824
651
837
711
583
264

Ge

Hf
500
313
491
481
452
415
641
299
458
763
272
424
536
632
758
246
693
548
564
623
527
227
605
356
426
578
431
372
204
444
475
580
467
572
641
587
407
664
558

145
167
273
145
333
215
218
173
387
434
172
154
187
194
181
40
89
164
182
238
267
154
235
100
251
238
27
117
136
361
200
79
195
24
185
203
324
222
167

Depth Cl
(cm)
124.5
125
125.5
126
126.5
127
127.5
128
128.5
129
129.5
130
130.5
131
131.5
132
132.5
133
133.5
134
134.5
135
135.5
136
136.5
137
137.5
138
138.5
139
139.5
140
140.5
141
141.5
142
142.5
143
143.5

Co
0
0
0
22
0
0
0
0
23
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
8
0
0
0
0
61
71
38
16
20
0
0
20
0
20
0
0

Cu
0
0
0
83
123
0
81
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
91
226
269
25
0
264
129
78
0
0
28
0
195
0
307
87
128
194
0
298

Eu
452
768
483
597
743
519
594
553
486
574
499
717
709
683
399
473
452
552
608
627
603
633
726
353
567
430
598
415
347
218
636
514
477
553
470
507
463
586
513

Fe

7541
6907
7397
7043
6344
6693
6049
6721
7031
7068
7682
7449
7676
7053
7870
7369
7387
7252
7810
6824
7789
7331
8134
8007
7679
8744
8402
1318
1194
1196
6032
7283
8485
7412
8097
7833
7411
7658
7789

171

130545
111863
134608
119125
100765
106512
91120
82837
103326
121047
143106
147065
138463
119645
120773
102542
112502
139277
135618
114117
149225
150639
163650
146273
198362
208662
197253
52924
29305
27882
104646
169296
149100
180972
179365
147587
177648
164974
183768

Ga
958
947
800
301
967
525
459
588
615
703
280
892
668
443
796
501
668
662
677
807
891
883
747
866
810
739
796
286
155
181
849
758
487
759
523
412
828
1054
890

Ge

Hf
768
552
648
636
430
474
397
830
486
531
645
495
493
242
698
356
532
605
874
521
359
564
553
712
316
688
650
419
105
105
758
466
459
364
610
219
308
825
444

248
362
104
286
293
323
268
325
260
309
266
296
228
314
292
352
401
331
161
386
307
261
223
471
274
232
202
0
0
95
264
317
212
294
227
182
178
220
181

Depth Cl
(cm)
144
144.5
145
145.5
146
146.5
147
147.5
148
148.5
149
149.5
150
150.5
151
151.5
152
152.5
153
153.5
154
154.5
155
155.5
156
156.5
157
157.5
158
158.5
159
159.5
160
160.5
161
161.5
162
162.5
163

Co
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
16
17
0
0
0
0
0
7
26
71
8
45
21
6
46
16
0
0
0
0
26
0
0
11
18
10

Cu
102
27
199
155
29
0
212
283
324
0
100
0
0
0
0
0
169
220
231
276
483
143
368
145
144
217
396
712
620
389
625
758
408
296
268
354
112
69
287

670
363
621
678
535
614
389
461
640
705
718
832
615
443
521
497
758
511
552
842
757
930
690
857
993
885
729
805
967
818
896
624
800
893
1072
1012
866
896
1103

Eu

Fe

7684
7887
7348
7846
7997
8342
8527
7954
7980
7860
6714
6348
5341
2958
3374
4326
7551
8359
8739
865
244
944
1991
1016
1280
934
1178
855
39
1234
688
908
1361
1044
1504
897
1746
599
1656

172

147587
140513
135170
143967
164116
157515
151396
173604
160789
129621
117721
83964
67822
57718
31762
54116
122423
149478
168867
59252
68533
39293
68439
57081
35325
51078
83212
124782
121769
95697
117740
107942
92656
75237
66907
45624
34472
47439
88486

Ga

Ge
809
554
910
693
646
653
814
560
991
895
892
528
616
23
444
494
762
688
742
530
807
451
565
852
675
377
674
193
754
927
955
611
590
653
321
654
452
657
489

Hf
552
522
448
581
591
457
527
21
396
574
183
495
539
360
423
639
477
247
429
429
526
406
607
390
389
681
581
527
352
581
353
455
240
760
344
381
690
611
339

246
322
321
238
154
405
298
153
492
360
283
352
317
0
118
227
426
459
334
465
554
438
555
370
451
347
331
385
471
328
438
528
447
528
362
437
476
444
426

Depth Cl
(cm)
163.5
164
164.5
165
165.5
166
166.5
167
167.5
168
168.5
169
169.5
170
170.5
171
171.5
172
172.5
173
173.5
174
174.5
175
175.5
176
176.5
177
177.5
178
178.5
179
179.5
180
180.5
181
181.5
182
182.5

Co
0
30
8
0
32
0
16
0
0
78
46
47
89
0
0
27
0
0
0
11
0
0
0
0
19
0
29
12
0
0
0
34
0
12
0
0
13
6
0

Cu
422
332
132
9
409
269
362
137
379
356
255
354
387
386
510
356
567
738
690
752
606
678
676
459
667
644
432
582
316
448
396
474
330
465
512
436
230
436
335

619
702
768
758
956
752
756
745
909
471
531
601
614
960
794
804
687
883
586
735
808
677
552
620
826
890
768
936
917
778
768
1047
829
874
782
1174
934
763
843

Eu

Fe

1279
1064
1508
636
1836
1922
2027
1894
1096
0
0
0
158
613
875
1387
322
519
394
723
432
1093
0
1265
964
1029
527
313
867
565
955
758
494
0
247
594
1995
290
1229

173

86490
81739
70114
41456
48581
65944
84255
56334
50719
43221
44951
41699
63176
97548
91447
90882
96105
120790
141496
157392
132817
140265
118973
92677
92268
89089
94218
87608
91937
87453
68497
73376
73016
70175
68979
55897
61428
66017
60264

Ga

Ge
401
335
576
501
322
640
332
596
702
261
596
309
700
677
553
677
387
764
715
594
399
828
301
736
400
723
749
550
535
544
507
336
373
605
414
934
485
394
634

Hf
867
703
604
536
753
666
601
362
449
217
353
240
347
421
657
593
446
564
438
530
351
518
601
610
404
552
575
689
569
335
220
484
618
290
334
699
763
530
456

599
331
321
367
499
357
364
298
363
188
100
154
318
297
504
439
455
454
583
281
359
451
408
287
490
512
466
491
423
433
390
296
277
453
519
576
307
513
363

Depth Cl
(cm)
183
183.5
184
184.5
185
185.5
186
186.5
187
187.5
188
188.5
189
189.5
190
190.5
191
191.5
192
192.5
193
193.5
194
194.5
195
195.5
196
196.5
197
197.5
198
198.5
199
199.5
200
200.5
201
201.5
202

Co
0
0
0
0
44
0
0
0
0
0
24
11
10
0
0
10
52
10
39
0
4
33
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
38
0
0
0
0
0

428
608
282
664
572
350
341
209
521
694
875
802
499
587
552
450
542
190
183
480
350
643
724
1030
1065
650
163
93
52
227
216
0
408
297
311
399
770
596
502

Cu
936
943
730
494
830
891
792
826
907
798
572
827
626
725
967
769
555
1100
838
913
866
857
752
664
805
763
969
897
680
807
1169
689
988
918
790
1093
686
680
652

Eu

Fe

331
660
1037
0
807
810
410
0
230
688
1681
627
870
209
723
1264
1103
0
535
709
443
17
621
0
920
647
1500
1622
1206
863
1209
823
1600
372
56
1174
799
1412
354

174

66041
79478
80854
99288
88162
81092
70607
58004
90082
114834
139990
128717
94170
79804
80228
69535
86191
50127
54332
66826
88022
123616
145012
206331
172721
117285
38853
37774
34745
33423
34488
36243
34627
44018
68454
54899
109272
97337
90513

Ga
800
579
172
332
725
624
344
366
440
760
552
618
435
838
510
755
537
522
747
574
585
853
1012
816
741
231
241
570
562
734
584
537
661
871
616
943
407
757
548

Ge

Hf
542
696
370
299
639
273
306
356
421
540
383
872
610
364
297
480
619
529
375
834
475
618
617
734
556
257
593
822
507
493
443
589
594
736
727
502
795
516
413

484
354
264
413
476
505
412
230
199
239
455
399
268
467
415
388
313
426
481
388
463
377
157
283
211
375
363
306
360
496
452
391
520
477
500
507
410
526
526

Depth Cl
(cm)
202.5
203
203.5
204
204.5
205
205.5
206
206.5
207
207.5
208
208.5
209
209.5
210
210.5
211
211.5
212
212.5
213
213.5
214
214.5
215
215.5
216
216.5
217
217.5
218
218.5
219
219.5
220
220.5
221
221.5

Co
19
41
52
0
0
42
22
0
0
39
14
0
37
0
0
23
30
13
0
0
42
49
14
39
62
46
54
34
7
30
29
29
7
0
23
18
33
28
47

503
500
368
140
415
273
496
314
873
640
248
427
925
821
289
367
563
770
573
345
596
640
300
637
680
604
585
971
1258
981
1418
801
961
478
325
518
404
237
266

Cu
929
579
516
463
662
981
875
677
698
663
747
838
698
799
863
838
1022
879
813
577
855
732
592
801
638
905
675
760
752
603
832
462
946
709
590
975
603
759
778

Eu

Fe

0
0
0
0
802
1344
1212
1178
27
674
1363
617
598
0
1115
1110
0
346
696
1628
408
390
695
1019
455
1315
369
1890
37
1006
0
232
479
195
828
197
0
619
665

175

72716
48620
43667
23625
68319
80361
80030
82562
115841
77407
62809
90981
117504
101806
66642
49701
55534
108285
65447
59154
95139
94903
98887
92415
110969
115799
100689
151818
179937
183169
174126
129287
130251
84803
84169
69871
61172
66711
71017

Ga
654
380
301
198
713
653
587
591
559
171
659
441
387
713
785
791
377
784
554
377
849
440
1090
939
858
651
965
573
612
670
257
512
667
706
669
757
376
880
513

Ge

Hf
667
400
367
445
437
797
573
726
844
475
664
927
638
433
817
662
538
382
873
565
735
486
505
465
831
833
430
415
757
590
616
319
646
664
601
610
384
483
499

311
113
97
131
205
482
481
510
351
486
564
326
510
450
660
607
427
589
478
486
522
465
554
664
681
370
344
508
549
387
438
709
612
422
454
574
601
499
510

Depth Cl
(cm)
222
222.5
223
223.5
224
224.5
225
225.5
226
226.5
227
227.5
228
228.5
229
229.5
230
230.5
231
231.5
232
232.5
233
233.5
234
234.5
235
235.5
236
236.5
237
237.5
238
238.5
239
239.5
240
240.5
241

Co
14
15
14
30
12
0
8
12
0
30
4
61
14
24
21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
7
34
0
0
0
0
0
0

Cu
466
516
377
415
336
355
256
349
148
56
151
94
543
148
80
372
455
304
387
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

953
767
824
724
590
679
846
1135
1058
1009
896
733
918
1014
897
879
830
945
953
654
607
861
692
691
753
752
705
1044
718
845
667
824
638
600
989
792
814
518
673

Eu

Fe

0
0
0
1102
0
0
264
133
763
1190
0
151
115
1022
500
0
0
906
433
4912
4543
5604
3847
3183
4800
5297
5438
5279
5613
5323
5730
5718
5353
4909
4547
5255
4441
6472
4898

176

59871
76761
75526
65301
40256
57230
68884
40913
37044
30756
39488
47632
45143
37295
37523
50190
51242
42107
41448
34146
29552
30582
26949
24107
35864
37324
40140
41724
40340
40855
43023
41271
42003
49671
37866
40055
44420
55783
42220

Ga

Ge
669
456
494
463
556
722
520
427
634
986
653
647
808
711
698
617
354
614
829
540
584
653
435
569
743
821
751
970
625
716
539
553
704
619
908
772
351
757
562

Hf
634
527
823
486
244
821
591
652
330
535
834
784
566
838
510
360
507
290
370
737
832
597
472
597
771
449
764
693
658
602
923
669
867
353
655
532
120
355
849

411
330
481
524
325
403
432
507
331
478
526
531
325
427
405
453
502
365
424
316
211
249
236
89
335
272
256
214
257
117
318
189
75
90
223
244
175
406
95

Depth Cl
(cm)
241.5
242
242.5
243
243.5
244
244.5
245
245.5
246
246.5
247
247.5
248
248.5
249
249.5
250
250.5
251
251.5
252
252.5
253
253.5
254
254.5
255
255.5
256
256.5
257
257.5
258
258.5
259
259.5
260
260.5

Co
0
5
0
0
0
28
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
17
0
0
14
31
0

Cu
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

729
468
629
609
654
395
531
505
668
674
419
696
682
822
436
787
742
753
576
633
720
465
814
805
875
605
724
812
604
621
791
207
1000
719
683
731
765
722
791

Eu

Fe

5634
5573
4681
4201
2781
2824
2910
3231
4109
5255
5000
5462
4944
5046
4907
5270
5961
5003
5164
5240
3963
3892
4577
4877
4914
5599
5839
5388
4983
5194
5359
4821
4882
4366
4957
5209
3830
4584
4901

177

57027
49416
38651
39219
32517
26598
26312
27480
31739
38023
34881
33741
35899
40574
45537
40920
43464
48296
47514
44193
39065
34079
29790
40654
47522
56969
58214
55410
47348
45143
44817
52054
43925
32974
42024
35926
27686
30434
32868

Ga

Ge
917
502
770
709
829
552
351
494
554
616
296
532
597
386
627
797
554
790
506
609
471
840
758
733
807
478
777
831
627
887
576
687
453
864
765
960
799
569
452

Hf
810
622
712
836
732
602
679
435
688
792
765
863
828
270
651
705
678
620
810
817
589
567
907
583
660
699
775
719
821
734
606
368
632
810
757
806
759
507
599

264
181
106
212
208
144
139
172
203
85
262
232
172
251
90
254
328
237
112
99
0
74
170
145
0
90
59
228
146
201
167
266
210
43
99
78
278
250
234

Depth Cl
(cm)
261
261.5
262
262.5
263
263.5
264
264.5
265
265.5
266
266.5
267
267.5
268
268.5
269
269.5
270
270.5
271
271.5
272
272.5
273
273.5
274
274.5
275
275.5
276
276.5
277
277.5
278
278.5
279
279.5
280

Co
0
17
0
18
0
0
8
0
0
0
5
27
0
22
27
20
21
0
0
0
0
0
19
0
0
0
0
0
0
27
48
0
35
0
24
0
0
16
0

Cu
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

774
803
705
776
783
830
949
951
1103
787
665
720
717
823
766
590
710
624
790
688
729
707
896
989
926
849
1025
956
922
1143
872
811
946
896
723
941
1008
1004
949

Eu

Fe

5408
4944
5065
7072
7496
6546
6371
5177
4968
6601
5377
4845
5144
5575
4733
4966
4784
4795
5394
5804
6192
6647
5980
6740
6131
6660
6573
5889
5642
5722
5450
5699
5344
6242
6119
5643
5550
5791
5726

178

33256
33852
35312
90971
121178
83777
44803
30250
30020
72916
42463
27674
33941
46077
42344
35542
45838
48303
51466
47727
56812
52859
56970
79527
61813
65716
65135
40788
34491
37628
36674
39296
38161
46404
47998
46523
41138
34757
40685

Ga
742
843
376
642
540
893
616
779
607
522
589
472
621
441
867
459
484
520
682
353
728
449
686
601
300
953
898
234
576
793
852
740
690
506
803
943
385
1033
483

Ge
766
775
560
355
592
829
576
504
632
660
668
479
324
559
288
959
513
527
777
629
884
665
547
725
591
566
945
417
543
1006
856
1034
636
638
398
590
437
899
628

Hf
393
328
182
173
383
238
469
341
376
388
311
261
527
250
259
382
146
422
158
168
409
231
68
258
203
134
369
280
364
391
442
304
267
335
310
326
343
522
390

Depth Cl
(cm)
280.5
281
281.5
282
282.5
283
283.5
284
284.5
285
285.5
286
286.5
287
287.5
288
288.5
289
289.5
290
290.5
291
291.5
292
292.5
293
293.5
294
294.5
295
295.5
296
296.5
297
297.5
298
298.5
299
299.5

Co
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
11
0
0
8
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
28
23
0
9
16
20
32
0
0
0

Cu
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
151
0
0
0
0
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

855
948
883
948
654
960
994
1011
971
697
729
697
595
495
549
551
794
864
708
1024
1248
913
735
863
1134
708
610
781
825
1152
675
738
492
528
414
776
799
805
1062

Eu

Fe

5595
5779
6819
5745
6414
6333
6434
6058
5994
6154
6434
6361
2854
1702
2656
5341
6853
5891
6512
6029
6181
5470
6916
6815
6351
7317
7962
7034
5849
6899
7327
4028
2533
1938
2425
5194
4679
6933
6404

179

42718
37506
40822
46160
62710
65785
52831
47486
52343
66682
93446
110754
63684
33943
29247
69134
93674
56210
61931
54512
39474
32129
50994
50754
72976
96578
108311
89732
57961
61734
88520
70954
31642
22876
18548
30422
31096
94298
54671

Ga
898
821
351
1050
518
760
905
786
333
435
1010
380
684
635
453
235
1151
366
607
430
641
561
157
729
727
720
824
714
641
859
504
428
370
394
87
615
244
813
415

Ge

Hf
954
523
423
594
495
600
735
549
571
529
983
298
171
361
488
453
668
625
578
626
615
365
491
652
834
558
438
557
647
474
559
503
308
286
370
872
653
826
505

334
327
295
491
365
434
439
315
372
341
507
329
79
93
129
243
238
460
285
271
323
293
368
426
430
162
374
448
345
384
348
29
0
0
187
396
470
224
321

Depth Cl
(cm)
300
300.5
301
301.5
302
302.5
303
303.5
304
304.5
305
305.5
306
306.5
307
307.5
308
308.5
309
309.5
310
310.5
311
311.5
312
312.5
313
313.5
314
314.5
315
315.5
316
316.5
317
317.5
318
318.5
319

Co
5
0
0
27
0
23
0
47
15
0
0
0
4
17
44
0
57
0
0
0
17
38
24
0
33
0
59
41
20
47
51
0
0
6
0
0
9
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
454
146
282
338
728
507
272
533
321
548
596
586
509
984
582
532
628
872
923
698
551
814
600
1204

Cu

Eu
788
968
700
836
913
751
532
788
767
841
826
882
889
764
882
741
546
675
530
696
618
699
802
869
825
732
512
859
770
690
721
814
617
601
819
769
517
778
640

Fe

6867
6595
5900
6734
7007
4593
4611
6299
5509
4914
4866
4557
3800
4461
4394
3399
2749
2684
2940
2786
2901
2992
3046
3283
3470
2895
3096
4352
3110
3586
3641
3982
3907
2997
4138
3668
3857
3919
2972

180

82294
92621
59736
83609
107915
40325
67743
93182
56509
41700
32953
37092
27229
35504
34494
82389
43208
56344
72223
102313
92562
67172
82800
78959
82597
76461
98528
122706
126133
108941
89246
126385
135200
117179
138289
136309
135598
117777
145870

Ga
466
650
466
622
538
400
403
507
728
487
777
595
556
698
520
679
383
693
595
728
717
447
474
550
649
724
882
612
1046
741
537
577
696
641
553
814
615
707
487

Ge

Hf
932
514
483
597
285
263
761
324
451
662
249
570
338
506
447
372
564
892
695
299
534
524
603
700
772
729
713
560
376
256
615
973
602
510
384
516
528
952
561

396
262
266
440
309
341
234
247
467
311
157
339
311
396
132
127
134
232
271
174
72
209
215
126
344
200
340
257
392
267
179
377
150
226
0
173
231
237
143

Depth Cl
(cm)
319.5
320
320.5
321
321.5
322
322.5
323
323.5
324
324.5
325
325.5
326
326.5
327
327.5
328
328.5
329
329.5
330
330.5
331
331.5
332
332.5
333
333.5
334
334.5
335
335.5
336
336.5
337
337.5
338
338.5

Co
9
0
39
27
17
0
0
4
0
0
0
33
0
18
67
27
0
19
47
9
6
64
8
0
0
29
0
29
0
0
33
0
76
95
51
34
0
0
17

1014
1125
1151
1029
1477
1547
1681
1235
1066
1334
1382
1279
481
430
462
210
269
90
695
658
1096
1179
776
455
491
826
843
482
790
574
669
561
215
158
140
122
808
912
703

Cu
851
479
691
505
652
517
583
555
689
479
670
688
747
933
728
893
814
777
665
552
507
637
769
788
521
1015
833
599
854
556
713
719
298
219
258
433
787
792
576

Eu

Fe

3754
4017
3713
4333
3412
4295
3062
3995
3995
2770
3151
3064
2993
3493
3397
2990
2720
2678
3052
3614
2881
2962
2622
2583
2487
3232
3684
2633
3123
3305
3313
2744
0
0
0
1743
2734
2697
2862

181

175145
195217
169449
185228
200886
219200
195669
177188
179443
161474
170534
165851
83590
86003
79692
51499
37963
37059
97680
115856
134148
152170
98046
62388
57715
98314
105774
50149
109993
88581
109830
71577
10017
1914
1805
43077
108022
103673
107101

Ga

Ge
727
479
851
222
677
891
656
340
586
570
970
829
438
730
300
662
555
455
345
293
481
750
738
865
908
911
796
883
502
975
518
703
267
175
24
393
709
907
599

Hf
751
549
735
687
500
686
604
478
636
329
518
487
459
671
474
542
359
485
644
702
451
403
576
603
758
432
358
650
583
477
549
604
176
191
82
175
500
404
464

126
64
220
50
227
332
224
171
132
113
210
293
186
251
302
175
261
266
225
97
203
175
247
235
375
243
205
383
279
389
161
287
60
13
26
103
243
254
156

Depth Cl
(cm)
339
339.5
340
340.5
341
341.5
342
342.5
343
343.5
344
344.5
345
345.5
346
346.5
347
347.5
348
348.5
349
349.5
350
350.5
351
351.5
352
352.5
353
353.5
354
354.5
355
355.5
356
356.5
357
357.5
358

Co
13
58
52
75
41
17
0
26
33
58
42
40
85
27
47
49
47
38
41
24
32
47
45
85
79
0
63
52
9
48
42
0
15
0
62
37
35
15
72

805
1275
1697
1357
628
663
936
728
981
1015
1095
775
931
837
475
449
455
802
715
428
326
525
1416
1120
897
822
756
760
412
365
534
309
524
443
658
1242
877
576
631

Cu
760
470
468
581
692
721
618
660
536
702
468
773
596
776
765
767
591
549
693
785
1048
651
610
642
705
846
686
556
704
398
329
372
661
794
535
713
735
460
537

Eu

Fe

3411
2956
3066
2797
3087
2972
3096
2579
3148
3058
3384
2891
2976
2526
2503
2032
2446
3138
2195
1788
1874
2037
2235
2437
1856
1982
2643
2984
553
502
369
1696
2279
2806
2159
2722
1576
1945
2331

182

125144
168788
194745
147006
99922
97237
114895
105042
153885
118510
156546
105649
120880
94387
64512
54939
72508
114053
83269
39498
46129
66535
180115
138011
93180
101314
106178
108913
38041
44166
50283
48484
86025
90661
70079
153433
92718
96941
90986

Ga

Ge
762
459
345
670
599
359
522
660
680
913
892
860
438
682
718
625
287
526
667
668
590
269
695
502
655
927
649
556
178
440
494
289
502
453
458
706
560
508
505

Hf
314
375
306
553
455
704
553
421
453
326
289
685
279
602
577
292
0
408
502
486
607
424
700
480
389
704
412
252
273
183
313
181
410
509
544
413
319
344
316

267
261
114
258
179
136
251
191
163
253
120
198
103
167
308
135
166
138
282
243
187
182
220
412
236
155
324
306
164
175
128
129
169
114
331
173
157
293
98

Depth Cl
Co
Cu
Eu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hf
(cm)
358.5
80
776
705
1214
77850
374
134
110
359
52
454
705
821
55784
560
360
134
359.5
63
883
699
850
83474
594
261
178
360
66
934
570
548
89588
586
380
192
360.5
51
360
737
466
24933
608
564
202
361
58
772
436
1073
69922
289
387
176
361.5
113
1063
711
869 110156
390
411
283
362
51
703
508
1633
83661
593
418
124
362.5
34
1147
514
1837 119902
619
472
215
363
35
735
543
1785
79292
497
519
197
363.5
70
462
662
1658
48907
491
161
258
364
0
390
550
1319
35172
786
655
281
364.5
49
366
769
1680
32195
870
600
117
365
55
530
488
1796
64830
640
405
362
365.5
126
620
510
1983
84797
495
506
242
366
40
661
668
1958
84442
643
378
151
366.5
96
779
731
1864
75319
595
267
186
367
51
709
505
993
55395
476
293
217
367.5
4
366
656
1115
43591
569
340
187
368
55
362
695
1571
30567
289
555
288
368.5
51
606
664
5119 181121
558
461
95
369
0
246
644
3900 128192
627
368
291
369.5
0
307
820
3940 113934
607
218
288
370
71
521
718
5136 201789
286
122
70
370.5
52
198
785
4754 113143
498
821
354
371
0
366
915
3977 133752
450
280
248
371.5
81
246
1056
3620
92894
661
613
305
372
36
92
613
4997 174012
531
411
200
372.5
0
679
844
3998 161738
1101
520
168
373
29
218
753
3937 102590
301
893
224
373.5
10
227
1009
3799
87925
380
440
224
374
49
507
878
3722 128346
401
609
265
374.5
50
123
839
4422 106758
553
511
281
375
68
627
598
3533 168057
491
544
184
375.5
69
569
793
4153 141937
467
280
110
376
0
404
816
3948 126943
329
651
197
376.5
24
283
810
3750 112853
652
332
153
377
43
118
874
3476
68326
396
773
122
377.5
43
211
690
2730
60372
658
286
367

183

Depth Cl
(cm)
378
378.5
379
379.5
380
380.5
381
381.5
382
382.5
383
383.5
384
384.5
385
385.5
386
386.5
387
387.5
388
388.5
389
389.5
390
390.5
391
391.5
392
392.5
393
393.5
394
394.5
395
395.5
396
396.5
397

Co
22
0
0
44
49
24
82
35
43
0
18
80
0
41
0
0
45
74
38
75
0
54
6
48
62
0
21
67
19
9
14
46
0
58
21
25
29
30
0

Cu
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
36
41
0
0
175
24
51
164
0
0
0
0
34
52
0
0
0
0
44
0
58
0
0
0
0
0

812
814
654
955
712
708
795
809
764
987
939
845
756
1074
961
784
1042
956
925
804
967
853
1022
798
858
1096
949
940
1073
949
790
764
795
1074
929
704
745
835
947

Eu

Fe

3258
3470
3640
3247
2978
3362
3255
2551
2969
3845
3666
3034
3306
3137
3038
3658
3906
3286
2632
3808
3232
3906
3752
3122
3207
2860
2996
3391
3182
3405
3484
2654
2465
2374
2557
2678
2686
2743
2728

184

46942
61371
48878
43647
39886
42237
38128
31408
46784
66278
52304
51986
46974
49590
51639
56038
73900
75900
50562
51593
51845
52265
51582
52873
45760
47241
49103
48766
51485
48383
47544
49292
42710
43029
43329
45475
46218
44966
47258

Ga
874
440
725
464
259
299
637
567
512
833
483
482
521
720
653
517
633
1054
576
456
521
368
901
397
563
876
625
575
727
352
703
344
352
653
401
796
309
499
477

Ge

Hf
503
770
657
491
412
659
646
379
446
826
656
402
477
491
315
390
726
175
472
591
197
617
497
218
381
375
436
621
499
602
294
447
483
700
613
435
408
364
257

276
294
317
429
215
336
265
205
186
138
264
283
313
238
347
221
322
245
345
185
180
261
125
400
175
327
140
354
242
265
102
189
251
256
146
238
280
272
103

Depth Cl
(cm)
397.5
398
398.5
399
399.5
400
400.5
401
401.5
402
402.5
403
403.5
404
404.5
405
405.5
406
406.5
407
407.5
408
408.5
409
409.5
410
410.5
411
411.5
412
412.5
413
413.5
414
414.5
415
415.5
416
416.5

Co
39
29
25
18
26
19
58
10
62
22
0
76
41
24
11
61
77
37
63
28
0
14
15
7
42
67
0
16
53
0
46
60
48
46
0
32
32
51
66

Cu
165
52
120
45
23
181
57
61
40
0
0
183
90
290
12
293
65
160
0
163
135
33
0
73
0
34
0
82
148
209
58
244
171
38
118
223
40
82
32

600
923
680
941
774
741
610
784
898
1025
929
943
762
911
874
900
406
999
1164
741
755
1039
792
916
940
785
796
791
952
905
915
599
798
701
713
691
722
725
830

Eu

Fe

2667
3051
2876
2775
2752
2788
3147
3278
3021
3182
3261
2333
2964
2934
3162
2840
3073
2489
3480
3351
3203
3430
3130
2847
3519
3034
3357
3379
3066
2665
3187
3000
3042
2473
1890
1598
2432
3615
3414

185

51303
52986
63868
67627
51733
55747
57491
75010
77624
57405
51764
49648
50370
63978
69373
88423
56931
48597
60662
60524
59275
54492
55145
55235
56937
56691
55491
60014
59495
57698
59364
63108
60531
60771
51638
45803
45961
59060
59444

Ga
736
578
490
717
247
545
273
1004
562
497
495
496
522
573
555
644
752
737
840
466
757
922
540
471
513
611
461
460
462
711
539
609
404
623
606
488
400
815
868

Ge

Hf
575
577
630
217
716
417
82
549
653
482
404
498
496
617
178
539
436
701
495
475
492
438
560
269
408
725
572
405
325
466
586
449
439
387
366
591
443
671
464

280
298
277
227
155
194
184
311
284
289
77
243
363
248
14
197
237
58
221
319
136
294
141
181
309
406
180
289
286
234
198
206
50
193
319
158
43
277
187

Depth Cl
(cm)
417
417.5
418
418.5
419
419.5
420
420.5
421
421.5
422
422.5
423
423.5
424
424.5
425
425.5
426
426.5
427
427.5
428
428.5
429
429.5
430
430.5
431

Co
40
0
38
0
20
39
74
47
35
8
42
50
80
72
34
82
52
30
41
34
60
14
63
31
59
35
38
22
8

Cu
75
25
155
75
54
18
83
15
0
0
0
0
231
117
286
278
98
124
188
0
53
111
162
96
218
378
189
170
0

947
744
979
842
859
853
881
1114
875
826
871
1005
807
761
905
779
637
886
965
811
958
797
1095
848
681
758
435
517
568

Eu

Fe

2445
3266
2590
3249
3128
3151
3230
2855
3593
2991
3608
3864
2778
2918
2945
2448
2763
2858
2865
2881
2868
2775
2697
3177
1867
1724
1822
1745
1299

186

57628
63119
63832
58160
58484
59183
62185
60380
61248
63707
58636
62110
58859
60370
63284
61919
61921
59599
56240
55820
58555
61344
62327
61934
50011
50808
55004
60812
45807

Ga

Ge
499
505
624
517
625
586
690
861
548
400
704
678
775
490
986
468
656
534
711
687
851
914
625
862
806
557
469
438
417

Hf
793
538
566
454
654
564
699
287
668
563
723
389
602
840
736
608
604
715
760
359
523
932
460
446
752
352
412
429
278

321
53
237
262
242
312
319
185
112
280
205
331
358
273
245
223
345
325
316
200
206
293
125
199
222
167
224
151
0

Table A 2.3 Cuobu XRF Geochemistry Hg – Mo
Depth Hg
I
(cm)
27
120
27.5
224
28
243
28.5
471
29
396
29.5
534
30
613
30.5
37
31
683
31.5
697
32
329
32.5
500
33
115
33.5
266
34
690
34.5
455
35
567
35.5
359
36
501
36.5
534
37
564
37.5
555
38
297
38.5
345
39
377
39.5
531
40
440
40.5
502
41
177
41.5
517
42
575
42.5
402
43
266
43.5
439
44
749
44.5
343
45
540
45.5
402

Ir
45
20
86
32
80
86
154
38
115
50
132
97
6
52
88
17
54
25
0
49
51
15
65
72
10
42
69
19
50
22
0
13
77
0
82
0
0
22

K
484
222
153
358
532
534
288
277
566
484
566
855
322
360
291
130
230
525
228
319
508
133
0
204
529
594
393
402
547
70
343
291
195
0
448
123
538
566

La
141
2208
4936
5707
5653
5090
5745
5095
5282
5009
5184
5198
4892
4864
5010
4503
5795
5300
5824
6360
8368
6330
6643
7564
8331
7677
7128
7897
8442
7386
7893
7579
7308
8158
8629
7813
7155
6973
187

Mg
830
940
2015
2031
1906
1838
2017
1889
1960
1786
1897
2061
1892
1793
1861
1915
1955
1944
1796
1770
1941
1843
1840
1984
1863
2040
1937
1987
1927
2018
1967
1960
1903
1854
1762
1919
1655
1666

Mn
45
42
42
0
86
83
80
26
49
44
89
0
66
0
35
170
47
91
72
0
69
19
91
24
69
0
60
0
94
16
99
23
61
112
82
12
25
0

1496
328
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Mo

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
46
584
46.5
154
47
637
47.5
544
48
628
48.5
285
49
486
49.5
561
50
128
50.5
392
51
493
51.5
693
52
216
52.5
431
53
615
53.5
445
54
279
54.5
664
55
607
55.5
740
56
258
56.5
654
57
310
57.5
448
58
354
58.5
475
59
358
59.5
798
60
784
60.5
576
61
582
61.5
478
62
385
62.5
548
63
726
63.5
352
64
194
64.5
576
65
321

Ir
86
44
70
0
0
0
0
48
75
0
79
0
35
59
20
0
19
36
60
93
79
9
12
25
0
74
19
73
49
0
0
43
0
0
41
130
73
0
0

K
318
151
543
116
219
256
510
213
260
177
748
393
156
240
33
529
218
419
353
583
114
0
351
514
0
463
590
400
697
331
226
280
455
198
82
392
618
371
267

La

8623
7991
8083
7952
6972
7822
8218
7786
8652
10499
9486
8723
7998
8513
7893
9218
6536
7223
10235
10031
8905
9251
9650
8683
8039
8625
9968
9385
10464
9150
7541
8460
9820
8733
8276
9628
8540
9484
9977

188

Mg
1741
1659
1505
1753
1663
1758
1909
1861
1861
1886
1895
1633
1677
1697
1908
1756
1772
1675
1838
1786
1848
1817
1865
1724
1713
1795
1629
1729
1803
1835
1728
1761
1864
1726
1755
1960
1874
1765
1820

Mn
121
5
22
50
43
41
0
0
54
115
51
41
72
44
62
69
81
62
72
114
19
9
98
60
46
17
0
79
13
125
54
96
36
43
38
107
28
8
27

Mo
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
787
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
65.5
222
66
458
66.5
251
67
228
67.5
474
68
688
68.5
422
69
237
69.5
410
70
650
70.5
659
71
584
71.5
385
72
192
72.5
575
73
728
73.5
248
74
554
74.5
97
75
347
75.5
136
76
430
76.5
405
77
445
77.5
514
78
181
78.5
782
79
167
79.5
585
80
398
80.5
410
81
943
81.5
375
82
440
82.5
495
83
118
83.5
312
84
215
84.5
195

Ir
0
0
16
18
0
36
14
43
0
0
0
0
104
36
0
6
0
0
12
9
0
0
33
22
90
61
0
0
22
24
0
52
40
55
0
0
40
49
28

K
67
520
547
404
112
106
396
151
182
420
0
394
23
551
361
338
464
439
36
212
179
469
188
0
647
300
381
537
252
334
234
558
522
449
508
408
109
437
216

La

10890
10209
10375
10808
11862
11544
10431
11309
10181
9769
8899
10031
10978
13430
12707
11444
14569
11316
4226
5227
6749
9392
9687
10239
10446
10861
10951
13252
11968
12572
11061
10097
10319
10744
10421
12391
4479
4233
5429

189

Mg
1870
1775
1660
1749
1739
1887
1843
1835
1743
1886
1819
1598
1839
1931
1891
1782
1904
1586
835
912
1164
1571
1625
1745
1824
1721
1655
1962
1775
1888
1840
1831
1772
1771
1987
1718
830
830
957

Mn
95
0
136
17
0
14
10
19
20
46
70
96
67
8
56
43
86
0
0
0
16
84
43
69
52
0
35
42
39
27
73
77
0
69
0
0
27
0
54

Mo
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
53
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
892
0
0
0
0
111
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
85
159
85.5
405
86
274
86.5
6
87
173
87.5
52
88
177
88.5
172
89
302
89.5
244
90
209
90.5
9
91
215
91.5
280
92
209
92.5
234
93
196
93.5
252
94
154
94.5
377
95
124
95.5
224
96
265
96.5
300
97
107
97.5
442
98
320
98.5
593
99
260
99.5
169
100
224
100.5
590
101
389
101.5
505
102
642
102.5
260
103
753
103.5
493
104
589

Ir
0
40
31
63
30
44
47
0
21
0
0
0
65
64
6
61
20
7
34
49
0
88
0
39
48
7
75
0
82
29
74
58
36
28
61
52
11
0
74

K
289
289
432
238
390
502
421
39
452
324
198
17
52
311
334
589
192
269
186
380
226
359
234
317
175
514
226
227
297
197
295
142
294
8
477
8
363
497
490

La
5249
5422
5848
5593
6202
6789
7157
6121
6087
5083
4580
4848
4928
5502
7055
8496
6820
6872
6433
7174
6531
6660
5691
4844
8235
7570
6629
7830
7483
6151
7523
6964
6066
7208
6549
5912
4893
5673
5313

190

Mg
848
826
947
940
1007
1036
1011
1003
985
848
863
730
931
942
1150
1350
1088
1139
1119
1179
1312
1215
1118
1048
1204
1351
1248
1188
1312
1134
1149
989
1091
1282
1189
1257
1231
1307
1308

Mn
21
64
12
38
54
0
0
23
99
0
20
27
25
20
53
34
34
22
6
14
0
38
10
0
12
33
33
12
51
0
0
9
52
22
61
0
46
21
24

Mo
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
709
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
104.5
616
105
539
105.5
720
106
775
106.5
608
107
746
107.5
813
108
601
108.5
763
109
451
109.5
527
110
626
110.5
751
111
610
111.5
639
112
574
112.5
615
113
384
113.5
138
114
496
114.5
618
115
718
115.5
1049
116
397
116.5
849
117
915
117.5
738
118
454
118.5
427
119
521
119.5
511
120
625
120.5
500
121
619
121.5
388
122
451
122.5
357
123
587
123.5
266

Ir
0
26
44
111
57
0
82
22
78
68
35
87
0
67
124
29
62
31
71
0
53
96
0
10
51
36
86
0
48
0
0
0
33
103
27
30
94
45
94

K
240
78
407
280
719
732
334
159
52
237
317
262
262
222
338
311
0
243
85
208
341
64
237
341
116
614
95
385
394
124
221
257
216
281
107
235
237
21
370

La

6283
6230
5473
6563
6983
6043
5614
6361
6347
6696
8324
6797
6697
6021
6728
8056
8702
8001
7371
7593
7457
7897
6778
6004
7196
7008
6658
6347
6034
7091
7668
9059
9089
9951
9468
9595
10198
8336
9115

191

Mg
1148
1163
1112
1177
1322
1400
1254
1285
1233
1435
1264
1422
1317
1108
1085
1089
1152
1054
1190
1414
1248
1213
1161
1332
1343
1178
1263
804
990
1072
1232
1358
1106
1244
1178
1372
1321
1341
1405

Mn
62
9
89
30
65
61
69
37
36
6
46
42
90
0
28
44
85
0
73
0
5
0
50
36
55
5
22
5
19
29
0
0
27
29
5
28
0
27
23

Mo
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
124
680
124.5
524
125
649
125.5
630
126
502
126.5
535
127
371
127.5
567
128
301
128.5
568
129
762
129.5
637
130
598
130.5
567
131
619
131.5
356
132
656
132.5
480
133
662
133.5
255
134
620
134.5
687
135
424
135.5
454
136
365
136.5
702
137
544
137.5
590
138
0
138.5
114
139
8
139.5
265
140
675
140.5
665
141
836
141.5
553
142
492
142.5
510
143
369

Ir
49
25
54
115
80
33
51
125
124
53
0
89
106
125
0
51
82
92
48
83
40
56
77
74
112
71
24
93
61
0
0
0
101
30
113
81
0
62
46

K
503
287
84
146
543
139
129
529
271
430
497
630
141
264
376
63
429
231
479
198
168
67
81
375
147
6
120
280
435
208
74
94
514
417
410
485
316
98
34

La
7875
8296
8539
8982
8390
8242
6917
7941
6994
7315
7482
7189
7172
6620
7483
8022
8856
7999
8242
8462
8216
8671
9275
9587
7730
7962
8462
8533
4066
3070
1838
6092
8001
9267
8617
8639
8049
7709
9198

192

Mg
1257
1353
1375
1311
1367
1415
1213
1380
1358
1257
1292
1324
1234
1110
1220
1347
1329
1311
1285
1394
1394
1316
1368
1432
1429
1399
1371
1381
648
516
484
1263
1425
1241
1346
1324
1377
1463
1342

Mn
37
24
57
33
77
0
27
0
45
0
0
72
49
85
40
65
88
22
24
0
0
57
10
14
42
18
51
0
0
0
0
10
41
71
69
30
32
0
22

Mo
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
721
370
269
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
143.5
674
144
563
144.5
244
145
712
145.5
581
146
510
146.5
573
147
410
147.5
606
148
792
148.5
594
149
578
149.5
411
150
0
150.5
480
151
55
151.5
273
152
628
152.5
809
153
548
153.5
737
154
682
154.5
555
155
477
155.5
830
156
647
156.5
464
157
690
157.5
680
158
1176
158.5
710
159
740
159.5
745
160
625
160.5
893
161
793
161.5
905
162
807
162.5
705

Ir
21
94
110
136
31
30
82
72
66
45
101
76
57
121
0
38
71
15
35
81
54
142
0
151
45
66
124
74
115
236
118
82
162
24
98
7
144
117
169

K
184
248
266
108
199
288
512
169
362
271
276
155
423
54
481
138
239
158
352
488
2686
2643
2714
2692
2736
2809
2771
2381
2341
2353
2738
2767
2551
2754
2627
2780
2679
2811
2876

La
7656
7689
7235
8149
7382
7917
7603
7039
7038
6806
6494
7357
6467
5565
3832
3959
3256
6523
6833
6489
8272
7807
6705
6961
6087
6998
6835
5953
6227
5814
4827
4787
4980
4889
4544
5492
5946
6040
5310

193

Mg
1423
1286
1362
1360
1311
1378
1321
1424
1381
1350
1411
1361
1350
1025
769
814
750
1242
1391
1488
258
631
372
185
107
339
257
106
302
347
243
242
287
318
216
264
291
374
214

Mn
0
51
54
59
21
60
39
98
15
67
12
9
0
0
0
23
0
36
16
0
33
0
20
0
54
57
34
0
0
0
0
0
77
0
12
0
0
48
77

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
407
0
0
0
0
0
5521
5022
5578
5742
4425
4754
5786
3928
3369
3008
3900
5239
5637
3323
3472
5033
5074
6523
3442

Mo

444
793
470
425
459
483
355
948
751
555
744
867
715
504
625
543
649
453
438

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
163
931
163.5
521
164
671
164.5
740
165
791
165.5
733
166
695
166.5
647
167
582
167.5
564
168
574
168.5
544
169
599
169.5
594
170
734
170.5
670
171
647
171.5
1053
172
748
172.5
642
173
826
173.5
678
174
532
174.5
710
175
669
175.5
560
176
971
176.5
918
177
695
177.5
681
178
657
178.5
651
179
772
179.5
423
180
852
180.5
625
181
770
181.5
716
182
583

Ir
159
175
81
92
141
181
60
126
0
174
22
55
0
69
182
70
109
172
55
104
180
109
0
156
46
73
21
0
102
102
0
132
65
169
168
38
86
213
151

K
2788
2698
3018
2605
2666
2867
2741
2850
2825
2834
1748
1476
1614
1852
2745
2862
2912
2559
2574
2714
2499
2622
2536
2572
2789
2990
2805
2682
2627
2710
2591
2796
2832
2686
2681
2862
2784
3113
3019

La
5602
5327
5311
5836
5763
5595
5641
4496
5303
5739
3241
1715
1609
2511
4877
5750
4997
4351
4490
4830
5461
4842
5758
4902
5482
6084
5908
6068
5352
5574
6043
5084
5410
4723
5495
5373
5662
5250
5126

194

Mg
188
446
0
141
270
114
289
137
217
410
90
42
167
175
448
339
492
182
101
0
283
391
285
476
240
362
216
414
558
614
609
301
575
270
69
229
389
318
374

Mn
0
0
30
0
0
39
15
11
82
35
0
0
27
0
51
0
0
0
0
16
33
67
0
52
40
47
41
63
15
41
37
0
0
100
21
0
77
20
40

5445
3776
4376
4647
5471
6682
4550
5450
6209
5653
4100
3772
3264
3772
5559
5052
4474
5594
4308
3578
3617
4152
4630
4049
3923
4680
6052
4680
5123
5508
4590
5095
5305
5506
4324
4804
6005
6202
4920

Mo
400
1059
1130
269
506
731
519
814
649
332
279
38
507
345
209
716
735
907
470
708
1428
388
961
738
294
539
496
946
814
666
445
548
669
602
209
100
406
316
350

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
182.5
883
183
932
183.5
650
184
777
184.5
586
185
1017
185.5
758
186
834
186.5
738
187
789
187.5
507
188
851
188.5
837
189
696
189.5
733
190
994
190.5
804
191
668
191.5
816
192
824
192.5
806
193
838
193.5
915
194
543
194.5
1083
195
654
195.5
911
196
543
196.5
598
197
759
197.5
751
198
677
198.5
417
199
724
199.5
623
200
692
200.5
549
201
690
201.5
728

Ir
214
176
130
0
60
32
188
72
154
40
140
113
0
94
79
34
153
168
171
89
161
132
0
73
149
44
78
39
147
188
136
73
165
0
0
15
5
0
23

K
2848
2658
2818
2865
2634
2772
2614
2869
2360
2593
2628
2627
2629
2773
2558
2727
2687
2612
2757
2770
2876
2637
2775
2486
2585
2817
2717
3008
2832
2863
3015
2955
2973
2991
2773
2775
2875
2820
2650

La
5816
5663
5245
5063
5330
5704
5262
5233
5471
5491
5337
5152
4854
4799
4702
5969
4775
6193
7931
8150
8054
6331
5866
4936
6248
6762
8053
8441
8787
9378
9449
9589
9724
8665
9353
8920
9214
7774
6536

195

Mg
325
320
156
6
104
92
251
243
376
387
214
298
265
278
242
247
362
351
135
105
348
269
411
308
0
236
92
0
160
354
408
425
232
366
464
423
209
398
73

Mn
32
0
0
0
0
82
0
12
0
12
53
48
18
62
50
27
0
71
86
15
63
59
5
78
31
22
0
12
91
17
28
52
23
70
52
0
0
39
5

6194
5619
5018
4720
5058
5820
4581
5912
4504
4418
4503
5539
4901
3877
5958
4958
6023
7281
5051
5515
7025
4506
3721
5675
2336
4442
5406
6907
5550
6809
5290
6334
5794
7081
5184
5637
6843
6821
6618

Mo
684
797
492
354
881
725
674
593
760
663
662
541
410
568
1003
653
241
284
487
741
632
419
567
834
570
368
631
594
594
565
587
634
888
881
602
605
438
1141
910

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
202
779
202.5
369
203
478
203.5
346
204
296
204.5
575
205
599
205.5
601
206
766
206.5
798
207
736
207.5
686
208
622
208.5
677
209
768
209.5
741
210
469
210.5
542
211
763
211.5
651
212
508
212.5
762
213
824
213.5
799
214
593
214.5
731
215
777
215.5
771
216
674
216.5
537
217
741
217.5
561
218
419
218.5
700
219
545
219.5
701
220
848
220.5
650
221
708

Ir
158
86
0
27
24
0
100
176
136
105
228
99
27
34
64
0
0
57
33
229
0
129
198
166
122
102
42
131
0
155
57
163
72
97
298
24
197
177
215

K
2909
2278
1459
1395
1265
2541
2899
2840
2845
2780
2960
2833
2763
2821
2872
2741
3042
2802
2583
2820
3040
2803
2675
2440
2504
2489
2756
2695
2459
2786
2611
2626
2873
2756
2684
2643
2563
2795
2642

La
7614
5620
2459
1927
2756
5290
8168
7896
7461
6270
7998
7783
6469
6457
8267
7784
8563
7790
6863
8136
7855
7496
8724
6055
5250
5219
8102
8482
8702
9150
9419
8217
7022
5609
7597
7380
6583
6866
6469

196

Mg
302
300
153
328
80
434
170
291
612
490
395
448
49
369
283
387
339
430
112
484
171
307
363
515
456
133
247
542
610
484
672
932
551
269
274
321
424
392
676

Mn
0
0
0
52
22
28
29
0
15
44
75
0
0
9
30
81
38
57
50
42
50
40
6
48
14
5
0
23
10
35
0
46
28
41
0
0
0
24
48

4463
4819
3697
3108
2880
5112
5732
4984
5794
6817
6633
5930
6015
5527
5322
5099
5966
5357
5454
5831
6896
5530
5618
5299
4545
5723
4326
5954
6642
4262
4746
5918
4976
5695
5958
5701
5721
5351
5657

Mo
820
675
652
589
469
858
743
788
899
984
512
406
978
599
1058
437
1090
312
860
222
741
643
493
722
603
586
936
850
477
343
622
348
785
887
364
888
423
725
835

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
221.5
790
222
528
222.5
858
223
755
223.5
731
224
606
224.5
697
225
658
225.5
483
226
547
226.5
757
227
803
227.5
577
228
700
228.5
500
229
725
229.5
613
230
719
230.5
907
231
820
231.5
577
232
177
232.5
656
233
364
233.5
171
234
580
234.5
456
235
451
235.5
415
236
582
236.5
644
237
528
237.5
422
238
423
238.5
575
239
502
239.5
449
240
352
240.5
460

Ir
125
0
142
48
0
0
193
202
50
69
59
104
73
103
64
118
132
184
57
197
82
75
68
108
66
131
102
84
106
127
135
103
98
100
81
71
127
86
89

K
2639
2842
2621
2656
2598
1891
2681
2875
2772
2656
2740
2837
2917
2612
2744
2667
2513
2873
2632
2795
491
261
423
376
350
268
288
0
129
284
373
394
370
232
447
237
243
418
42

La
7299
7278
8034
8358
7176
4369
3660
5193
4511
4745
3794
3526
4162
4314
3901
4011
3879
4010
3339
3914
1915
2376
2389
2287
2343
2619
2628
2212
2637
2587
3265
3435
3653
3647
3345
2711
2861
2420
1922

197

Mg
411
576
790
969
870
640
513
627
198
299
295
317
704
485
251
450
218
510
498
862
633
775
759
777
568
829
806
687
716
692
711
793
832
775
605
622
697
696
795

Mn
9
58
75
58
5
0
84
32
43
38
19
33
16
96
32
0
55
65
67
58
5
8
29
15
64
58
86
56
66
51
96
0
22
12
25
39
18
66
47

3939
5392
3682
5607
6457
2966
5991
5588
6244
5646
4866
5200
5412
6570
6272
5511
6684
6563
6701
6639
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Mo
455
650
545
722
267
475
662
696
896
633
829
614
605
532
519
455
715
664
636
656

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
241
407
241.5
527
242
393
242.5
638
243
458
243.5
645
244
533
244.5
142
245
343
245.5
530
246
402
246.5
385
247
408
247.5
396
248
1018
248.5
273
249
509
249.5
501
250
492
250.5
461
251
463
251.5
671
252
819
252.5
299
253
701
253.5
490
254
593
254.5
575
255
426
255.5
381
256
585
256.5
570
257
614
257.5
353
258
425
258.5
547
259
428
259.5
744
260
747

Ir
26
108
59
77
4
59
117
45
16
51
107
82
100
108
114
88
84
124
132
63
83
56
162
76
119
154
133
147
66
105
83
166
78
80
44
0
124
125
112

K
177
169
367
85
304
441
418
156
271
526
387
572
312
371
589
86
161
480
135
274
91
504
41
351
242
269
403
293
240
460
106
597
313
575
24
266
82
341
433

La
1723
2473
2594
2554
2048
2012
1514
1498
1246
1887
1840
2041
1865
2276
1812
1963
1937
2033
1979
1814
1892
1629
1796
1730
2166
2045
1922
1737
2073
2553
2574
2441
2714
2521
2370
2254
2032
3058
2810

198

Mg
628
631
678
699
623
517
378
384
448
615
648
699
768
718
589
581
726
749
568
665
626
583
563
644
642
563
570
706
785
632
632
551
743
695
548
711
708
704
752

Mn
50
85
19
63
43
74
75
39
0
33
0
38
33
26
43
80
13
43
11
87
86
87
61
51
0
73
37
42
80
16
0
48
0
49
104
102
73
14
55

Mo
0
0
0
0
0
295
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
598
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
260.5
577
261
698
261.5
464
262
381
262.5
547
263
620
263.5
305
264
810
264.5
676
265
488
265.5
640
266
400
266.5
671
267
846
267.5
380
268
632
268.5
348
269
655
269.5
697
270
242
270.5
455
271
506
271.5
686
272
416
272.5
815
273
461
273.5
735
274
667
274.5
448
275
705
275.5
264
276
350
276.5
253
277
318
277.5
665
278
687
278.5
392
279
584
279.5
142

Ir
120
108
126
22
89
35
117
126
120
0
128
153
81
61
105
34
111
45
66
138
58
82
139
174
108
64
105
82
74
99
51
129
53
88
106
54
87
125
106

K
447
295
391
432
299
513
312
462
240
460
504
316
506
453
383
53
511
442
276
399
759
263
663
304
402
732
156
286
510
596
425
322
344
376
417
364
199
536
208

La
3293
3777
5188
4667
4188
4777
5804
4615
4402
4611
4054
3970
3970
3868
3585
2672
3249
3729
4982
3027
4221
3738
3641
4120
4418
4665
5198
5380
3048
4197
4896
4498
4470
4635
4845
4283
3900
4292
4958

199

Mg
743
882
913
841
1059
1080
1042
946
1162
890
921
942
993
1007
845
782
917
897
909
984
1002
937
1015
963
1159
908
990
1121
1057
1049
1160
1373
1147
1087
1077
1156
1093
1035
1003

Mn
35
65
19
34
28
97
0
37
27
41
61
67
24
31
7
65
13
30
24
57
58
0
56
28
0
35
70
18
26
94
21
87
43
50
79
49
0
10
43

Mo
0
0
0
7
0
0
117
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
280
702
280.5
148
281
507
281.5
609
282
416
282.5
577
283
315
283.5
476
284
392
284.5
607
285
486
285.5
482
286
857
286.5
106
287
289
287.5
320
288
349
288.5
43
289
495
289.5
451
290
251
290.5
476
291
356
291.5
248
292
257
292.5
565
293
419
293.5
432
294
367
294.5
412
295
323
295.5
389
296
322
296.5
134
297
249
297.5
0
298
272
298.5
124
299
512

Ir
160
142
108
119
0
34
72
88
56
112
153
159
132
0
7
0
49
57
152
43
54
147
118
141
152
100
109
39
88
96
138
52
62
0
38
64
72
6
122

K
445
252
292
420
47
429
410
338
306
587
492
352
623
124
0
186
464
86
737
453
481
457
454
455
307
543
384
243
149
598
148
487
473
205
202
346
380
637
405

La
5061
5154
4133
6089
5990
6787
6255
5962
6344
6544
6340
4958
5804
3069
2016
2223
2773
5837
5875
5004
4673
4654
5298
4916
4641
4734
5768
5347
4795
5652
5861
5586
4451
3124
3131
3503
5076
4517
5709

200

Mg
1131
1033
1093
1237
1056
1109
1297
1159
1147
1021
1126
1251
1132
691
460
401
770
1166
1142
1086
1015
1042
1021
1253
1138
1026
1081
1010
1182
998
1080
1114
656
540
536
660
893
1015
1324

Mn
10
73
74
11
9
23
41
21
54
0
23
22
14
24
0
45
37
10
47
26
0
0
0
68
14
61
15
32
37
17
48
0
26
0
0
114
52
45
34

Mo
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
153
487
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
87
0
0
0
0

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
299.5
612
300
140
300.5
407
301
421
301.5
159
302
523
302.5
547
303
290
303.5
535
304
375
304.5
48
305
321
305.5
152
306
337
306.5
383
307
104
307.5
691
308
699
308.5
754
309
649
309.5
982
310
549
310.5
793
311
633
311.5
217
312
574
312.5
841
313
752
313.5
573
314
710
314.5
634
315
659
315.5
531
316
573
316.5
487
317
684
317.5
853
318
783
318.5
353

Ir
99
133
24
67
91
51
99
75
136
114
37
54
78
52
104
93
131
104
199
169
155
133
127
133
95
188
81
133
160
129
71
133
197
164
173
145
123
180
146

K
587
468
262
442
598
571
442
294
494
480
553
309
357
519
484
111
355
454
464
601
564
187
630
594
456
386
488
246
426
118
489
451
712
564
381
486
458
649
567

La
5646
5781
5993
5250
5361
5885
6145
4165
4989
5275
5127
4538
5205
5805
5727
5360
6318
7170
7324
6955
7098
7176
7285
8002
6647
7315
6602
6277
6690
6371
6533
6838
7616
7598
7907
7456
7977
7998
7510

201

Mg
1133
1088
1084
1009
1038
1090
828
891
1079
953
843
874
729
879
964
893
1106
1187
1095
1088
1124
1153
1142
1319
1167
1256
1158
1179
1228
1206
1273
1193
1361
1208
1247
1190
1271
1235
1244

Mn
72
54
51
0
14
0
34
9
0
0
37
69
21
27
52
24
0
59
17
43
51
17
99
19
42
8
52
21
6
15
43
23
87
70
49
41
23
24
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3096
2904
3844
4048
4333
3110
3863
2993
2476
2496
3827
2638
2938
3385
3051
3721
1533
1936
3272
2195
3157
1344
2226

Mo

1148
731
965
478
547
926
818
1017
952
1076
793
937
1039
732
389
820
879
692
908
966
1423
931
1195

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
319
828
319.5
901
320
562
320.5
805
321
412
321.5
850
322
1019
322.5
949
323
731
323.5
547
324
776
324.5
572
325
333
325.5
427
326
535
326.5
532
327
335
327.5
600
328
683
328.5
366
329
123
329.5
569
330
651
330.5
666
331
392
331.5
365
332
747
332.5
264
333
607
333.5
658
334
563
334.5
502
335
323
335.5
0
336
0
336.5
0
337
337
337.5
478
338
700

Ir
182
118
141
244
28
70
166
173
234
222
147
191
207
155
148
195
115
183
153
200
227
168
140
200
230
220
167
231
144
172
169
171
234
88
94
48
114
138
163

K
448
460
537
395
668
465
298
477
631
456
450
559
405
617
690
559
583
606
314
627
630
534
370
621
502
342
521
167
139
634
441
630
530
263
105
209
508
607
398

La

7476
8014
7650
7839
7023
6853
7289
6567
6870
6957
7957
7562
7952
7769
8215
7257
7110
6905
7445
7413
6735
6874
6355
7991
8828
8740
8446
8371
7410
8216
8392
7935
9405
1769
0
0
5906
10061
10057

202

Mg
1243
1184
1277
1189
1078
1214
1487
1199
1179
1236
1321
1413
1494
1271
1380
1235
1280
1175
1332
1204
1224
1286
1258
1269
1230
1343
1320
1305
1294
1358
1151
1239
1347
293
191
192
752
1136
1293

Mn
0
18
23
44
0
39
0
49
32
53
62
101
0
16
64
55
52
45
21
0
0
16
13
66
24
0
40
0
0
11
0
53
18
0
0
0
0
46
0

2799
2731
1029
1945
1209
3231
1316
2815
1037
1411
2086
3643
2796
2060
2985
2454
1855
3202
3180
2764
1711
2773
3414
3051
4448
4839
3262
998
1938
2626
2778
3116
2833
1730
561
801
1456
3827
2257

Mo
950
1015
1186
976
732
476
648
493
403
979
537
386
811
364
636
832
756
713
1123
577
244
996
718
1025
855
855
1210
1338
1040
493
997
1041
553
90
55
0
533
910
951

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
338.5
658
339
661
339.5
392
340
333
340.5
338
341
412
341.5
397
342
489
342.5
382
343
390
343.5
505
344
509
344.5
412
345
381
345.5
191
346
440
346.5
323
347
663
347.5
326
348
266
348.5
273
349
5
349.5
364
350
204
350.5
511
351
254
351.5
115
352
354
352.5
411
353
8
353.5
6
354
64
354.5
122
355
577
355.5
548
356
364
356.5
367
357
348
357.5
388

Ir
149
155
101
196
139
189
70
103
147
218
195
210
156
153
159
185
132
94
162
114
170
106
132
172
156
139
89
74
145
87
52
93
99
212
176
141
158
127
172

K
368
381
598
560
214
495
752
587
381
336
135
278
216
671
412
520
481
609
367
367
461
395
549
289
519
302
379
380
546
642
206
130
115
527
461
550
456
562
352

La
8510
9270
9024
7761
8501
9349
9081
7663
8042
8112
7667
7574
7711
7346
7598
7745
7594
7153
7021
7095
7073
7590
7148
6238
6469
6291
6390
6539
6109
3711
2374
2136
3852
6501
7910
6341
6236
5769
5799

203

Mg
1238
1120
1330
1186
1054
1219
1345
1036
1084
1218
1166
1107
1180
1148
1277
1098
1247
1080
1069
1044
1113
1019
1063
1076
1200
973
1032
1190
1129
516
549
550
693
874
1246
1130
889
959
966

Mn
7
0
51
68
13
44
45
26
35
22
0
0
63
43
42
16
25
0
26
31
0
47
0
0
0
21
28
12
0
34
0
0
0
7
71
19
71
15
68

1162
1510
1214
1775
3406
2264
1904
994
1848
1795
861
296
989
1928
1169
836
3048
1729
1185
1804
2761
2031
1667
2103
1946
1858
1657
1288
7
1750
1670
1319
705
3018
3179
1792
605
2013
1729

Mo
994
580
940
1183
836
1092
1022
1230
855
713
1109
1178
885
1085
1098
767
732
792
1251
769
467
745
699
772
867
1040
947
954
719
538
488
500
245
783
936
392
1011
623
1022

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
358
359
358.5
266
359
242
359.5
313
360
460
360.5
279
361
217
361.5
417
362
113
362.5
213
363
246
363.5
436
364
68
364.5
146
365
430
365.5
401
366
298
366.5
310
367
164
367.5
53
368
338
368.5
478
369
289
369.5
799
370
623
370.5
311
371
426
371.5
537
372
266
372.5
387
373
0
373.5
273
374
543
374.5
357
375
536
375.5
398
376
423
376.5
761
377
251

Ir
137
155
155
125
172
114
205
157
168
180
132
146
164
188
181
157
71
162
118
103
138
93
146
164
55
102
158
150
118
101
172
81
123
146
139
188
103
46
120

K
497
428
339
468
225
438
421
562
156
336
634
459
373
40
142
544
263
529
406
206
615
655
469
515
651
663
657
727
464
290
670
740
738
458
587
584
805
572
529

La

6269
6219
4717
4783
3682
4056
5164
5438
5430
5207
5359
5978
6731
5900
6321
6178
5627
7100
4909
5058
5600
9195
10347
9327
11057
10820
10424
11384
10557
9470
10040
10650
10090
8807
9471
10111
10513
11116
11427

204

Mg
991
883
829
830
800
788
898
778
872
992
1011
883
915
925
1056
909
886
869
764
847
903
1340
1217
1252
1176
1257
1220
1164
1346
1266
1267
1238
1240
1165
1101
1278
1233
1116
1241

Mn
66
4
56
0
0
32
0
0
0
20
44
8
57
42
35
27
20
52
52
0
51
83
0
29
0
44
61
21
47
83
52
0
90
11
36
24
13
20
29

862
1111
965
1663
1781
2309
2038
2259
1222
128
1677
1496
2442
2250
1929
2586
469
1301
2225
2560
2084
0
363
0
0
0
814
536
0
0
119
215
0
0
592
0
0
470
436

Mo
1016
884
945
1220
858
426
730
1019
734
497
537
130
0
692
525
744
652
715
712
875
518

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
377.5
541
378
570
378.5
239
379
410
379.5
283
380
196
380.5
309
381
417
381.5
168
382
548
382.5
260
383
472
383.5
270
384
506
384.5
272
385
518
385.5
473
386
428
386.5
765
387
549
387.5
400
388
498
388.5
251
389
448
389.5
506
390
485
390.5
360
391
393
391.5
234
392
347
392.5
397
393
245
393.5
460
394
524
394.5
194
395
327
395.5
469
396
80
396.5
549

Ir
219
217
195
202
114
115
140
130
171
127
104
167
185
222
154
122
158
156
105
111
82
188
156
78
186
167
136
139
167
136
71
71
182
148
108
102
131
87
138

K
617
516
633
382
440
617
716
497
382
543
415
836
617
757
478
547
451
657
149
418
565
845
603
239
557
659
340
552
501
346
668
192
805
810
422
689
314
574
507

La

11653
11030
10323
11095
11158
10540
10124
11192
7892
9391
10119
10638
10535
11249
11321
11227
11149
11072
12252
12590
14264
14230
13396
13471
13854
11929
12276
11314
11222
11593
11114
10961
10463
10408
11312
11659
12395
10399
10990

205

Mg
1151
1228
1198
1223
1114
1150
1080
1178
814
1113
1139
1132
1341
1242
1198
1269
1218
1155
1238
1182
1195
1229
1207
1090
1146
1160
1225
1140
1228
1177
1135
1087
1022
1125
1086
1175
1142
894
1196

Mn
0
0
11
51
15
0
84
21
0
37
0
11
44
31
40
18
7
52
67
43
12
37
38
0
0
45
27
4
0
46
0
42
30
0
0
0
0
24
12

1083
0
484
0
17
1425
729
328
0
313
0
0
932
769
852
1490
61
0
782
1265
0
1493
0
0
1097
0
1552
782
0
0
310
0
483
1365
1034
1222
1143
1014
106

Mo

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
397
278
397.5
311
398
274
398.5
191
399
579
399.5
301
400
250
400.5
353
401
433
401.5
247
402
321
402.5
295
403
274
403.5
502
404
410
404.5
437
405
506
405.5
344
406
206
406.5
216
407
301
407.5
214
408
519
408.5
520
409
374
409.5
627
410
184
410.5
283
411
633
411.5
242
412
243
412.5
295
413
376
413.5
202
414
235
414.5
370
415
291
415.5
136
416
185

Ir
159
159
110
136
175
149
167
105
164
108
144
76
153
167
159
159
83
165
183
94
186
164
145
59
121
114
125
43
112
174
46
20
0
196
82
48
51
117
148

K
548
417
518
528
504
476
550
693
193
608
529
361
578
543
615
348
611
242
296
388
325
348
397
489
547
660
514
732
658
752
304
560
391
553
472
250
482
434
517

La

11192
11689
12383
12198
13001
13016
13511
13881
13046
11819
12658
13219
13299
13421
13809
14244
17972
15229
14708
14304
14255
15519
15216
15587
15374
15879
15458
16368
16145
15651
16062
16876
15681
15550
15775
13255
12083
12794
15841

206

Mg
1155
1060
1016
874
1114
1088
1221
1098
1103
1251
1108
1146
1195
1111
1133
1122
963
1021
1116
1085
1281
1105
1389
1089
1154
1174
1135
1177
1249
1086
1182
1242
1197
1102
1043
850
866
944
1054

Mn
0
7
67
43
0
29
25
33
35
69
18
0
44
41
53
27
44
83
7
14
0
41
52
30
0
11
33
36
22
42
35
43
97
44
42
29
34
0
52

1637
0
0
456
823
909
342
944
328
444
0
255
826
78
0
705
594
0
1550
0
40
0
0
1064
0
0
457
0
0
0
230
578
902
413
924
703
1416
89
0

Mo

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
416.5
38
417
457
417.5
32
418
269
418.5
489
419
289
419.5
348
420
272
420.5
588
421
382
421.5
199
422
300
422.5
475
423
329
423.5
258
424
590
424.5
429
425
416
425.5
145
426
298
426.5
592
427
602
427.5
437
428
298
428.5
213
429
121
429.5
297
430
210
430.5
263
431
235

Ir
175
144
84
198
94
176
79
207
246
200
132
239
245
104
129
58
82
151
197
136
71
218
117
130
80
134
120
91
64
62

K
409
791
260
411
646
502
505
510
371
552
579
595
468
556
662
299
555
331
695
480
528
397
376
628
374
279
140
367
373
271

La

16140
15640
15267
15207
16195
16320
15057
16079
16322
16437
17055
17124
18184
17106
17208
16966
17269
16860
16803
18046
17374
17260
17585
16443
16585
14148
13605
12419
14294
8867

207

Mg
1130
1191
1151
1101
1199
1192
1175
1154
1087
1178
1206
1136
1105
1052
1164
1195
1106
1066
1114
1203
1066
1166
1034
1169
1268
822
763
695
754
487

Mn
26
14
18
49
5
7
0
5
30
0
0
73
0
52
18
14
10
11
0
120
41
0
96
37
59
0
0
39
10
19

0
1763
17
1540
55
290
613
715
930
0
1565
0
0
1572
308
861
1344
922
0
1068
457
1754
369
1294
0
729
1062
0
1172
1138

Mo

Table A 2.4 Cuobu XRF Geochemistry Ni – Rb
Depth Ni
P
(cm)
27
221
27.5
857
28
1325
28.5
1337
29
1185
29.5
928
30
1171
30.5
1256
31
1095
31.5
1119
32
1189
32.5
1253
33
907
33.5
1232
34
1031
34.5
1176
35
1357
35.5
1106
36
1093
36.5
1284
37
1117
37.5
1116
38
1317
38.5
1129
39
1168
39.5
1006
40
1216
40.5
1188
41
1055
41.5
1159
42
1007
42.5
1294
43
1091
43.5
985
44
1183
44.5
1070
45
954
45.5
1197

Pb
0
59
6
55
23
57
67
68
65
59
84
22
0
0
36
67
34
39
67
76
13
27
101
39
51
28
15
33
0
64
93
25
0
42
46
65
0
39

Pd

Pm
19
92
93
71
79
124
75
73
59
58
121
99
79
133
75
125
139
94
93
81
16
61
88
101
59
87
111
157
88
109
109
171
50
44
120
42
21
119

208

3337
3150
10947
11470
10958
10007
10944
10370
11221
11200
11046
11600
11645
10866
9174
10621
11831
11101
10781
10020
9778
11334
9708
10590
10324
10513
9749
11545
10751
11603
10580
10815
10532
10527
9047
10558
9074
9486

Pr

Pt
1950
452
1081
1129
1297
892
975
1259
926
1091
1207
899
886
977
1069
1058
995
1186
1097
1081
1026
1143
958
989
1317
1259
997
1354
1114
1066
1155
1141
1190
926
1220
1036
984
881

Rb
662
836
1041
1233
1007
928
1227
797
1024
1413
1000
1131
1179
1493
1596
971
1307
917
1283
1068
1276
1247
650
896
969
1132
1098
1205
1425
1066
1024
1209
949
1351
1230
874
1191
1017

370
427
908
1704
996
871
771
974
1116
1172
1031
964
761
924
995
924
782
834
894
1201
1106
1003
1094
974
920
981
680
575
1096
1293
484
1134
939
866
1520
1324
1051
1252

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
46
988
46.5
1136
47
1049
47.5
1075
48
1062
48.5
1208
49
1207
49.5
1123
50
1143
50.5
1018
51
1186
51.5
1186
52
1193
52.5
1151
53
995
53.5
947
54
1169
54.5
1257
55
1321
55.5
991
56
1162
56.5
1130
57
1276
57.5
1277
58
1226
58.5
1083
59
742
59.5
1073
60
1176
60.5
1084
61
1122
61.5
1115
62
1160
62.5
1002
63
929
63.5
1066
64
1096
64.5
1246
65
1242

Pb
94
31
22
28
64
0
69
18
7
58
20
62
88
59
27
47
53
51
65
43
28
5
0
34
69
21
47
65
72
52
60
10
54
36
0
77
0
23
80

Pd

Pm
83
90
55
72
73
29
128
72
65
97
135
84
42
92
38
0
137
127
75
124
69
69
110
80
61
50
59
57
46
64
41
82
68
101
10
155
48
117
53

209

8840
9866
9256
7732
8320
9950
10276
9626
10798
10221
9586
9066
9613
10888
9966
9072
9287
11072
10238
9566
10073
8397
10271
8924
10700
9112
7907
10179
8603
9532
9468
10218
10016
8570
8761
9810
9675
9586
9763

Pr

Pt
1143
1089
913
936
1115
1184
1021
1060
1081
1385
931
981
1016
1021
931
1026
886
956
1263
975
897
1184
886
1018
971
927
949
1028
990
1226
1037
1126
1035
943
967
921
890
1090
1245

Rb
1178
1089
1426
1207
1318
1068
1206
1017
1157
910
1005
1206
1110
1268
1176
1130
894
1035
1374
1401
1196
943
1014
879
991
1170
1149
995
1262
1021
1227
928
1140
1382
1042
1338
1286
1087
1205

1229
1361
831
1033
944
1084
794
1118
957
1570
1045
568
1081
1263
1156
1322
696
1447
1061
1264
1047
1125
1110
1400
1377
1119
1234
1063
999
1099
1137
1195
1011
1429
1016
1009
1003
863
1124

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
65.5
933
66
990
66.5
1034
67
1090
67.5
1087
68
1071
68.5
926
69
1097
69.5
1106
70
986
70.5
1189
71
1135
71.5
1188
72
1065
72.5
1205
73
1108
73.5
948
74
849
74.5
689
75
770
75.5
739
76
1200
76.5
1047
77
962
77.5
1250
78
1033
78.5
1238
79
1190
79.5
929
80
929
80.5
1180
81
1135
81.5
1124
82
1134
82.5
1088
83
1114
83.5
511
84
717
84.5
738

Pb
0
62
27
55
71
48
35
44
0
0
29
66
102
80
27
53
0
63
55
5
7
40
33
9
62
65
57
52
17
37
65
0
9
34
29
15
28
58
7

Pd

Pm
72
73
47
35
37
99
67
117
144
69
27
12
99
116
92
76
98
100
58
0
0
7
44
132
94
44
73
41
84
93
108
107
69
123
28
10
0
0
0

210

9442
8821
7467
9168
10738
10076
9697
11031
9658
9475
8947
9268
10364
10137
9542
8395
10369
5087
1604
2157
5670
7810
8977
9506
9298
8846
10055
9919
8963
9871
10744
9110
9272
9326
10277
8608
1853
2626
3549

Pr

Pt
1032
1175
1094
1147
1196
1228
1038
1220
1079
932
946
1267
1334
1260
1219
1304
1030
856
387
480
662
967
1227
1101
1063
1042
1213
1155
1171
988
915
1082
856
995
908
846
489
660
611

Rb
1104
1061
1136
1092
1115
1148
1040
612
936
915
1217
1177
1203
1412
1313
778
1131
1091
342
818
1010
729
862
998
1119
1170
989
1113
1049
1203
1069
1407
816
914
1064
787
546
888
617

1473
993
1128
1026
1360
1179
1445
1246
1173
1502
1272
1599
1313
1434
1908
1132
1530
1396
1227
975
773
1172
1361
1209
1597
1303
1456
1606
2014
1817
1784
1545
1380
1257
1725
1407
919
563
471

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
85
725
85.5
723
86
671
86.5
692
87
886
87.5
941
88
913
88.5
888
89
842
89.5
724
90
706
90.5
649
91
729
91.5
1048
92
989
92.5
802
93
956
93.5
931
94
857
94.5
791
95
842
95.5
701
96
894
96.5
838
97
595
97.5
782
98
804
98.5
610
99
734
99.5
682
100
568
100.5
670
101
570
101.5
420
102
504
102.5
667
103
585
103.5
528
104
836

Pb
0
12
27
0
6
5
0
34
11
13
10
44
0
0
0
15
0
0
0
5
0
37
0
0
0
0
0
63
10
0
0
39
11
0
17
0
0
0
35

Pd

Pm
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
27
0
44
0
0
0
0
0
14
8
0
0
9
0
25
0
0
11
14
11
30
79
51
0
0
25
0
49
69
38
0
11

211

2955
2782
3968
3772
3229
3797
4407
4345
4141
3136
2766
2901
3815
3807
5903
4918
4753
4806
6568
5703
7157
5172
6268
5072
6240
6155
6822
6543
6335
7373
5289
5820
5950
7486
7034
8400
8323
7813
8895

Pr

Pt
716
687
629
765
729
785
766
652
762
658
677
658
541
757
742
699
784
857
757
1003
760
734
922
809
775
930
666
966
825
853
866
865
1032
899
1029
1069
982
1011
925

Rb
769
811
973
569
380
654
642
485
584
902
531
362
473
882
884
551
797
949
615
781
616
807
651
906
802
917
685
766
828
651
612
983
779
723
838
811
883
802
1053

561
704
900
629
675
593
780
903
567
1212
655
1120
622
768
699
1191
1146
1099
1073
807
953
1077
851
868
1210
896
535
812
852
725
947
1036
709
891
1142
772
492
969
930

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
104.5
551
105
352
105.5
457
106
304
106.5
462
107
417
107.5
720
108
567
108.5
361
109
675
109.5
605
110
619
110.5
398
111
416
111.5
321
112
410
112.5
480
113
445
113.5
575
114
435
114.5
492
115
458
115.5
493
116
608
116.5
432
117
321
117.5
553
118
437
118.5
493
119
376
119.5
534
120
629
120.5
489
121
571
121.5
526
122
621
122.5
622
123
815
123.5
790

Pb
49
7
6
0
0
0
0
33
12
0
45
0
27
0
8
0
18
0
10
23
0
16
0
45
35
39
19
0
0
0
0
31
0
14
28
0
0
0
16

Pd

Pm
38
7
39
43
54
16
14
20
47
51
9
39
26
38
53
5
47
35
66
60
49
0
0
34
56
62
33
0
6
0
0
0
0
37
0
0
27
80
0

212

8119
7746
8793
8521
8157
9334
6927
8354
8975
8864
8075
8807
7429
7981
6951
6316
6425
7788
7415
7697
8280
7566
8183
8545
7179
8302
6816
3760
4760
5467
7058
8549
7501
8052
6882
6798
7288
7801
7129

Pr

Pt
1158
1181
1000
1059
1042
968
921
1017
1049
953
1207
942
873
1071
1097
1067
1189
1138
871
970
1065
1069
1162
836
941
1067
837
828
747
757
883
940
1015
856
1037
985
875
889
1009

Rb
1070
663
882
920
854
1039
865
781
783
671
782
808
876
903
1021
868
840
866
702
742
842
786
1068
969
821
1064
713
586
843
719
626
759
593
939
962
986
1063
598
821

905
581
871
822
1040
1032
905
755
810
1102
1018
864
1049
1120
1185
882
810
952
1051
991
1282
1192
1044
753
1052
1007
899
689
827
762
810
1175
1312
1642
1402
1436
1420
1052
1058

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
124
646
124.5
593
125
692
125.5
689
126
743
126.5
792
127
713
127.5
711
128
846
128.5
745
129
727
129.5
425
130
451
130.5
615
131
728
131.5
860
132
755
132.5
688
133
692
133.5
693
134
716
134.5
710
135
735
135.5
649
136
645
136.5
576
137
235
137.5
469
138
565
138.5
481
139
514
139.5
599
140
670
140.5
557
141
655
141.5
418
142
565
142.5
567
143
524

Pb
0
75
0
61
0
13
0
0
0
0
34
6
29
38
0
0
0
63
0
0
11
0
18
0
0
0
0
0
54
59
53
0
0
0
0
0
18
9
13

Pd

Pm
26
66
0
21
53
0
22
44
35
8
9
0
31
0
0
24
0
21
7
28
0
0
36
0
19
69
39
0
0
0
0
16
0
28
4
38
34
0
0

213

7089
7447
7340
6669
7322
7517
7879
7032
7743
6907
7787
7993
6979
7099
8207
8252
7546
8348
8048
8083
6632
7373
9090
9036
6690
8306
7880
8452
550
839
902
6028
7934
6891
7504
6414
7707
8597
8234

Pr

Pt
1125
1096
896
1045
1287
1003
1031
1027
1012
855
1220
1073
961
974
1048
1086
964
1040
927
1122
1083
1094
997
1228
998
935
1074
1031
437
299
219
896
941
949
1168
957
1057
964
945

Rb
671
713
953
844
806
805
907
814
853
870
1162
925
854
794
763
870
922
721
705
792
969
1027
652
710
637
809
666
760
607
534
433
708
1096
721
1174
802
684
912
644

1124
1108
943
754
1232
914
1097
916
819
887
698
670
844
1013
1036
1213
1023
1015
742
1353
919
1180
670
904
1113
986
1115
806
781
628
426
971
1213
1119
991
1150
1028
874
1202

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
143.5
462
144
731
144.5
655
145
712
145.5
691
146
585
146.5
544
147
629
147.5
664
148
657
148.5
805
149
897
149.5
876
150
645
150.5
481
151
704
151.5
749
152
692
152.5
714
153
706
153.5
794
154
880
154.5
827
155
741
155.5
750
156
865
156.5
778
157
852
157.5
644
158
768
158.5
649
159
710
159.5
762
160
626
160.5
822
161
838
161.5
979
162
887
162.5
900

Pb
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
47
19
8
29
0
0
37
9
0
0
0
14
0
0
8
12
14
27
0
0
16
0
0
22
0
54
24
14
27
7
14

Pd

Pm
14
30
58
15
47
40
54
18
54
53
19
24
0
0
0
0
0
51
0
46

258
244
389
118
71
84
177
187
236
331
325
206
269
185
226
215
298
74
341

214

7799
6559
7367
7527
7540
8891
8351
7287
7833
7813
8639
7255
7715
4808
2938
3446
3954
6793
7322
8147
935
1076
967
1104
1084
1089
1052
1104
900
889
914
757
991
904
964
897
976
922
1047

Pr

Pt
1033
839
1039
966
1008
1046
1133
1040
1054
954
1015
1059
886
812
525
596
664
969
1110
906
1313
1302
1392
1284
1336
1108
1298
1257
1290
1162
1178
1268
1267
1299
1304
1348
1259
1358
1268

Rb
762
615
740
874
956
956
999
735
690
818
1023
1005
698
706
502
585
542
922
878
787
328
354
705
319
357
353
489
306
553
533
400
302
366
582
487
610
656
499
503

999
820
844
827
913
1137
491
648
720
1077
1111
903
696
833
683
584
625
570
583
410
851
748
431
618
538
838
860
806
676
249
558
443
778
679
298
757
791
406
839

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
163
788
163.5
710
164
665
164.5
757
165
799
165.5
748
166
784
166.5
890
167
779
167.5
885
168
820
168.5
715
169
643
169.5
655
170
629
170.5
712
171
671
171.5
770
172
682
172.5
630
173
621
173.5
602
174
730
174.5
604
175
763
175.5
803
176
830
176.5
773
177
859
177.5
640
178
711
178.5
891
179
760
179.5
688
180
668
180.5
896
181
949
181.5
879
182
900

Pb
31
15
0
0
36
20
0
0
0
0
34
34
46
6
25
0
0
0
29
19
74
0
0
0
6
0
0
34
0
0
0
56
0
9
35
0
0
0
9

Pd
336
413
316
243
239
284
406
345
329
46
197
170
302
282
255
365
391
488
510
496
402
477
287
270
490
266
224
380
118
252
201
219
515
126
174
408
273
385
274

Pm
1067
1030
1134
902
1062
1008
1137
1165
960
626
709
439
248
504
1023
932
1071
1106
1009
967
1072
959
1167
1019
1070
1117
1089
1074
811
794
1054
913
828
902
1058
1033
1108
936
1052

215

Pr

Pt
1243
1403
1212
1357
1277
1323
1298
1278
1247
1289
590
485
627
943
1257
1414
1366
1206
1124
1243
1335
1394
1321
1351
1273
1374
1316
1294
1363
1339
1303
1229
1432
1258
1288
1334
1344
1330
1296

Rb
953
574
669
419
466
638
555
773
335
465
478
145
435
175
246
614
240
793
389
420
194
747
365
628
432
581
503
329
416
774
392
539
617
571
434
528
417
618
593

467
742
412
611
610
170
438
635
746
559
823
518
365
543
553
794
546
648
471
269
574
430
232
178
625
622
469
570
758
631
639
745
373
411
763
697
553
376
499

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
182.5
889
183
830
183.5
829
184
779
184.5
863
185
845
185.5
869
186
784
186.5
674
187
797
187.5
692
188
696
188.5
707
189
634
189.5
738
190
814
190.5
824
191
925
191.5
798
192
719
192.5
766
193
842
193.5
648
194
671
194.5
669
195
638
195.5
592
196
990
196.5
1015
197
877
197.5
927
198
917
198.5
854
199
1077
199.5
861
200
793
200.5
859
201
642
201.5
814

Pb
10
0
0
0
25
50
0
0
15
0
0
5
0
32
4
64
0
0
0
0
25
0
27
4
28
24
15
0
0
22
0
0
0
22
0
0
0
15
0

Pd
455
130
201
533
396
369
224
107
268
378
152
406
401
48
75
342
233
296
401
122
293
434
282
343
666
461
439
206
397
47
287
87
295
295
275
233
187
213
408

Pm
941
772
990
787
989
1026
735
953
769
918
1050
1038
957
849
1004
1141
668
1020
920
1113
1091
1093
1150
1031
1049
795
1019
1119
1080
885
1189
938
1059
1041
1025
949
1260
953
987

216

Pr

Pt
1349
1319
1297
1376
1285
1331
1304
1261
1209
1315
1354
1319
1263
1278
1348
1274
1362
1266
1229
1342
1327
1377
1407
1348
1346
1428
1331
1219
1368
1427
1317
1401
1437
1429
1398
1386
1390
1403
1239

Rb
404
293
569
922
495
713
474
600
479
591
295
526
523
326
346
761
421
399
706
287
674
517
349
12
680
453
652
685
471
431
497
577
591
550
252
589
430
593
454

437
305
366
493
424
530
628
604
747
482
461
957
752
411
532
823
400
408
604
862
437
1223
553
508
719
468
485
518
778
682
778
835
802
691
793
542
978
500
993

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
202
823
202.5
890
203
733
203.5
798
204
560
204.5
654
205
813
205.5
738
206
869
206.5
735
207
814
207.5
844
208
729
208.5
844
209
788
209.5
960
210
824
210.5
1009
211
728
211.5
864
212
801
212.5
836
213
718
213.5
826
214
715
214.5
913
215
704
215.5
642
216
574
216.5
661
217
663
217.5
591
218
607
218.5
787
219
832
219.5
849
220
937
220.5
841
221
885

Pb
0
0
14
27
15
0
39
0
0
11
23
33
7
14
47
28
33
0
0
0
57
6
10
0
24
5
0
34
0
0
0
55
39
43
0
0
34
0
50

Pd
431
153
181
83
0
83
407
337
306
370
312
122
558
360
440
227
245
231
200
343
226
454
242
234
362
195
412
176
368
365
428
375
430
420
186
177
341
154
140

Pm
1027
1001
478
497
387
648
1150
950
997
741
974
1047
1208
868
1093
1046
1191
983
923
1033
926
963
938
1144
752
733
859
789
1017
1061
1017
955
1096
1045
911
930
813
827
892

217

Pr

Pt
1491
1133
536
555
592
1162
1251
1410
1345
1326
1394
1414
1399
1436
1346
1382
1293
1247
1387
1379
1542
1452
1565
1313
1182
1384
1406
1380
1447
1363
1384
1449
1289
1421
1340
1306
1387
1272
1357

Rb
718
441
328
388
238
335
613
597
375
517
673
497
815
821
667
511
341
771
447
636
525
354
528
85
287
380
528
241
689
409
317
794
525
414
390
515
562
615
359

757
324
567
581
167
441
787
653
525
688
727
680
389
456
185
736
965
845
363
788
644
672
591
370
537
933
976
853
714
515
699
677
657
724
792
708
908
773
364

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
221.5
904
222
900
222.5
844
223
849
223.5
895
224
811
224.5
822
225
886
225.5
1037
226
941
226.5
950
227
980
227.5
726
228
863
228.5
1009
229
945
229.5
900
230
826
230.5
917
231
761
231.5
933
232
957
232.5
950
233
886
233.5
843
234
973
234.5
887
235
735
235.5
877
236
839
236.5
829
237
823
237.5
835
238
784
238.5
817
239
709
239.5
981
240
922
240.5
992

Pb
0
7
20
71
14
50
0
0
0
50
11
0
0
13
52
20
12
0
63
12
0
0
46
0
0
30
14
25
14
0
12
0
24
28
25
0
0
0
14

Pd

Pm

238
231
462
444
62
236
104
355
348
185
359
527
198
144
113
272
140
348
375
391
79
73
31
0
16
37
51
22
16
9
35
32
77
76
4
52
0
0
7

218

800
774
818
971
873
587
955
878
891
757
701
940
899
905
1040
844
820
841
841
882
6290
6139
6386
4762
3141
6444
6448
6168
7490
5673
5623
6329
7113
6391
6446
5549
5161
5448
5877

Pr

Pt
1303
1369
1407
1399
1339
945
1238
1396
1316
1346
1195
1378
1298
1210
1229
1430
1286
1339
1287
1203
1050
958
972
826
635
916
1002
948
888
942
883
1034
1083
803
742
1063
899
674
921

Rb
642
715
574
793
579
307
248
599
738
294
345
529
614
240
408
447
465
614
367
622
803
1146
888
668
579
980
1023
1018
986
1162
1169
903
915
821
1179
1142
937
808
848

671
424
488
591
586
507
816
597
750
595
593
0
805
559
748
862
572
711
392
564
625
693
825
604
812
959
858
833
725
793
1026
1026
1076
1147
725
1089
621
623
1028

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
241
698
241.5
785
242
810
242.5
841
243
808
243.5
745
244
753
244.5
774
245
787
245.5
860
246
784
246.5
799
247
826
247.5
818
248
936
248.5
913
249
826
249.5
917
250
913
250.5
687
251
748
251.5
744
252
695
252.5
836
253
934
253.5
721
254
708
254.5
693
255
618
255.5
790
256
646
256.5
791
257
832
257.5
967
258
767
258.5
680
259
757
259.5
868
260
792

Pb
0
43
15
0
43
71
21
30
6
0
0
4
0
0
56
31
4
0
0
25
49
0
29
26
42
39
5
0
0
0
22
52
16
0
7
0
14
0
0

Pd

Pm
26
45
50
19
44
28
0
0
0
27
4
26
0
35
11
29
16
34
68
0
11
16
10
57
0
29
24
60
12
0
0
44
30
24
28
19
12
42
17

219

5593
6868
5467
7037
4848
4013
2691
2961
2954
4477
5078
5111
6927
5892
5792
5715
6149
6971
6345
6369
7032
5480
5989
6688
6185
6060
4791
7058
6975
6109
5293
5356
6555
6693
5938
6164
5953
5452
6422

Pr

Pt
659
835
1006
857
796
736
547
663
575
830
1017
810
953
1035
1033
848
906
905
999
875
1018
662
800
1001
818
776
908
937
1002
953
900
982
890
912
932
827
806
921
846

Rb
1009
949
966
989
963
882
729
780
424
1244
988
920
1065
1152
1368
1026
1335
1215
1198
899
801
1005
850
1027
753
1322
1081
780
1058
870
877
1227
617
1377
908
1104
888
1170
1064

659
818
889
1270
855
633
359
634
623
421
802
650
597
870
556
324
836
402
573
741
777
754
776
941
982
1045
925
1029
759
903
676
703
548
840
816
843
868
1077
704

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
260.5
772
261
973
261.5
972
262
923
262.5
847
263
719
263.5
981
264
932
264.5
1045
265
1075
265.5
752
266
875
266.5
963
267
858
267.5
809
268
883
268.5
909
269
727
269.5
868
270
908
270.5
719
271
1042
271.5
880
272
701
272.5
933
273
625
273.5
787
274
929
274.5
1005
275
877
275.5
1098
276
1082
276.5
948
277
1034
277.5
929
278
898
278.5
1004
279
971
279.5
1075

Pb
17
5
0
0
0
25
0
54
30
0
47
27
0
0
8
0
20
35
22
5
0
36
0
22
14
11
0
17
0
18
23
33
0
0
47
0
0
55
0

Pd

Pm
0
30
0
0
23
7
26
12
46
0
20
0
0
0
32
0
0
55
0
0
0
17
36
6
0
0
21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
30
0

220

7135
7623
6673
7109
8873
8648
7845
7469
6822
6886
7437
7578
7735
5911
6281
5962
6292
6704
6831
5664
7800
7546
7733
6329
7078
7598
7170
7509
8092
8065
7341
6873
8396
7771
7219
8000
6699
6816
6636

Pr

Pt
932
1251
1219
1229
995
1541
1031
1117
1075
1211
1214
1107
1240
965
1113
686
1083
1052
1282
1025
1180
1142
1137
1237
1084
1157
1275
1298
1539
1198
1348
1024
1294
1127
1384
1233
1155
1191
1277

Rb
1082
822
770
910
1403
1180
1065
964
937
1044
899
1101
1086
1133
1043
804
980
1038
812
704
1063
846
861
824
952
1101
905
1163
1208
1001
1081
717
623
1140
1213
1115
891
1056
753

1173
918
663
783
507
675
694
925
863
468
519
708
795
687
661
677
816
681
947
932
857
542
539
738
737
431
802
1003
624
743
482
694
811
610
644
702
886
935
591

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
280
992
280.5
872
281
1008
281.5
1209
282
1059
282.5
921
283
953
283.5
1023
284
967
284.5
851
285
907
285.5
909
286
909
286.5
630
287
556
287.5
481
288
658
288.5
869
289
1038
289.5
807
290
1041
290.5
1076
291
1010
291.5
955
292
984
292.5
1100
293
859
293.5
832
294
862
294.5
1062
295
929
295.5
907
296
623
296.5
582
297
682
297.5
883
298
987
298.5
1057
299
807

Pb
10
37
0
0
0
28
75
22
8
0
0
0
0
43
6
35
0
0
19
0
7
13
0
23
5
0
27
0
25
0
16
0
43
0
16
84
0
0
0

Pd

Pm
7
0
27
0
0
0
0
12
0
0
32
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
15
0
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

221

5962
6864
7116
7644
7698
7651
8584
6966
7954
6878
8524
7761
6616
3150
1990
2514
5459
7151
7591
6488
7336
7144
5998
6626
7125
7450
6901
6344
6835
7868
7571
6121
2949
2395
2780
3443
6710
6630
7171

Pr

Pt
1087
1383
1365
1174
1404
1417
1277
1095
1284
1435
1375
1246
1120
751
561
598
835
1259
1285
1243
1293
1332
1260
1057
1209
1166
1310
1271
1050
1492
1387
1129
899
576
486
676
1332
1188
987

Rb
911
947
768
794
1158
1017
1201
931
839
953
805
870
1024
641
404
482
1001
976
988
1054
1091
1127
909
879
624
834
725
722
623
762
745
922
947
624
520
644
851
842
1036

668
795
431
933
929
931
423
700
646
1219
821
934
915
478
462
478
743
462
872
604
651
466
544
378
922
377
1061
620
658
684
767
1053
542
585
615
361
699
541
545

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
299.5
1058
300
796
300.5
983
301
930
301.5
1005
302
865
302.5
926
303
807
303.5
824
304
860
304.5
995
305
838
305.5
908
306
1036
306.5
1080
307
903
307.5
676
308
946
308.5
856
309
756
309.5
752
310
963
310.5
772
311
830
311.5
620
312
925
312.5
688
313
744
313.5
578
314
761
314.5
586
315
706
315.5
657
316
546
316.5
741
317
602
317.5
601
318
692
318.5
526

Pb
0
0
0
0
14
0
37
56
35
24
0
9
0
55
59
32
0
35
22
0
40
0
16
0
0
13
0
0
11
9
0
6
0
4
8
0
46
0
45

Pd

Pm
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

183
115
430
50
311
324
385
314
178
571
305
531
398
180
384
0
482
55
442
162
241
258
0

222

7030
6188
6579
5792
6330
7223
5524
5126
6711
4866
4992
4577
3860
4476
4400
4180
0
0
322
0
0
230
0
0
0
115
94
403
0
670
250
180
0
0
0
0
744
0
0

Pr

Pt
1262
1144
1277
983
1106
1235
1108
801
1098
1152
1162
907
1093
861
964
878
994
1000
1046
1023
1088
1004
1058
877
909
960
925
1040
1007
1023
905
966
931
1012
965
871
965
835
930

Rb
1255
714
882
847
926
816
642
689
700
881
632
702
857
857
977
756
1160
1149
858
978
1133
1052
1277
1101
974
1021
1064
908
1244
1052
1109
1051
1264
969
1257
1051
1295
1223
871

817
603
611
544
676
435
665
607
677
373
452
479
851
551
384
621
714
1050
1065
815
1258
1066
949
955
1033
642
958
1031
350
705
959
383
1024
685
706
1053
559
852
1038

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
319
589
319.5
739
320
596
320.5
619
321
476
321.5
773
322
656
322.5
645
323
474
323.5
561
324
415
324.5
616
325
748
325.5
763
326
654
326.5
824
327
742
327.5
968
328
882
328.5
724
329
563
329.5
870
330
697
330.5
867
331
940
331.5
776
332
818
332.5
740
333
827
333.5
774
334
820
334.5
776
335
1152
335.5
843
336
767
336.5
662
337
718
337.5
830
338
795

Pb
0
0
0
32
0
26
20
0
0
19
38
0
0
0
16
20
0
0
0
13
11
13
35
60
63
0
22
37
17
0
0
18
27
50
82
45
76
0
15

Pd
300
385
93
397
512
460
304
249
355
356
556
0
0
138
467
515
432
543
322
23
366
12
188
389
238
377
199
93
58
316
470
245
58
0
0
0
0
348
200

Pm

Pr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
273
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

223

Pt
844
760
849
1054
1176
813
971
973
894
1023
976
880
1123
820
916
1044
875
1007
948
956
802
925
906
896
1062
938
970
1048
913
740
1089
864
779
195
99
57
688
1110
818

Rb
1014
1159
661
1133
1017
1136
1138
1043
803
923
1199
678
901
785
1213
881
973
1033
1074
1057
786
858
1064
968
1370
702
1015
933
739
1061
937
836
902
367
255
274
801
1198
814

721
972
603
718
1081
764
983
1370
1083
580
1259
992
839
855
1043
667
1163
922
1174
505
987
786
888
764
673
858
590
761
865
813
746
740
800
535
305
370
616
1087
1234

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
338.5
742
339
837
339.5
639
340
714
340.5
803
341
730
341.5
808
342
863
342.5
707
343
639
343.5
749
344
690
344.5
850
345
674
345.5
815
346
909
346.5
882
347
750
347.5
640
348
803
348.5
715
349
907
349.5
847
350
712
350.5
829
351
745
351.5
728
352
763
352.5
786
353
791
353.5
659
354
564
354.5
510
355
709
355.5
857
356
805
356.5
517
357
799
357.5
799

Pb
7
0
0
50
0
43
69
0
0
0
55
0
0
0
0
69
16
22
13
31
0
24
0
61
66
13
0
43
21
5
45
98
45
0
0
24
42
0
39

Pd
335
0
16
17
160
300
36
0
474
98
181
160
57
229
0
181
115
8
127
0
0
0
0
61
104
0
0
214
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
0
90
0
98

Pm

Pr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

224

Pt
795
1016
690
813
1060
849
996
906
857
959
815
1091
756
801
725
805
693
852
793
661
682
821
675
624
667
813
525
576
675
470
221
173
322
850
919
544
767
708
783

Rb
824
862
639
757
893
958
863
880
1009
611
863
828
605
826
697
765
641
645
944
803
800
926
680
790
862
529
556
728
933
862
634
556
322
1135
735
581
746
746
673

847
886
766
917
1175
968
708
957
491
844
526
755
564
831
544
683
1097
867
651
500
726
674
767
372
251
392
768
715
930
638
91
521
491
774
1140
524
496
683
839

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
358
775
358.5
760
359
708
359.5
690
360
781
360.5
810
361
776
361.5
788
362
660
362.5
718
363
818
363.5
817
364
947
364.5
820
365
907
365.5
789
366
814
366.5
735
367
820
367.5
786
368
850
368.5
411
369
617
369.5
700
370
362
370.5
694
371
522
371.5
822
372
639
372.5
601
373
489
373.5
777
374
634
374.5
453
375
560
375.5
629
376
629
376.5
706
377
798

Pb
34
0
50
72
35
19
60
27
36
43
16
0
12
36
30
74
32
41
38
54
54
0
0
0
0
27
0
42
8
8
0
0
75
59
19
30
0
9
0

Pd

Pm

0
0
0
0
0
223
120
0
0
0
11
412
377
0
102
0
0
91
0
72
0
0
0
0
11
20
0
39
91
0
53
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

225

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3355
3926
2834
4277
3015
3988
3243
4382
3341
3049
2642
2304
2059
3726
3396
2851
3304
2722

Pr

Pt
701
653
221
379
193
403
334
475
389
509
661
486
646
754
646
738
809
888
636
705
469
892
1220
1059
1227
1157
1132
1086
1282
1111
1162
1150
1180
942
961
795
1250
1176
1010

Rb
952
754
583
837
695
815
688
882
556
360
769
854
705
718
700
920
547
601
854
548
857
877
722
1023
988
856
932
1033
791
705
657
1173
917
535
614
1042
1054
822
766

628
553
810
417
615
772
473
620
719
472
334
673
889
694
926
710
699
824
350
449
557
689
586
700
777
784
552
987
730
681
876
694
665
596
818
468
1261
1017
837

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
377.5
775
378
918
378.5
807
379
718
379.5
889
380
695
380.5
877
381
728
381.5
814
382
836
382.5
753
383
794
383.5
783
384
798
384.5
737
385
897
385.5
800
386
844
386.5
754
387
867
387.5
772
388
837
388.5
742
389
762
389.5
779
390
784
390.5
834
391
797
391.5
856
392
673
392.5
827
393
667
393.5
819
394
872
394.5
901
395
792
395.5
694
396
854
396.5
917

Pb
7
0
28
49
0
51
42
24
69
20
10
16
0
0
25
27
31
28
0
0
10
14
0
32
36
39
0
5
48
0
9
8
30
26
15
34
61
0
25

Pd

Pm
0
0
0
0
0
57
21
0
0
15
0
9
0
0
43
0
20
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
38
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

226

2570
2811
3752
2579
2662
2923
2616
3226
2067
3213
2727
2207
3609
3145
2765
3359
3186
2921
2522
3206
2590
3187
2240
2638
3218
2925
2680
2605
2239
1566
2375
2492
2293
3216
3206
2680
2759
2295
1920

Pr

Pt
1181
1043
963
1125
1069
1166
1033
962
1038
1094
954
1128
931
1055
1191
1074
1122
1245
1234
1231
1264
1346
1092
1238
1220
1200
959
1022
946
964
987
998
790
1167
1027
1031
844
1093
800

Rb
923
955
1216
655
1336
723
1106
812
570
814
954
1283
936
1005
852
791
703
1103
840
977
822
910
762
979
684
889
895
830
599
723
1103
652
900
1012
926
927
731
902
777

797
1270
856
1143
972
818
1037
844
504
1098
787
1025
873
860
675
957
658
730
1185
952
790
749
841
1163
1012
675
1055
870
844
965
971
1101
996
1182
706
942
970
797
726

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
397
779
397.5
812
398
739
398.5
908
399
730
399.5
790
400
774
400.5
800
401
702
401.5
651
402
743
402.5
734
403
970
403.5
725
404
740
404.5
691
405
721
405.5
724
406
741
406.5
790
407
825
407.5
763
408
872
408.5
775
409
874
409.5
971
410
1022
410.5
871
411
817
411.5
843
412
789
412.5
797
413
890
413.5
509
414
684
414.5
754
415
753
415.5
613
416
785

Pb

Pd

0
37
74
0
0
6
35
32
0
0
46
0
0
8
0
0
0
46
9
24
18
0
34
0
0
51
21
0
0
0
23
0
13
41
26
0
0
15
33

Pm
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

227

2629
1289
1930
3368
2985
2912
1656
2389
2438
2054
2731
2371
2563
2051
2125
3324
3138
409
3668
3237
2890
2832
2682
3837
3030
3135
3176
2465
2967
2105
1993
3437
2864
2093
2198
1440
1393
2066
1995

Pr

Pt
1043
1243
1078
1151
1016
1244
905
1019
1051
1142
965
1064
1115
1130
978
996
1053
1038
1021
1076
1238
1074
845
1057
1105
1241
977
1252
1084
1245
1182
1204
1049
1140
1022
901
790
904
1044

Rb
559
743
1016
754
643
697
905
682
872
959
885
736
906
726
1014
769
766
554
648
754
753
531
1072
642
827
767
791
914
768
972
568
671
668
590
664
588
873
855
707

936
1307
587
917
1086
1235
1211
1333
885
1151
1189
996
1011
1161
1062
1042
1216
879
1296
919
1250
1134
1375
1165
1189
1774
1226
1295
1473
1344
1434
1348
1347
1165
1058
928
1184
798
1217

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
416.5
768
417
902
417.5
771
418
909
418.5
817
419
835
419.5
955
420
812
420.5
823
421
746
421.5
756
422
677
422.5
773
423
694
423.5
932
424
816
424.5
787
425
697
425.5
860
426
879
426.5
855
427
779
427.5
879
428
872
428.5
876
429
655
429.5
653
430
525
430.5
603
431
438

Pb
39
27
0
18
16
15
0
0
0
54
0
0
27
0
26
25
0
11
16
26
0
0
20
38
24
20
0
5
0
56

Pd

Pm
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

228

2854
2663
1887
2806
2204
3333
2986
3187
3595
3144
3499
2255
2859
3029
3021
2997
3712
2434
2029
3387
2652
2992
2469
2911
2388
1393
1032
810
1831
11

Pr

Pt
1067
1076
1049
1261
1204
1019
1184
1167
1225
1240
1050
1168
1035
1016
1111
1120
1267
1070
1048
1056
1059
1135
1223
1014
998
888
903
671
828
540

Rb
528
946
788
823
939
525
1022
727
599
719
835
796
829
611
800
1050
877
785
942
575
774
764
910
850
505
688
725
464
706
885

1193
1212
1133
924
1295
1452
1670
837
1184
1518
1376
1572
1221
1192
1469
1444
1360
1018
1034
1292
1364
1419
1625
1428
1643
1216
952
957
981
1244

Table A 2.5 Cuobu XRF Geochemistry S – Tb
Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
27
115
507
442
0
36
699
1436
688
27.5
287
119
106
0
251
1232
1481
98
28
558
262
499
147
510
1094
2522
864
28.5
585
321
360
15
505
1265
2931
850
29
777
314
357
478
633
1225
3197
854
29.5
598
223
359
349
535
776
3154
701
30
584
268
329
74
483
1273
2750
755
30.5
549
351
320
134
465
1132
2854
734
31
658
312
256
381
558
879
2821
786
31.5
658
229
303
536
493
1068
3201
651
32
688
257
379
343
517
1055
3098
775
32.5
725
275
286
489
628
1635
2771
873
33
617
241
338
308
465
1520
2455
756
33.5
610
251
329
0
569
1162
2838
637
34
656
328
354
4
537
1514
2498
869
34.5
702
323
308
107
497
1231
2646
750
35
849
339
387
94
721
858
2545
840
35.5
648
279
311
20
562
1177
2845
829
36
778
303
276
270
599
888
2765
854
36.5
751
232
333
89
619
1458
2996
821
37
877
255
385
621
843
1371
2779
754
37.5
763
334
323
623
628
1076
2641
786
38
838
251
324
272
723
1187
2957
700
38.5
853
267
318
401
780
1163
2623
810
39
1031
234
357
352
852
1140
3017
771
39.5
882
282
371
376
829
963
2925
895
40
832
241
292
282
674
1107
2933
852
40.5
1043
382
345
186
890
1528
2940
804
41
1066
290
346
0
936
1236
2719
802
41.5
1008
286
458
263
903
1172
2715
976
42
934
349
295
279
822
1007
2773
830
42.5
863
295
376
0
764
1168
2558
867
43
892
269
260
280
688
1563
2782
927
43.5
971
374
319
34
828
1315
2528
782
44
927
271
217
114
844
1441
2318
672
44.5
943
344
405
521
775
1373
2329
870
45
943
274
260
491
816
1533
2518
654
45.5
763
223
260
737
784
1232
2790
598
229

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
46
953
323
197
411
885
928
2528
610
46.5
823
296
238
226
787
1447
2387
770
47
886
226
277
0
872
1045
2487
644
47.5
891
340
225
173
747
1066
2369
732
48
805
242
266
308
720
1433
2577
738
48.5
967
267
278
229
780
1261
2689
755
49
856
380
298
0
917
1144
2569
701
49.5
747
349
292
357
737
981
2561
814
50
1008
277
355
303
961
1321
2741
862
50.5
1122
308
354
402
1173
1208
2622
944
51
991
305
248
434
970
1046
2376
856
51.5
1010
273
369
513
896
1491
2551
620
52
985
306
283
0
843
1441
2493
682
52.5
1058
209
262
0
872
1472
2146
624
53
1019
246
311
0
859
883
2791
642
53.5
1328
332
312
327
1091
1330
2734
809
54
847
205
218
261
656
1578
2520
718
54.5
836
239
320
234
807
1225
2644
592
55
1240
334
322
0
1386
1064
2567
747
55.5
1058
234
309
443
1051
825
2587
672
56
949
225
340
162
939
1347
2626
842
56.5
972
250
291
287
911
1273
2555
817
57
1075
257
351
91
1007
967
2638
750
57.5
830
286
254
0
875
1147
2785
754
58
822
338
279
0
906
1283
2460
752
58.5
1102
212
255
0
944
1211
2834
628
59
1107
314
261
128
1028
1590
2898
798
59.5
972
290
298
256
962
998
2492
624
60
1004
283
273
135
1174
1139
2844
903
60.5
1097
361
291
152
924
1727
2669
831
61
826
258
262
299
764
1793
2844
649
61.5
863
324
282
557
900
1169
2636
687
62
1173
310
332
268
1094
1412
2464
740
62.5
913
220
283
154
899
1226
2488
744
63
897
243
288
80
813
990
2483
700
63.5
981
181
353
217
994
1004
2876
692
64
964
315
241
55
952
1480
2546
706
64.5
1034
400
346
238
959
1565
2681
902
65
1063
369
318
90
1085
998
2491
765

230

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
65.5
1140
294
224
220
1043
1055
2499
686
66
1121
277
237
0
1143
1126
2498
663
66.5
956
329
269
0
1113
1274
2325
695
67
926
327
233
136
1059
1060
2192
707
67.5
1012
332
213
232
1209
1473
2584
635
68
1056
305
377
281
1218
1609
2458
918
68.5
972
333
321
382
1030
1049
2722
857
69
1001
303
336
807
1198
1237
2675
791
69.5
849
272
305
238
931
1224
2522
793
70
1064
323
288
156
1184
1580
2598
753
70.5
806
222
240
133
963
1709
2377
591
71
897
310
281
0
1082
1378
2463
700
71.5
1034
365
325
255
1183
1567
2304
960
72
1041
354
384
0
1302
1332
2794
824
72.5
1001
331
213
36
1496
1074
2280
663
73
1128
294
351
142
1466
1464
2578
840
73.5
1146
413
295
248
1625
1297
2693
877
74
937
392
231
0
1435
1564
2337
541
74.5
451
156
77
82
568
1329
1357
0
75
443
188
89
68
589
850
1442
0
75.5
608
213
173
0
732
526
1690
354
76
836
255
300
174
929
1162
2162
508
76.5
782
293
307
0
1041
1408
2773
572
77
844
241
334
213
1129
1028
2028
713
77.5
814
289
241
586
1050
1676
2263
787
78
811
278
212
498
1034
1587
2477
698
78.5
882
355
325
16
1124
1355
2619
735
79
936
325
344
103
1292
1336
2417
896
79.5
815
389
329
9
1066
1604
2225
902
80
950
379
307
348
1617
1515
2639
734
80.5
914
328
322
277
1203
1199
2617
840
81
789
249
282
0
1188
1239
2698
714
81.5
709
244
310
45
1242
962
2634
706
82
766
320
236
0
1156
1573
2396
724
82.5
848
311
250
82
1150
1771
2762
622
83
951
289
236
149
1710
1405
2519
646
83.5
930
154
162
0
308
932
1073
676
84
1097
184
128
45
343
1020
1128
676
84.5
1095
172
210
115
420
731
1296
639

231

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
85
1121
187
142
0
505
649
1464
522
85.5
1137
146
110
146
474
809
1195
700
86
1202
158
146
126
445
936
1315
434
86.5
1222
166
258
95
425
1018
1316
724
87
1206
206
257
143
408
949
1651
729
87.5
1061
198
244
318
478
743
1437
510
88
1146
222
223
151
518
1072
1329
552
88.5
1156
251
219
287
495
1237
1653
605
89
1219
179
195
151
533
681
1603
533
89.5
986
234
154
0
455
1052
1408
278
90
972
197
158
46
427
746
1243
295
90.5
858
249
132
48
425
539
1240
149
91
993
132
152
57
433
717
1324
298
91.5
1067
120
232
0
497
889
1688
621
92
1324
271
260
0
521
1053
1562
583
92.5
1343
281
215
99
612
509
1847
686
93
1329
236
262
259
609
965
1647
575
93.5
1350
248
217
20
571
743
1469
744
94
1302
222
330
25
471
1030
1863
697
94.5
1324
121
194
103
556
1334
1418
752
95
1367
293
179
22
510
1117
1545
792
95.5
1349
185
199
36
514
1018
1677
844
96
1467
202
240
224
424
532
1689
737
96.5
1211
182
177
14
470
963
1481
605
97
1657
234
188
0
521
644
1511
1023
97.5
1658
223
294
298
451
1177
1669
1059
98
1767
195
260
415
411
811
1466
1027
98.5
1837
304
148
253
519
655
1588
1086
99
1646
290
299
0
468
915
1719
985
99.5
1504
374
213
360
508
1036
1663
1040
100
1376
227
255
57
504
1191
1460
830
100.5
1516
237
213
0
532
732
1394
742
101
1703
287
269
112
392
400
1290
1208
101.5
1938
265
298
0
481
497
1598
1249
102
1989
337
340
211
495
657
1759
1215
102.5
1951
304
277
0
391
653
1527
1463
103
1880
241
234
671
351
865
1690
1244
103.5
1806
366
226
49
340
1023
1831
1276
104
1996
307
248
236
316
743
1691
1466

232

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
104.5
2238
249
212
149
490
1100
1514
1439
105
2295
255
293
0
458
668
1446
1626
105.5
2178
259
205
139
321
836
1484
1608
106
2271
256
235
302
528
981
1627
1340
106.5
2241
265
278
615
470
676
1859
1428
107
2194
320
275
445
420
565
1692
1333
107.5
1937
203
311
165
387
1347
1742
1476
108
2291
370
153
162
409
837
1635
1506
108.5
2417
314
258
161
451
595
1334
1620
109
1976
392
256
230
481
994
1832
1470
109.5
2043
329
293
304
755
1169
1745
1369
110
2023
224
263
101
445
1166
1671
1335
110.5
1952
329
171
242
445
793
1390
1273
111
1732
245
254
0
338
1158
1507
1241
111.5
1777
206
259
0
454
1112
1581
1475
112
1888
259
244
0
569
668
1583
1042
112.5
1948
272
273
78
684
706
1378
1352
113
1783
199
156
185
539
944
1583
1057
113.5
1656
293
279
84
484
1331
1580
1085
114
2173
376
263
0
554
1215
1462
1557
114.5
2122
321
296
118
524
430
1661
1626
115
2192
318
311
196
553
856
1458
1836
115.5
2284
256
281
0
532
633
1616
1651
116
1714
302
260
88
400
781
1565
1523
116.5
2010
292
236
425
539
1230
1354
1623
117
1994
374
232
153
492
1149
1500
1545
117.5
1668
279
277
337
537
1380
1498
1240
118
1505
220
151
80
512
623
1071
398
118.5
1672
203
202
0
464
921
1100
860
119
1508
374
213
0
540
981
1272
1013
119.5
1576
283
216
110
486
907
1531
1282
120
1711
300
273
0
575
1272
1582
1151
120.5
1688
203
253
144
636
1295
1462
1322
121
1799
236
313
195
772
1467
1462
998
121.5
1630
223
242
0
654
1034
1496
1186
122
1714
292
183
132
624
1162
1668
1240
122.5
1704
322
379
0
711
1047
1537
1271
123
1489
365
359
531
687
752
1730
1086
123.5
1461
231
287
257
663
1020
1697
1152

233

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
124
1508
261
269
221
564
1383
1842
1123
124.5
1585
403
261
592
614
1168
1778
1269
125
1467
279
308
524
701
1089
1530
892
125.5
1847
333
286
103
746
982
1601
1427
126
1667
281
265
251
721
1173
1888
1249
126.5
1539
340
202
184
611
540
1524
933
127
1479
266
266
257
513
757
1891
1216
127.5
1540
264
287
330
815
1160
1924
955
128
1503
233
266
0
666
865
1943
1118
128.5
1870
357
307
297
671
1200
1906
1175
129
1836
312
214
159
729
1200
1923
1243
129.5
1926
238
289
127
668
440
2010
1447
130
1819
271
252
300
687
878
1705
1440
130.5
1705
259
269
202
536
886
1636
1214
131
1656
289
313
188
706
992
2046
1193
131.5
1931
324
301
230
781
854
1964
1425
132
1772
249
253
162
875
838
1926
1444
132.5
1899
302
286
319
749
981
2033
1420
133
2132
303
303
209
831
960
1820
1493
133.5
2131
308
328
73
853
1191
1748
1434
134
1816
314
247
43
816
749
1618
1308
134.5
2192
316
244
61
858
675
1781
1420
135
2281
322
275
282
813
750
1779
1446
135.5
2439
344
236
419
854
975
1673
1512
136
1992
180
256
310
903
875
1672
1629
136.5
2584
300
321
229
809
706
1667
1674
137
2411
281
172
0
779
517
1672
2015
137.5
2361
258
314
49
918
587
1698
1787
138
1047
173
141
0
582
907
996
25
138.5
768
187
77
0
447
553
852
0
139
537
176
105
0
184
634
681
42
139.5
1677
249
283
0
569
497
1410
1176
140
2402
200
388
0
731
613
1550
1492
140.5
2334
325
242
191
831
1138
1826
1400
141
2049
282
227
0
707
1082
1569
1426
141.5
2178
268
195
339
716
1168
1743
1733
142
1946
402
250
0
744
998
1636
1355
142.5
2123
297
263
0
706
961
1333
1386
143
2128
245
174
7
1022
792
1455
1553

234

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
143.5
1998
353
304
0
718
831
1730
1672
144
1947
187
330
466
812
965
1762
1800
144.5
1980
296
291
454
696
672
1913
1361
145
1945
252
344
0
799
1356
1782
1608
145.5
1961
368
348
17
758
856
1661
1528
146
2168
315
222
81
785
871
1811
1497
146.5
2323
262
315
59
771
467
1866
1784
147
2236
233
337
73
714
863
1812
1533
147.5
2559
310
324
0
713
852
1554
1642
148
2262
292
243
216
726
1129
1809
1571
148.5
2110
311
212
0
721
988
1723
1548
149
1933
314
402
130
724
725
1631
1400
149.5
1618
253
351
291
734
820
1885
1037
150
1247
165
230
383
754
1036
1494
911
150.5
949
186
187
331
452
1072
1567
373
151
978
156
194
56
558
710
1367
365
151.5
873
189
162
435
428
805
1344
640
152
1785
238
235
148
760
654
1766
1306
152.5
2188
326
231
536
721
953
1761
1617
153
2486
320
326
11
743
463
1826
1865
153.5
1757
287
210
1002
703
83
2613
154
1728
181
241
845
1011
268
2705
154.5
1481
249
276
833
779
229
2140
155
1644
269
69
860
1103
303
2536
155.5
1579
303
0
700
519
299
2740
156
1419
355
155
823
1010
343
2411
156.5
1504
278
266
743
758
253
2139
157
1824
275
154
660
622
208
2683
157.5
2099
324
248
651
552
215
3422
158
2289
212
128
560
860
301
3296
158.5
1952
244
10
465
405
142
3273
159
1779
275
283
503
724
257
2956
159.5
1800
297
297
475
573
259
2528
160
1703
275
291
514
698
210
3702
160.5
1442
215
108
462
383
317
3500
161
1560
282
0
585
555
109
2931
161.5
1417
280
271
548
445
290
2274
162
1300
280
153
618
742
188
2161
162.5
1450
289
0
580
851
402
3088

235

Depth S
Sb
(cm)
163
1637
163.5
1633
164
1444
164.5
1536
165
1403
165.5
1458
166
1434
166.5
1556
167
1330
167.5
1376
168
1028
168.5
623
169
852
169.5
1241
170
1882
170.5
1942
171
1766
171.5
1692
172
1862
172.5
1972
173
2373
173.5
2299
174
2451
174.5
2176
175
1989
175.5
2141
176
2047
176.5
2090
177
1901
177.5
1814
178
1841
178.5
1509
179
1628
179.5
1556
180
1644
180.5
1565
181
1445
181.5
1419
182
1406

Sc

Se
194
211
378
318
313
259
269
226
386
245
272
130
188
193
241
299
255
197
296
320
267
271
328
229
267
266
321
388
372
283
327
221
271
221
234
311
269
213
314

Si
369
222
151
149
196
33
179
580
85
461
282
0
108
0
305
201
381
91
144
168
337
432
369
469
67
331
412
402
66
198
87
296
231
217
454
354
0
383
196

236

Sr
607
594
555
673
636
642
680
531
606
567
353
121
230
303
490
557
507
494
480
398
548
509
629
537
554
669
670
551
546
556
632
592
520
535
546
501
611
597
404

Ta
525
523
562
884
813
840
867
983
663
689
956
410
852
416
868
748
871
759
833
542
1016
707
675
822
570
288
641
675
732
566
610
769
647
161
614
769
914
444
812

Tb
362
241
316
293
217
288
352
123
124
268
167
71
44
194
174
152
277
163
94
256
292
99
205
249
258
246
250
377
282
187
231
309
259
186
214
290
164
388
307

3054
4045
3484
3185
2339
2242
3383
3149
2674
2222
671
236
1029
1943
3088
3349
3119
2378
3143
4034
3739
3554
3656
3668
3490
3134
2697
3240
2776
2845
3293
2340
2675
2517
2635
2969
2254
2558
2674

Depth S
Sb
(cm)
182.5
1516
183
1592
183.5
1771
184
1883
184.5
1967
185
1981
185.5
1666
186
1723
186.5
1531
187
1939
187.5
2173
188
2342
188.5
2038
189
1692
189.5
1585
190
2096
190.5
1459
191
1710
191.5
1669
192
1762
192.5
2027
193
1781
193.5
1962
194
1956
194.5
3549
195
3286
195.5
2351
196
1717
196.5
1746
197
1685
197.5
1634
198
1620
198.5
1659
199
1593
199.5
1765
200
1893
200.5
1915
201
2052
201.5
1689

Sc

Se
220
186
330
304
398
263
233
313
199
297
289
340
297
320
314
298
210
315
275
323
167
319
347
292
190
238
330
332
263
216
301
251
222
204
355
338
455
306
399

Si
692
207
122
283
365
243
283
470
207
250
115
328
651
193
383
290
137
151
407
82
50
82
510
210
66
193
360
137
209
532
369
393
0
348
381
19
22
281
294

237

Sr
574
545
486
608
496
576
411
460
537
421
494
413
391
456
451
531
404
629
786
779
859
616
607
491
473
529
691
824
843
846
1008
788
871
712
824
858
765
640
493

Ta
457
784
502
852
496
395
865
832
972
1187
346
775
842
451
623
722
442
757
811
815
576
727
950
495
461
717
472
847
1024
906
718
651
637
924
744
893
1101
1062
836

Tb
313
234
146
298
326
347
249
301
96
190
206
126
124
213
159
407
373
205
219
90
179
241
235
180
246
347
192
289
275
234
415
200
203
377
225
170
242
236
406

2378
2405
2627
3022
2918
2587
2844
2353
2026
3007
3077
3337
3025
3886
2316
3044
2437
2497
2636
2721
2272
3788
3770
3338
4685
3597
3452
2250
2394
2171
2558
2205
2888
1761
2340
2384
1642
2508
2429

Depth S
Sb
(cm)
202
1963
202.5
1565
203
893
203.5
804
204
602
204.5
1425
205
1753
205.5
1831
206
1957
206.5
2348
207
2147
207.5
1726
208
1610
208.5
2187
209
2202
209.5
1817
210
1642
210.5
1614
211
1935
211.5
1629
212
1797
212.5
1974
213
2156
213.5
1871
214
1601
214.5
1705
215
1955
215.5
1849
216
2173
216.5
2738
217
2701
217.5
2719
218
2053
218.5
2038
219
1915
219.5
1762
220
1615
220.5
1501
221
1520

Sc

Se
357
268
145
181
92
191
305
251
259
217
258
333
299
329
286
460
338
292
380
242
301
254
291
269
299
282
332
253
388
238
401
351
296
361
226
265
259
225
197

Si
291
60
15
0
187
153
178
175
562
406
472
244
196
393
95
303
191
179
197
166
207
139
136
243
0
172
409
358
336
321
23
218
278
248
314
438
287
255
131

238

Sr
572
424
211
227
248
431
584
605
584
490
716
678
430
508
520
680
679
594
486
593
598
416
512
260
289
249
346
448
448
454
461
391
336
230
400
411
405
346
305

Ta
797
847
665
362
610
1041
935
710
666
979
721
957
604
705
1029
574
704
900
278
922
840
962
1040
692
616
637
781
881
723
796
738
833
704
897
883
854
870
852
791

Tb
384
143
19
79
124
35
300
189
428
238
225
234
395
269
233
374
336
98
208
465
328
313
244
315
401
337
226
284
302
322
331
183
310
212
366
416
460
299
404

3563
1863
255
449
482
2007
2814
3004
2913
2299
2250
2991
3182
2709
2714
2729
2380
2554
3462
2384
2089
3271
2967
3172
3123
3140
3639
2938
3123
3851
3670
2886
3203
3118
3094
2930
2563
2239
2631

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
221.5
1704
335
449
387
1202
297
2809
222
1564
346
9
331
879
332
2231
222.5
1958
239
280
429
1032
327
3019
223
1999
285
456
432
795
339
2300
223.5
1871
340
56
384
913
366
2162
224
1284
265
160
357
610
289
1613
224.5
1515
278
465
176
860
260
2204
225
1648
287
597
362
681
292
2721
225.5
1325
263
85
407
794
240
1931
226
1453
290
344
447
595
273
2352
226.5
1209
289
97
341
483
291
2393
227
1313
242
152
320
410
328
2579
227.5
1287
317
382
295
718
306
2333
228
1296
269
275
303
825
211
1885
228.5
1281
268
98
350
507
347
1862
229
1376
360
0
343
800
328
2568
229.5
1309
209
0
319
649
249
2094
230
1298
252
142
292
417
329
1847
230.5
1467
384
291
392
761
169
1655
231
1703
337
76
451
965
106
1764
231.5
187
146
298
250
69
753
2267
378
232
184
272
296
185
12
1017
2202
492
232.5
215
215
303
236
0
926
2005
476
233
204
76
283
0
23
352
2103
424
233.5
175
114
190
145
67
525
1345
234
234
214
193
239
231
25
1175
2223
417
234.5
219
159
351
287
13
885
1962
449
235
203
185
228
192
35
1145
2053
428
235.5
179
113
238
156
0
986
1803
197
236
192
95
188
113
52
790
2021
375
236.5
179
92
270
336
40
1079
2041
369
237
292
165
319
132
57
1016
2240
545
237.5
226
166
261
119
0
799
2039
506
238
251
170
250
378
0
868
2062
364
238.5
183
113
269
308
0
1030
1768
143
239
176
158
266
252
59
1002
1936
156
239.5
256
113
266
210
36
621
1728
397
240
233
83
274
5
10
928
1725
406
240.5
218
160
273
252
43
910
1879
561

239

Depth S
(cm)
241
241.5
242
242.5
243
243.5
244
244.5
245
245.5
246
246.5
247
247.5
248
248.5
249
249.5
250
250.5
251
251.5
252
252.5
253
253.5
254
254.5
255
255.5
256
256.5
257
257.5
258
258.5
259
259.5
260

Sb
193
212
151
137
158
105
83
63
56
136
162
171
133
111
177
148
93
66
166
127
147
114
131
117
129
127
131
98
124
152
149
161
140
142
107
133
113
173
241

Sc
150
199
199
140
148
86
41
71
85
118
144
97
107
85
119
109
160
80
110
62
115
120
66
176
28
65
84
107
142
115
115
133
157
178
106
125
106
161
133

Se
186
291
259
313
223
226
137
98
206
220
201
252
249
319
282
225
201
260
208
244
239
218
210
142
304
291
209
304
233
178
280
262
311
249
179
194
285
241
205

Si
0
228
277
453
351
61
244
167
18
434
23
350
77
178
494
304
195
286
261
238
631
316
371
464
578
192
343
212
312
268
114
224
681
302
141
423
136
178
182

240

Sr
20
7
12
36
15
20
30
0
0
22
19
0
0
0
12
32
0
26
40
0
52
29
8
26
0
17
25
100
0
23
28
4
0
0
46
14
27
58
54

Ta
1161
1360
1251
861
912
922
620
551
458
754
673
1016
613
1039
556
762
1247
604
1003
970
1375
1001
1200
1160
772
656
1514
1051
758
910
915
771
672
973
789
802
722
900
858

Tb
2024
2016
1958
2177
1776
1738
1502
1608
1383
1870
2099
2363
2165
2065
1955
2206
2070
2204
1978
2092
1849
1841
1911
2052
2058
1730
1870
2028
1654
2133
2060
1981
2333
1932
1957
2087
1982
2022
2019

431
486
475
350
61
0
0
58
138
225
520
476
448
404
258
244
308
304
311
377
317
299
240
215
237
233
244
354
461
336
459
380
352
290
219
365
353
122
248

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
260.5
407
130
321
433
105
739
2336
175
261
620
140
222
642
174
943
2285
422
261.5
949
180
248
520
372
858
2050
350
262
909
235
209
310
478
948
2154
316
262.5
1232
292
305
94
391
968
1828
554
263
1468
295
390
104
420
1156
1816
442
263.5
1258
220
311
226
531
1086
1940
616
264
1131
292
280
550
537
865
2281
571
264.5
1109
288
320
290
512
632
2061
400
265
942
238
324
102
502
689
2266
375
265.5
1033
189
369
369
405
782
1880
498
266
843
193
313
495
415
613
2178
477
266.5
912
239
293
322
462
762
2457
207
267
937
206
236
131
370
576
2015
383
267.5
952
207
355
201
307
834
1798
536
268
733
196
237
203
220
803
1496
274
268.5
838
183
236
318
336
610
2248
378
269
847
248
249
363
338
936
2239
332
269.5
1035
241
290
362
546
746
2347
452
270
963
192
288
298
397
998
2064
497
270.5
1082
283
354
394
369
1189
2057
375
271
880
228
342
421
336
1005
2424
611
271.5
936
220
293
420
348
933
2211
609
272
1017
166
344
189
377
1317
1946
623
272.5
1492
314
365
536
313
659
1965
797
273
1453
256
274
226
354
927
2078
417
273.5
1468
270
313
115
446
933
2004
634
274
1520
327
327
197
353
677
2052
680
274.5
1138
329
318
200
291
721
2511
428
275
1291
240
405
478
369
1014
2499
560
275.5
1279
342
440
321
454
925
2299
728
276
1000
300
387
79
433
650
2245
730
276.5
1073
276
451
367
362
845
2546
618
277
1039
322
310
322
352
969
2164
714
277.5
1192
213
347
207
448
805
2123
647
278
1162
270
353
172
431
926
2180
712
278.5
1082
280
346
609
324
1138
1974
634
279
1109
261
350
115
361
1035
2288
627
279.5
910
229
381
380
436
933
2225
671

241

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
280
996
247
315
499
381
1210
2215
599
280.5
929
208
377
0
407
616
2193
544
281
1112
286
443
356
387
789
2217
734
281.5
1096
314
393
575
545
1072
2367
692
282
1127
260
372
302
584
1131
2086
681
282.5
1227
287
452
358
590
857
2254
749
283
1413
366
337
181
564
686
2069
707
283.5
1321
345
328
343
564
1165
2122
830
284
1227
382
298
198
548
643
2084
728
284.5
1124
280
357
197
532
553
2068
865
285
1183
304
396
473
542
698
2192
662
285.5
1184
222
415
92
371
888
2030
869
286
1585
300
253
317
395
938
2329
897
286.5
774
218
176
184
341
902
1059
49
287
575
203
121
79
265
814
1117
0
287.5
459
154
156
178
156
666
720
168
288
787
235
230
0
231
992
1483
460
288.5
1278
287
413
154
380
1084
1981
860
289
1059
247
395
274
494
922
2301
620
289.5
996
196
369
131
466
796
1984
837
290
907
286
343
145
393
692
2199
651
290.5
945
246
301
81
408
672
1764
837
291
739
198
364
41
469
880
2075
742
291.5
1006
227
398
9
460
815
2198
855
292
895
297
419
234
404
423
2234
731
292.5
1025
233
358
411
460
818
2180
722
293
1328
231
392
291
528
543
1807
680
293.5
1455
318
369
139
681
556
1901
626
294
1112
263
388
352
488
947
1958
578
294.5
988
234
359
354
581
1123
2144
565
295
1068
223
345
37
549
971
1971
633
295.5
1341
265
328
81
608
781
1894
731
296
1100
179
200
339
521
855
1323
221
296.5
715
199
187
0
532
889
1242
146
297
569
227
166
0
446
520
1175
35
297.5
532
149
136
155
511
504
1352
103
298
1029
225
375
227
691
915
2213
436
298.5
886
241
298
42
549
515
2238
494
299
1149
261
290
0
639
844
1843
393

242

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
299.5
1217
235
306
372
613
833
1958
716
300
1666
185
331
310
768
1220
1950
628
300.5
1541
240
360
14
658
872
1812
538
301
1141
243
309
315
494
927
2121
460
301.5
1273
255
377
303
561
535
1785
553
302
1808
281
278
180
473
650
1870
550
302.5
1322
208
249
224
633
909
1780
448
303
1069
119
315
395
311
991
1764
392
303.5
1636
206
217
291
356
734
1816
507
304
1192
191
286
268
392
738
1709
567
304.5
999
184
244
239
397
530
1804
488
305
908
180
275
338
369
1057
1568
330
305.5
1074
95
276
180
342
1051
1665
389
306
854
189
301
332
337
1211
1782
383
306.5
1015
257
195
7
416
631
1698
381
307
823
207
152
155
368
1051
1704
346
307.5
1073
250
314
249
675
598
1923
1390
308
1082
272
339
166
630
745
2217
1248
308.5
1104
140
227
286
631
1300
2163
1148
309
1166
223
227
219
650
467
2159
1348
309.5
1233
231
281
387
515
607
1898
1411
310
1138
235
257
73
496
1526
2190
1471
310.5
1125
247
182
227
792
1009
2153
1276
311
1249
310
364
356
878
867
2017
1432
311.5
1091
249
315
178
817
1068
1870
1470
312
1072
214
300
630
763
977
2235
1481
312.5
1007
142
209
421
558
892
1811
1135
313
1152
193
242
434
530
1187
2262
1385
313.5
1291
216
219
485
528
750
1681
1648
314
1225
260
279
108
570
944
1681
1122
314.5
1147
186
222
180
562
868
1802
1548
315
1063
237
285
220
526
987
2190
1466
315.5
1255
252
349
482
594
1124
1831
1836
316
1207
213
303
351
540
772
1642
1893
316.5
1226
160
252
296
622
1253
1976
1450
317
1387
230
263
210
599
837
1712
1717
317.5
1398
317
295
241
615
919
1925
1549
318
1710
210
200
496
705
1281
1853
1427
318.5
1385
244
333
287
677
513
1933
1761

243

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
319
1598
213
308
151
661
874
1885
1464
319.5
1779
265
381
0
555
1111
1688
1900
320
1657
267
292
239
645
719
1881
1904
320.5
1528
206
270
229
689
672
1770
1822
321
1529
415
304
245
626
835
1900
1657
321.5
1460
235
244
511
502
1318
1811
1578
322
1508
232
388
385
605
919
1782
1968
322.5
1418
239
340
325
491
1035
1883
1861
323
1495
226
399
487
594
997
2044
1938
323.5
1396
238
335
446
594
1034
1865
2157
324
1401
291
276
21
604
847
1940
1998
324.5
1590
227
266
506
644
851
1784
1926
325
1470
221
334
107
694
670
1937
1923
325.5
1205
207
189
508
843
927
2112
1558
326
1314
226
363
317
828
1036
1881
1615
326.5
1044
183
332
364
724
749
1853
1419
327
951
175
281
264
695
1038
1984
1437
327.5
940
234
323
505
699
1094
2082
1097
328
927
268
386
465
771
713
2168
1230
328.5
1160
133
311
195
778
763
1934
1508
329
1166
320
402
362
738
659
1877
1804
329.5
1090
265
290
119
570
638
2013
1756
330
1264
297
317
184
569
801
1647
1736
330.5
1355
223
224
485
679
1074
1725
1513
331
1135
226
357
616
827
904
1881
1271
331.5
1114
172
227
459
800
985
2074
1379
332
1421
252
217
386
844
825
1888
1749
332.5
1222
230
311
0
786
867
1600
1476
333
1076
286
338
134
746
782
2083
1262
333.5
1289
281
368
499
840
948
1917
1779
334
1091
211
258
302
825
919
1869
1591
334.5
1073
250
404
656
796
648
1752
1586
335
1219
240
344
291
1051
1034
1848
1315
335.5
325
199
128
0
188
623
613
23
336
119
201
94
0
18
705
238
0
336.5
113
182
84
45
59
544
211
17
337
726
220
207
377
558
1011
1400
902
337.5
1342
240
318
290
1033
1182
1796
1585
338
1168
279
394
320
848
766
1757
1449

244

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
338.5
1324
267
294
108
786
964
1807
1560
339
1235
170
299
240
832
748
1534
2002
339.5
1374
229
336
0
851
914
1864
1518
340
1568
293
282
172
715
722
1614
1605
340.5
1311
296
366
0
878
1063
1888
1835
341
1323
259
337
500
922
667
1580
1442
341.5
1312
336
352
181
833
1026
1839
1318
342
1307
248
354
256
819
1096
1723
1341
342.5
1199
230
358
0
892
1199
1398
1451
343
1450
134
225
140
666
1029
1745
1858
343.5
1264
246
305
160
759
643
1600
1677
344
1451
281
320
174
683
761
1414
1705
344.5
1440
180
306
12
818
843
1684
1467
345
1429
221
241
69
719
810
1653
1518
345.5
1280
250
128
297
725
752
1567
1437
346
1159
198
346
617
855
749
1687
1174
346.5
1089
259
336
65
794
865
1619
1093
347
1235
330
346
521
754
661
2010
1352
347.5
1394
256
297
0
702
1016
1649
1714
348
1165
266
345
115
643
819
1498
1316
348.5
1062
147
337
192
730
954
1425
1103
349
1039
223
215
170
722
739
1319
1125
349.5
1149
192
210
297
673
607
1490
1148
350
1504
242
309
40
586
578
1404
1433
350.5
1561
236
236
140
595
750
1456
1604
351
1044
294
342
386
701
1023
1588
1151
351.5
959
190
268
560
548
1043
1342
1391
352
1050
222
249
184
561
710
1528
1336
352.5
1055
211
226
85
535
677
1453
1576
353
561
214
222
51
365
841
968
445
353.5
556
194
76
0
253
628
597
373
354
594
175
151
194
322
597
788
416
354.5
652
194
192
53
490
116
672
805
355
961
92
240
0
771
750
1532
1272
355.5
1127
236
284
106
763
818
1806
1553
356
1010
236
305
527
559
1055
1479
1107
356.5
1356
218
327
147
577
605
1203
1502
357
975
114
232
78
576
670
1400
1187
357.5
853
213
281
162
564
1039
1402
1214

245

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
358
1028
190
269
50
596
576
1379
1320
358.5
847
221
156
234
486
596
1404
1236
359
632
122
170
95
392
397
1118
1098
359.5
770
186
235
0
383
769
961
1295
360
853
157
150
94
271
808
1143
1145
360.5
621
127
246
41
402
1184
1033
643
361
682
120
187
0
408
700
1421
1119
361.5
891
192
262
81
352
888
1186
1338
362
763
174
248
256
472
864
1217
1238
362.5
992
142
198
453
398
937
1368
1313
363
937
187
108
274
513
858
1413
1007
363.5
813
100
119
0
571
977
1473
925
364
783
155
168
359
583
954
1429
947
364.5
840
199
305
207
598
910
1361
853
365
900
131
283
224
553
716
1539
1274
365.5
1051
284
254
44
532
875
1351
1158
366
1009
248
245
51
636
876
1247
1121
366.5
1007
128
266
604
699
1009
1329
1170
367
766
228
292
33
396
703
1201
980
367.5
755
223
211
80
446
609
1251
841
368
718
209
314
114
529
773
1395
865
368.5
1959
294
321
278
834
883
1593
2195
369
1666
214
305
197
901
930
1960
1761
369.5
1639
240
353
113
844
1063
1657
1663
370
2220
271
351
619
861
974
1655
2462
370.5
1896
332
334
403
926
853
2213
1725
371
2118
245
298
141
878
878
1801
1706
371.5
1833
297
399
399
1027
1459
1809
1334
372
2059
282
351
0
896
1066
1620
2263
372.5
2126
288
334
259
822
761
1483
2116
373
1799
243
370
223
916
1041
1852
1760
373.5
1740
290
393
389
875
981
1877
1358
374
2139
274
314
157
831
1033
1964
1757
374.5
1576
208
357
231
798
929
1676
1524
375
2023
222
336
258
900
736
1713
2013
375.5
1836
242
242
56
862
762
1501
1760
376
1695
228
288
418
927
1242
1822
1529
376.5
1738
315
352
93
1019
1235
2004
1605
377
1555
326
301
645
1099
1220
1984
1325

246

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
377.5
1511
193
360
377
1032
858
2016
1117
378
1435
159
312
304
1026
1051
1975
1096
378.5
1343
150
335
141
955
953
1872
1176
379
1290
193
351
197
936
857
2098
1034
379.5
1226
221
325
67
997
1193
2225
1031
380
1184
267
316
292
987
1201
2044
971
380.5
1244
275
341
294
1025
1293
1991
994
381
1365
257
261
184
1109
1215
2016
1084
381.5
977
176
219
418
772
683
1795
790
382
1364
240
381
416
1013
1001
2107
825
382.5
1420
244
443
502
962
889
1769
1169
383
1446
223
306
0
1012
881
2047
1155
383.5
1543
247
369
133
1068
851
2286
977
384
1520
248
302
482
1110
1123
2304
1104
384.5
1452
275
314
159
1013
1007
2058
1256
385
1441
281
387
307
1033
667
2184
1043
385.5
1491
278
268
284
951
1181
1962
1103
386
1562
279
342
28
1065
1010
1880
1339
386.5
1572
326
417
266
1006
1299
1940
1333
387
1599
296
417
126
1114
1114
2106
1010
387.5
1541
290
356
348
1253
965
2317
1264
388
1551
252
325
0
1167
1036
2112
1091
388.5
1576
241
294
244
1075
1074
2009
1164
389
1571
291
324
51
1111
1092
1964
1140
389.5
1680
185
320
174
1472
871
2032
1199
390
1425
277
376
366
1211
1517
1916
931
390.5
1520
210
307
523
1049
1029
1693
988
391
1532
200
363
264
932
1196
1793
996
391.5
1564
283
331
291
1114
882
1794
1113
392
1488
269
206
637
1043
898
1787
929
392.5
1462
266
356
262
1051
1273
2013
1046
393
1501
285
286
166
1082
1059
1851
947
393.5
1372
130
280
0
1013
952
1883
875
394
1278
259
383
301
1058
800
1919
825
394.5
1373
234
394
272
1138
727
1959
792
395
1370
230
281
229
1060
959
1930
879
395.5
1489
172
352
409
1232
1039
1804
890
396
1273
227
368
311
970
1030
1899
731
396.5
1445
203
304
77
1121
681
1900
1025

247

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
397
1451
250
346
109
1033
1022
1702
1025
397.5
1571
292
273
504
1072
1027
1935
980
398
1544
233
302
220
971
1267
1785
834
398.5
1314
270
286
170
966
1388
1725
1073
399
1430
221
304
591
981
1148
1819
1150
399.5
1678
252
317
298
1017
1159
1944
1046
400
1823
280
326
360
1061
1455
1733
949
400.5
1876
237
378
464
980
1286
1934
1067
401
1568
242
271
233
1043
1011
1814
1207
401.5
1392
306
338
127
941
953
2014
1179
402
1468
192
307
322
1021
929
1799
998
402.5
1619
211
349
391
1143
840
1744
951
403
1610
276
315
26
1177
742
1826
1007
403.5
1589
244
396
283
1174
1128
1835
1076
404
1434
348
358
412
1195
1506
1593
997
404.5
1559
225
346
151
1177
1543
1744
1321
405
1890
277
310
0
1893
1371
1759
1295
405.5
1680
298
324
542
1934
1190
1736
1291
406
1345
181
287
473
1479
1175
1816
865
406.5
1335
255
358
520
1464
1412
1843
1120
407
1558
235
369
0
1441
1259
2029
1154
407.5
1538
227
346
436
1476
1183
2046
1012
408
1630
292
360
0
1620
1126
1456
991
408.5
1745
326
288
267
1646
1201
1903
958
409
1697
260
324
129
1707
1340
2001
948
409.5
1865
284
381
534
1676
1631
1880
1272
410
1776
271
363
406
1558
1409
1993
1062
410.5
1744
321
245
254
1654
1084
1918
983
411
1888
271
366
430
1809
1058
2172
1143
411.5
1950
286
261
308
1692
1181
1613
1240
412
1721
249
356
420
1644
1279
1954
1272
412.5
1914
357
313
80
1687
1492
1858
1110
413
2068
378
278
242
1671
1229
1930
1059
413.5
1827
219
397
325
1629
1427
1804
1136
414
1879
316
210
31
1728
971
1852
1032
414.5
1467
267
278
271
1436
1097
1452
686
415
1362
267
301
0
1260
1014
1366
648
415.5
1360
272
293
157
1493
934
1158
732
416
1846
236
387
331
1668
1072
1697
1187

248

Depth S
Sb
Sc
Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
(cm)
416.5
1859
308
374
599
1638
934
1847
999
417
1824
333
447
240
1676
1051
1862
1104
417.5
1763
298
261
399
1577
1364
1807
1160
418
1776
278
321
305
1528
942
1908
1277
418.5
1813
312
346
400
1566
975
1985
1135
419
1870
275
335
310
1526
1080
1976
1111
419.5
1798
368
384
213
1544
980
2013
1135
420
2105
224
368
188
1525
1357
1834
1226
420.5
1813
257
346
357
1550
844
1771
1116
421
1814
229
363
260
1631
1164
1941
1178
421.5
1965
242
365
484
1660
1126
1945
1212
422
1836
263
293
244
1555
1504
1774
1155
422.5
1978
346
382
323
1642
1204
1887
1340
423
1821
282
311
331
1736
1108
1735
974
423.5
1945
323
358
276
1750
1286
1909
1035
424
2008
367
294
39
1748
1531
1841
1148
424.5
2098
328
352
494
1794
1011
1910
1031
425
2135
299
414
92
1886
950
2028
969
425.5
2014
185
367
6
1789
912
1875
1023
426
1731
330
345
340
1877
1158
1737
1198
426.5
1692
273
393
457
1815
1393
1749
1063
427
1801
251
307
260
1865
1196
1811
1195
427.5
1821
271
367
308
1837
1210
1602
1183
428
1928
324
372
183
1870
1314
1675
1042
428.5
1998
387
344
510
1861
1375
1777
1191
429
1589
293
276
39
1724
1378
1365
926
429.5
1667
281
209
0
1528
1169
1228
742
430
1406
207
252
383
1431
771
1176
791
430.5
1654
189
205
385
1917
1075
1290
701
431
1007
154
203
148
989
872
970
522

249

Table A 2.6 Cuobu XRF geochemistry Te – Zn
Depth
Te
(cm)
27
27.5
28
28.5
29
29.5
30
30.5
31
31.5
32
32.5
33
33.5
34
34.5
35
35.5
36
36.5
37
37.5
38
38.5
39
39.5
40
40.5
41
41.5
42
42.5
43
43.5
44
44.5
45
45.5

Tl

Tm
88
40
180
0
398
295
217
175
478
573
369
221
111
398
292
115
52
93
269
169
253
333
80
66
91
675
447
259
188
88
193
177
182
374
333
265
215
354

V
185
69
609
699
440
427
528
649
637
571
691
540
514
425
693
554
649
705
542
537
414
867
522
689
542
841
589
622
511
542
670
538
704
481
545
496
439
319

W
529
1389
2712
2730
2590
2617
2735
2552
2735
2684
2577
2785
2620
2620
2583
2642
2705
2619
2677
2705
2703
2726
2608
2833
2627
2821
2592
2574
2761
2886
2712
2769
2844
2556
2464
2432
2323
2461
250

Y
1782
2138
4291
4369
4479
4130
4278
4327
4197
4569
4336
4118
3941
4102
3917
4160
4294
4257
4443
4071
4224
4130
4258
4114
4286
4368
4160
4184
4115
4275
4401
4360
3927
4078
4155
3980
3914
3946

Zn
0
486
181
0
363
98
291
90
113
0
214
159
565
95
179
0
323
246
513
0
472
242
183
419
91
239
272
606
324
86
666
861
157
651
425
0
20
0

18635
30
224
65
156
135
295
0
0
474
22
72
156
15
103
0
123
40
281
85
18
60
221
117
81
328
202
133
223
199
108
284
429
49
112
190
58
141

Depth
Te
(cm)
46
46.5
47
47.5
48
48.5
49
49.5
50
50.5
51
51.5
52
52.5
53
53.5
54
54.5
55
55.5
56
56.5
57
57.5
58
58.5
59
59.5
60
60.5
61
61.5
62
62.5
63
63.5
64
64.5
65

Tl

Tm
394
85
255
195
259
213
226
0
36
417
549
122
399
227
54
402
207
610
179
420
0
166
188
183
5
351
327
354
489
557
180
433
169
289
83
286
438
188
302

V
504
517
436
472
517
541
463
735
567
612
644
479
407
560
480
418
514
289
539
618
409
582
548
296
646
506
320
518
446
706
397
588
607
460
415
546
411
524
627

W
2329
2503
2336
2249
2271
2437
2555
2782
2723
2410
2810
2410
2380
2548
2708
2487
2594
2660
2498
2537
2784
2348
2704
2455
2727
2517
2620
2375
2474
2454
2404
2487
2781
2477
2386
2770
2456
2644
2442

251

Y
3924
3943
3961
3936
4013
4062
3993
3954
4056
4262
4110
3894
3945
4094
4070
4018
3910
4385
4454
4218
4077
4028
4091
4194
4094
4159
4056
4092
4131
4162
3925
4097
3990
4055
3780
3876
3930
3877
4055

Zn
191
180
0
0
414
0
50
0
484
288
203
543
0
321
738
504
261
203
0
225
292
0
402
313
169
164
345
312
0
206
107
0
360
450
266
329
431
145
614

57
178
132
17
25
0
60
110
143
207
171
0
0
379
41
0
0
256
120
349
159
80
0
133
0
270
83
271
214
322
45
219
166
79
0
0
244
106
17

Depth
Te
(cm)
65.5
66
66.5
67
67.5
68
68.5
69
69.5
70
70.5
71
71.5
72
72.5
73
73.5
74
74.5
75
75.5
76
76.5
77
77.5
78
78.5
79
79.5
80
80.5
81
81.5
82
82.5
83
83.5
84
84.5

Tl

Tm
149
216
0
104
24
263
229
224
398
353
199
449
334
308
97
433
109
69
12
157
390
0
263
182
226
500
122
134
163
231
407
218
68
288
277
122
0
21
0

V
510
497
429
443
312
620
513
457
373
588
508
469
683
629
628
527
560
215
0
0
417
368
407
635
512
511
476
766
714
481
513
505
607
512
479
557
574
405
437

W
2727
2457
2372
2517
2418
2442
2564
2403
2606
2582
2439
2401
2597
2611
2306
2404
2707
2272
1232
1359
1786
2048
2331
2413
2628
2397
2371
2502
2574
2483
2520
2501
2500
2532
2520
2561
1321
1304
1589

252

Y
4077
3897
3668
4116
4115
4240
3959
4135
3937
3687
3948
4007
3994
4184
4317
3901
4285
3452
1983
2111
2716
3459
3968
3914
4009
3957
4099
4165
4078
4347
4099
3805
3979
4004
4268
3725
1973
1802
2109

Zn
108
0
370
359
417
187
345
0
432
139
156
0
535
587
86
97
74
232
327
28
208
410
247
308
264
349
0
420
593
326
736
451
79
0
74
0
487
80
178

0
0
17
157
114
214
91
35
145
4
222
279
53
193
436
363
464
36
0
96
322
215
192
161
368
231
149
127
129
183
113
373
223
358
342
447
33
344
270

Depth
Te
(cm)
85
85.5
86
86.5
87
87.5
88
88.5
89
89.5
90
90.5
91
91.5
92
92.5
93
93.5
94
94.5
95
95.5
96
96.5
97
97.5
98
98.5
99
99.5
100
100.5
101
101.5
102
102.5
103
103.5
104

Tl

Tm
0
0
13
84
0
0
73
0
0
25
0
52
0
0
0
118
0
203
69
183
0
26
0
167
17
199
100
88
0
131
152
350
129
136
253
54
117
424
406

V
501
603
463
482
390
669
538
575
530
177
380
199
425
645
519
510
688
782
599
929
673
787
722
730
622
807
865
802
980
804
697
586
959
976
695
909
797
799
876

W
1536
1614
1793
1674
1621
1584
1587
1648
1555
1286
1172
1181
1412
1540
1850
1763
1814
1769
2075
1696
1776
1937
1912
1562
2182
2076
2358
2198
2148
2132
1785
1803
2059
2185
2459
2222
2275
2303
2482

253

Y
2234
2166
2222
2168
2387
2277
2308
2339
2403
2287
1977
1949
1979
2318
2750
2804
2741
2595
2782
2574
2486
2790
2666
2400
2539
2513
2605
2819
2869
2916
2447
2454
2404
2573
2700
2756
2931
2973
2827

Zn
289
179
468
293
0
169
136
359
377
553
408
406
226
215
156
181
0
91
667
332
76
496
398
176
167
680
19
128
463
88
275
88
203
188
0
207
219
342
39

267
281
120
280
149
94
392
302
356
184
266
94
0
242
295
530
217
395
342
264
169
372
327
240
99
345
309
433
235
215
131
270
164
278
195
61
165
104
194

Depth
Te
(cm)
104.5
105
105.5
106
106.5
107
107.5
108
108.5
109
109.5
110
110.5
111
111.5
112
112.5
113
113.5
114
114.5
115
115.5
116
116.5
117
117.5
118
118.5
119
119.5
120
120.5
121
121.5
122
122.5
123
123.5

Tl

Tm
339
432
345
203
589
570
449
369
233
412
436
293
402
422
277
373
42
113
52
189
323
393
341
292
180
325
408
38
190
58
135
159
273
137
51
151
76
165
192

733
825
786
631
825
875
910
858
1068
863
775
792
750
796
973
744
872
485
899
1008
812
852
835
947
885
928
844
311
559
749
782
881
825
717
692
929
957
767
815

V

W
2293
2387
2508
2459
2575
2767
2705
3019
3101
2775
2378
2504
2751
2661
2604
2451
2432
2346
2546
2866
2751
2854
2841
2844
2632
2729
2305
1772
2125
2160
2558
2719
2733
2848
2639
2618
2798
2333
2300

254

Y
2718
2526
2435
2721
2781
2801
2815
2748
2624
2854
2904
2805
2730
2582
2675
2577
2427
2587
2865
2870
2798
2583
2512
2870
2574
2775
2637
1973
1968
2020
2627
2768
2573
2707
2800
2685
2730
2948
3105

Zn
0
201
328
216
0
326
277
201
39
0
219
343
127
0
61
10
0
159
197
189
0
277
0
121
121
142
245
0
230
119
202
0
0
72
54
271
94
553
166

170
109
34
183
359
314
136
206
109
356
473
122
207
156
110
195
62
312
235
250
162
377
98
242
26
387
482
232
233
498
412
273
247
463
0
90
167
283
375

Depth
Te
(cm)
124
124.5
125
125.5
126
126.5
127
127.5
128
128.5
129
129.5
130
130.5
131
131.5
132
132.5
133
133.5
134
134.5
135
135.5
136
136.5
137
137.5
138
138.5
139
139.5
140
140.5
141
141.5
142
142.5
143

Tl

Tm
335
453
328
176
211
19
123
252
359
290
324
219
301
251
296
246
364
310
410
71
60
178
243
264
274
223
13
226
0
0
37
98
479
337
384
291
0
0
388

690
907
785
986
769
804
682
855
778
766
968
831
890
781
612
899
834
770
858
881
797
848
853
785
987
732
753
914
0
0
46
666
1022
761
721
765
759
925
1004

V

W
2124
2272
2192
2122
2189
2197
2133
2109
2229
2339
2348
2438
2270
2263
2237
2292
2404
2302
2449
2365
2336
2590
2760
2543
2572
2681
2693
2798
1063
918
822
2061
2882
3020
2989
2836
2726
2631
2656

255

Y
2855
2953
3111
2848
2983
3050
2947
3046
2902
2898
3002
3017
2915
2763
2932
2819
2955
2946
2933
2892
3027
2923
2613
2950
2756
2635
2709
2777
1505
1201
976
2516
2864
2784
2637
2841
2609
2638
2718

Zn
56
390
394
427
210
54
110
203
0
0
0
0
199
228
320
148
178
0
173
140
391
0
0
0
288
103
66
352
264
593
249
0
568
0
331
403
0
386
59

297
380
365
415
116
127
254
323
250
114
276
347
165
130
148
225
268
422
312
62
311
201
171
218
252
136
236
212
71
0
20
369
338
204
353
488
0
201
212

Depth
Te
Tl
Tm
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
143.5
280
983
2606
2819
236
357
144
309
756
2439
3047
374
338
144.5
278
844
2325
2872
0
338
145
209
849
2370
2869
559
158
145.5
390
910
2684
2797
537
131
146
299
929
2613
2844
91
163
146.5
409
943
2748
2976
126
456
147
153
929
2682
2788
40
0
147.5
244
1056
2829
2763
0
167
148
500
948
2910
2922
422
375
148.5
316
992
2575
2884
0
386
149
130
902
2403
2877
267
229
149.5
119
771
2218
2830
200
252
150
117
651
1747
2521
327
156
150.5
270
170
1337
1992
377
0
151
118
444
1259
2102
396
247
151.5
96
560
1353
2158
395
170
152
368
926
2317
3065
677
139
152.5
347
1111
2540
3118
432
327
153
122
979
2793
2836
31
330
153.5
222
384
1446
1822
1874
286
55
154
264
554
1494
1854
1812
102
195
154.5
267
344
1083
1749
1690
195
89
155
218
216
1353
1624
1892
126
74
155.5
171
336
1329
1600
1899
0
73
156
256
502
1158
1650
1917
269
133
156.5
180
274
1354
1682
2041
0
178
157
284
466
1277
1803
1894
261
268
157.5
210
355
1717
1799
1711
260
106
158
196
669
1813
2026
1506
376
355
158.5
293
159
1837
1926
1757
182
124
159
142
562
1821
2157
1741
357
0
159.5
183
466
1691
1940
1784
68
162
160
212
594
1639
1947
2005
0
0
160.5
290
410
1338
1718
2024
76
160
161
303
472
1318
1964
1935
120
149
161.5
255
896
1106
1780
1842
0
115
162
148
292
1104
1716
2114
309
112
162.5
162
263
1270
1791
2018
140
169

256

Depth
Te
Tl
Tm
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
163
250
604
1627
1933
1842
61
311
163.5
232
173
1643
1772
2108
414
68
164
301
203
1673
1883
2236
0
0
164.5
180
514
1605
1948
2144
147
176
165
172
199
1460
1751
1974
183
99
165.5
304
175
1223
1700
2055
72
153
166
249
277
1460
1889
2106
149
265
166.5
253
611
1587
1918
2186
536
104
167
252
301
1240
1766
2088
641
0
167.5
154
447
1258
1803
2000
434
235
168
170
534
542
1022
1385
494
85
168.5
149
84
275
744
882
182
151
169
180
570
443
1060
1110
173
96
169.5
211
383
1032
1388
1391
351
41
170
125
677
1890
2088
1879
396
0
170.5
209
272
1719
1798
2088
492
121
171
320
656
1786
1811
2004
467
132
171.5
213
565
1658
1775
1931
402
32
172
200
332
1732
1902
1606
107
50
172.5
197
623
2169
2049
1864
217
217
173
182
515
2280
2077
1971
131
0
173.5
266
795
2032
1963
1889
0
0
174
196
589
2045
1960
1907
76
0
174.5
195
712
1902
2207
2077
0
97
175
239
449
1668
2020
2211
219
37
175.5
247
784
1790
1967
2051
84
77
176
249
476
1497
1996
1895
82
182
176.5
292
583
1973
2073
2095
520
228
177
193
594
1797
2142
1946
208
0
177.5
206
498
1741
2022
2083
190
70
178
356
523
1844
2018
2061
312
0
178.5
174
754
1400
1804
2057
325
187
179
242
454
1662
1916
2077
108
98
179.5
218
410
1635
1846
2015
90
103
180
177
798
1702
1897
1862
153
0
180.5
209
566
1473
1867
2004
257
0
181
198
510
1262
1558
1676
177
336
181.5
127
121
1403
1849
2162
192
0
182
176
495
1378
1940
2113
0
224

257

Depth
Te
Tl
Tm
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
182.5
149
622
1466
1705
2021
0
13
183
254
291
1578
2020
2016
287
17
183.5
240
647
1489
2017
2099
231
125
184
180
443
1656
1668
2122
25
346
184.5
194
626
1779
1975
2156
298
173
185
174
676
1436
1969
1986
163
304
185.5
237
567
1688
2085
1846
95
80
186
241
597
1613
1830
2101
561
86
186.5
83
625
1365
1630
1905
426
13
187
181
532
1706
1743
1832
472
107
187.5
226
343
1858
1908
1851
224
0
188
159
652
2053
2097
2039
175
0
188.5
253
589
1799
2195
1818
504
113
189
222
392
1927
2150
2132
79
0
189.5
218
515
1576
1901
1763
437
0
190
248
897
1583
1900
1988
342
233
190.5
244
327
1431
2197
1857
82
43
191
280
379
1754
2103
2243
71
0
191.5
185
511
1501
1908
1775
322
136
192
191
397
1383
1843
1984
104
0
192.5
279
300
1347
2020
2101
267
170
193
184
658
1910
1972
1987
0
133
193.5
274
983
2111
2137
2028
268
352
194
255
427
2309
2393
1782
0
0
194.5
196
788
2838
2856
2030
200
440
195
216
695
2354
2688
2140
239
346
195.5
140
643
1839
2361
2192
175
166
196
288
711
1222
1922
2207
395
45
196.5
259
223
1183
1812
2325
16
67
197
134
548
1221
1778
2205
131
0
197.5
278
879
1457
1942
2239
626
251
198
216
634
1201
1889
2033
389
107
198.5
342
456
1453
1829
2176
391
28
199
276
879
1126
1774
1935
104
155
199.5
298
480
1424
1932
2204
212
46
200
209
390
1720
2137
1894
0
74
200.5
345
614
1435
1796
2050
172
179
201
240
291
1840
2189
2191
242
52
201.5
221
549
1758
1989
1887
378
190

258

Depth
Te
Tl
Tm
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
202
218
822
1798
2045
2129
211
146
202.5
243
30
1429
1620
1797
387
35
203
160
367
588
961
1043
785
194
203.5
106
292
437
864
1160
344
70
204
130
0
512
881
921
467
11
204.5
266
490
1241
1804
1833
401
0
205
288
385
1647
2084
1981
200
0
205.5
180
768
1761
2055
2035
80
249
206
213
473
1887
2071
2243
139
0
206.5
184
564
1795
2452
2221
0
27
207
208
479
1840
2174
2282
495
141
207.5
245
395
1605
1997
2103
21
48
208
303
563
1930
2028
2357
174
279
208.5
298
591
2096
2340
1973
420
263
209
201
670
1854
2093
2109
351
213
209.5
263
522
1568
1957
1857
46
267
210
291
662
1387
1773
2074
0
224
210.5
287
384
1374
1930
2034
31
106
211
202
742
2206
2268
1859
289
17
211.5
280
347
1636
1801
1998
208
211
212
375
540
1504
1865
2386
327
0
212.5
211
413
1924
2047
1974
152
145
213
168
384
1925
2224
2168
352
125
213.5
255
669
1929
1944
1840
63
9
214
276
306
1871
2004
1635
423
98
214.5
262
587
2113
2048
1929
144
243
215
276
540
2158
1960
1930
200
120
215.5
270
607
1972
1885
1963
10
185
216
298
593
2503
2240
1904
132
165
216.5
194
519
2730
2119
1808
0
189
217
284
773
2612
2216
1770
250
294
217.5
265
587
2881
2428
1783
78
134
218
219
498
2387
2188
2211
85
188
218.5
308
665
2213
2024
2177
303
317
219
301
378
1873
2074
2081
429
148
219.5
347
452
1505
1798
2141
317
153
220
174
690
1536
1861
1877
57
336
220.5
286
489
1566
1975
2037
46
81
221
156
586
1619
1963
1898
267
258

259

Depth
Te
Tl
Tm
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
221.5
286
740
1553
2178
1952
463
13
222
391
469
1506
1997
1983
582
174
222.5
114
671
1812
2168
2125
314
223
223
175
448
1620
1960
1990
562
352
223.5
312
431
1544
1853
2018
74
241
224
246
343
1054
1217
1339
0
75
224.5
52
176
1562
1660
1955
346
0
225
308
329
1539
1808
2123
0
6
225.5
214
376
1242
1744
2014
150
250
226
267
411
1353
1773
2159
276
0
226.5
195
499
1198
1703
1881
398
201
227
169
242
1382
1649
2024
121
145
227.5
228
425
1579
1802
1995
195
7
228
151
348
1324
1958
1959
279
0
228.5
277
111
1232
1558
1936
0
97
229
206
514
1374
1704
2009
338
0
229.5
184
536
1460
1781
1878
49
0
230
192
555
1305
1766
2011
73
206
230.5
188
349
1257
1459
2077
0
0
231
252
447
1274
1589
2003
351
95
231.5
285
483
1277
3118
247
289
232
358
316
1188
3042
202
0
232.5
248
636
1253
3102
408
293
233
43
468
1138
2618
257
155
233.5
125
308
851
2111
325
144
234
337
488
1358
2940
197
318
234.5
332
585
1206
2959
0
187
235
130
543
1494
3040
153
0
235.5
498
475
1344
2878
0
205
236
413
596
1366
3049
213
141
236.5
356
382
1243
2906
0
6
237
552
594
1440
3049
0
405
237.5
589
665
1305
2938
232
147
238
163
492
1283
3047
174
159
238.5
416
448
1116
2732
151
79
239
304
360
926
2894
148
217
239.5
264
528
1163
2840
77
368
240
25
429
1375
2533
130
154
240.5
340
800
1484
2883
104
70

260

Depth
Te
(cm)
241
241.5
242
242.5
243
243.5
244
244.5
245
245.5
246
246.5
247
247.5
248
248.5
249
249.5
250
250.5
251
251.5
252
252.5
253
253.5
254
254.5
255
255.5
256
256.5
257
257.5
258
258.5
259
259.5
260

Tl

Tm
219
191
344
462
156
166
276
226
24
418
416
436
285
445
583
201
506
398
447
367
425
596
232
563
375
432
290
231
160
375
369
535
81
502
395
313
63
527
256

V
415
558
616
273
375
188
268
221
249
387
489
461
436
454
494
431
364
370
468
394
514
260
289
386
347
364
587
401
312
412
505
377
498
392
247
383
412
227
381

W
1427
1584
1278
1206
1045
807
888
921
810
1129
1182
1332
1224
1265
1017
1260
1121
1219
1184
1111
981
1144
1099
946
1163
1094
1218
1254
1147
1164
1217
1305
1242
1382
1251
1347
1216
1007
1317

261

Y
2719
2965
2812
2955
2653
2422
2258
2094
1862
2834
3114
2852
2798
2753
2751
2994
2997
3044
2871
2994
2876
2789
2706
3034
2847
2633
2912
2956
2692
2970
2804
2908
2874
3067
3084
2757
2845
2793
3024

Zn
230
548
161
0
393
51
143
635
108
256
336
0
109
575
15
0
213
179
67
82
224
269
198
0
0
104
395
0
279
58
61
85
0
0
295
408
27
0
0

0
211
0
160
229
243
93
71
15
271
146
0
108
54
193
0
80
267
118
0
0
98
0
97
196
0
93
0
0
214
0
226
0
150
0
24
0
316
96

Depth
Te
(cm)
260.5
261
261.5
262
262.5
263
263.5
264
264.5
265
265.5
266
266.5
267
267.5
268
268.5
269
269.5
270
270.5
271
271.5
272
272.5
273
273.5
274
274.5
275
275.5
276
276.5
277
277.5
278
278.5
279
279.5

Tl

Tm
547
555
561
288
361
486
449
422
294
340
426
255
328
280
273
331
629
367
548
393
507
454
388
322
603
416
393
431
483
395
326
391
232
230
347
362
244
335
206

V
358
453
553
367
737
842
724
569
586
497
688
381
282
479
410
335
547
369
379
386
372
391
615
410
536
279
468
679
392
471
520
628
449
650
696
736
667
584
575

W
1424
1386
1265
1253
1797
1663
1683
1556
1526
1452
1634
1531
1336
1502
1518
1544
1376
1431
1567
1537
1627
1547
1703
1474
2067
1673
1769
1957
1415
1732
1820
1770
1689
1776
1450
1607
1731
1500
1715

262

Y
2990
3131
2978
3060
2965
3118
3021
3218
3014
3128
2929
2918
3133
2833
2806
2443
2639
2960
3250
2963
3133
2989
3125
2794
2924
2933
3058
3192
3214
3339
3405
3141
3143
3040
3305
3301
3083
3293
3396

Zn
437
173
0
62
177
0
191
41
29
0
566
139
225
0
0
60
304
407
0
149
395
231
169
49
266
205
468
0
205
95
265
184
0
132
206
0
0
167
115

111
377
192
101
236
108
336
102
393
287
131
108
85
216
0
134
168
0
47
41
0
292
120
0
242
169
0
196
26
9
341
327
81
74
209
46
181
274
192

Depth
Te
(cm)
280
280.5
281
281.5
282
282.5
283
283.5
284
284.5
285
285.5
286
286.5
287
287.5
288
288.5
289
289.5
290
290.5
291
291.5
292
292.5
293
293.5
294
294.5
295
295.5
296
296.5
297
297.5
298
298.5
299

Tl

Tm
416
132
261
337
406
13
372
288
191
498
331
377
322
0
89
243
257
243
265
39
188
279
4
197
202
372
226
111
192
286
145
33
66
0
0
0
369
567
284

V
576
532
777
579
536
713
619
595
439
653
607
767
608
230
63
151
288
717
473
585
618
609
645
664
573
514
842
716
642
649
547
728
296
198
137
242
424
501
714

W
1733
1553
1697
1696
1498
1874
1861
1951
1592
1764
1839
1757
2059
980
712
764
1280
1847
1630
1690
1834
1504
1766
1869
1840
2058
2025
1885
1779
1574
1816
1795
1183
1057
996
987
1340
1496
1869

263

Y
3221
3086
3132
3337
3069
3287
3379
3340
2957
3078
3190
3179
3037
1752
1564
1237
2407
3053
3160
2731
3171
2794
2957
3013
3137
2939
2868
2719
3072
3198
3017
2747
2224
1842
1653
2038
3060
3197
2649

Zn
241
169
403
0
110
0
0
229
65
0
126
272
342
448
310
140
339
416
0
242
217
250
209
32
0
372
78
285
439
0
196
279
455
222
460
190
325
376
263

359
34
92
164
28
294
153
168
71
191
237
278
301
0
0
31
194
288
274
88
161
344
0
93
190
397
81
64
115
281
110
158
113
0
0
106
187
204
137

Depth
Te
Tl
Tm
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
299.5
243
731
1836
2959
158
194
300
141
735
1781
2930
352
78
300.5
261
665
1838
2795
350
197
301
134
603
1767
2861
274
0
301.5
240
672
1914
2730
306
338
302
254
634
2107
2689
200
352
302.5
215
367
1246
2522
388
204
303
264
421
1566
2428
322
198
303.5
0
618
2006
2556
153
236
304
237
584
1705
2761
98
86
304.5
38
506
1340
2564
96
128
305
0
430
1613
2387
525
77
305.5
0
477
1415
2375
283
286
306
204
416
1450
2483
438
179
306.5
271
513
1466
2350
257
349
307
0
290
1560
2289
266
26
307.5
66
297
538
1673
2987
76
161
308
150
473
532
1641
3107
39
71
308.5
147
487
273
1794
2889
419
175
309
133
567
490
1672
3044
290
53
309.5
70
474
479
1698
2810
0
254
310
93
353
284
2005
3022
263
0
310.5
167
383
409
1982
2897
0
186
311
79
293
503
2125
3047
0
55
311.5
37
144
407
1855
2735
285
53
312
163
536
589
2028
3062
109
269
312.5
219
566
507
1728
2978
134
0
313
178
624
362
1807
2908
161
183
313.5
178
375
577
1933
2753
0
0
314
166
468
520
1819
2893
55
283
314.5
230
689
643
2060
2689
200
163
315
185
598
442
2120
2841
233
317
315.5
116
424
541
2177
2757
255
174
316
108
401
616
2179
2496
169
297
316.5
212
336
415
1973
2931
173
122
317
170
392
388
2140
2718
45
67
317.5
118
522
338
2014
2782
0
309
318
225
517
567
2101
2545
401
198
318.5
187
414
372
1993
3105
144
92

264

Depth
Te
Tl
Tm
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
319
156
336
385
2201
2702
0
190
319.5
181
582
515
2306
2759
379
431
320
0
265
559
2313
2440
0
26
320.5
126
375
417
2218
2806
312
224
321
86
391
393
1933
2735
0
0
321.5
235
386
465
1886
2768
160
122
322
66
572
448
2125
2461
389
266
322.5
103
692
452
2047
2427
421
249
323
70
642
301
1985
2734
232
121
323.5
76
446
425
1812
2728
101
0
324
59
465
421
1899
2734
0
33
324.5
141
551
520
2002
2809
204
37
325
135
184
368
1831
2568
0
108
325.5
154
253
510
1759
2808
48
24
326
42
426
436
1739
2740
129
156
326.5
151
89
712
1690
2731
339
50
327
168
249
502
1728
2807
0
66
327.5
83
278
517
1572
2930
0
280
328
90
319
330
1691
2889
168
51
328.5
54
269
520
1769
2602
73
50
329
0
303
448
1995
2479
151
0
329.5
144
436
453
1726
2661
13
90
330
117
343
466
1927
2627
146
176
330.5
315
551
392
2074
2810
198
438
331
19
198
467
1926
3190
0
76
331.5
132
227
375
2069
2936
53
140
332
241
556
483
2386
2856
440
389
332.5
133
247
572
1916
2550
197
0
333
41
302
522
1741
2511
235
101
333.5
0
385
500
2096
2687
409
136
334
151
358
675
2074
2662
316
469
334.5
38
240
580
2241
2677
0
208
335
75
74
464
2005
2826
486
153
335.5
6
0
31
507
813
566
22
336
71
0
0
250
420
768
13
336.5
54
0
0
293
468
382
5
337
51
86
357
1380
2100
148
12
337.5
108
368
376
1994
2890
21
228
338
0
280
543
2326
2657
400
165

265

Depth
Te
Tl
Tm
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
338.5
184
362
398
2318
2606
183
0
339
165
316
540
2020
2489
182
294
339.5
57
396
426
2188
2414
230
129
340
126
336
509
1866
2255
344
287
340.5
42
302
538
2130
2645
365
281
341
96
97
532
2005
2384
0
88
341.5
96
365
544
2039
2483
72
177
342
83
270
471
2093
2386
146
197
342.5
56
219
550
1706
2351
358
42
343
211
360
452
1969
2486
231
187
343.5
148
189
453
1748
2408
132
90
344
11
196
490
2127
2236
378
0
344.5
0
46
478
2179
2516
271
247
345
131
30
446
2177
2211
266
212
345.5
131
52
441
2065
2234
189
175
346
82
156
555
1798
2456
118
313
346.5
78
0
384
1662
2285
346
0
347
0
240
341
1825
2521
203
107
347.5
11
85
331
2129
2154
0
178
348
15
146
480
1866
2318
0
154
348.5
115
84
547
1731
2222
166
54
349
68
0
351
1633
2240
82
0
349.5
77
0
367
1829
2102
0
0
350
11
97
316
2094
2178
0
86
350.5
74
323
478
2113
2247
358
230
351
10
22
336
1699
1950
409
113
351.5
24
0
364
1849
2061
264
55
352
100
245
494
1874
2319
321
298
352.5
95
0
587
1779
2140
302
79
353
0
0
47
846
1532
492
172
353.5
141
0
128
815
1146
501
122
354
8
34
137
988
1158
14
61
354.5
96
61
307
1041
1247
195
0
355
120
79
527
1449
2452
0
195
355.5
104
263
323
1846
2706
374
81
356
20
138
494
1797
2076
267
210
356.5
0
144
233
1707
2027
171
211
357
147
0
410
1524
2046
155
139
357.5
26
66
366
1530
2012
488
24

266

Depth
Te
Tl
Tm
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
358
0
73
445
1578
2105
251
73
358.5
17
0
221
1453
1856
241
118
359
59
0
274
1418
1743
204
24
359.5
0
12
365
1396
1760
455
72
360
35
0
161
1496
1659
110
151
360.5
46
0
242
1009
1646
601
51
361
81
43
373
1380
1692
627
208
361.5
47
86
308
1350
1841
485
265
362
51
0
429
1545
1706
226
140
362.5
169
144
390
1400
1898
592
226
363
173
125
353
1527
2061
122
105
363.5
164
67
187
1402
1887
305
129
364
100
143
424
1379
2105
397
192
364.5
19
0
369
1230
2130
280
219
365
125
0
420
1421
1944
324
89
365.5
59
106
469
1832
1994
82
238
366
49
27
361
1781
1924
244
100
366.5
79
0
334
1442
2122
0
0
367
0
0
401
1334
1865
532
190
367.5
18
0
155
1259
1813
526
31
368
12
101
392
1438
1909
13
49
368.5
286
786
2277
2671
495
80
369
141
486
2158
2645
208
119
369.5
202
413
2093
2753
245
122
370
0
281
2566
2406
175
0
370.5
201
230
2263
2914
358
375
371
189
365
2592
2696
30
386
371.5
122
511
2297
2783
264
305
372
20
481
2067
2474
440
167
372.5
118
477
2126
2670
174
206
373
0
404
2282
2940
0
88
373.5
180
161
2192
2695
0
283
374
159
235
2339
2821
193
449
374.5
220
229
2064
2275
249
7
375
278
185
2216
2445
298
168
375.5
354
234
2098
2345
10
331
376
258
274
1906
2558
297
333
376.5
305
101
2307
2880
0
353
377
100
308
2060
2834
416
337

267

Depth
Te
(cm)
377.5
378
378.5
379
379.5
380
380.5
381
381.5
382
382.5
383
383.5
384
384.5
385
385.5
386
386.5
387
387.5
388
388.5
389
389.5
390
390.5
391
391.5
392
392.5
393
393.5
394
394.5
395
395.5
396
396.5

Tl

Tm
308
183
69
205
184
0
277
94
0
117
286
200
272
217
235
40
90
245
29
232
274
16
0
135
303
36
91
34
184
9
352
51
229
155
135
190
96
0
240

V
409
363
278
308
98
336
280
380
254
276
276
289
211
276
270
267
414
392
346
212
178
142
368
325
314
435
310
354
368
324
371
213
293
311
282
277
203
152
210

W
1824
1974
2008
1608
1871
1644
1704
1656
1444
1613
2154
1746
1998
1829
2031
2067
1858
1969
1822
1769
1796
1603
1677
1496
1772
1567
1797
1695
1797
1647
1554
1601
1663
1499
1628
1603
1914
1475
1772

268

Y
3046
2911
2905
2778
3013
2978
2831
2878
2529
2795
2881
2840
2892
2943
3047
3040
2919
2988
2942
3016
3098
3057
2745
3055
2772
2596
2786
2760
2797
2850
2918
2779
2656
2599
2732
2792
2506
2711
2868

Zn
118
203
344
252
384
192
341
15
328
155
303
0
393
105
388
331
238
13
231
588
0
303
460
249
175
191
11
491
232
582
248
68
291
126
342
112
161
223
460

388
433
117
147
402
0
247
224
99
332
126
430
258
287
223
403
153
201
421
252
401
432
205
496
448
159
157
309
232
364
370
0
158
270
204
239
168
204
278

Depth
Te
(cm)
397
397.5
398
398.5
399
399.5
400
400.5
401
401.5
402
402.5
403
403.5
404
404.5
405
405.5
406
406.5
407
407.5
408
408.5
409
409.5
410
410.5
411
411.5
412
412.5
413
413.5
414
414.5
415
415.5
416

Tl

Tm
0
89
25
48
151
135
56
31
0
263
65
0
248
18
260
57
21
167
9
167
221
233
28
0
203
322
334
83
261
140
190
226
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

V
314
363
270
408
193
168
360
302
421
213
133
193
368
401
403
151
237
334
192
208
293
283
316
286
238
331
329
276
253
340
368
299
345
220
355
277
201
297
393

W
1632
1463
1771
1878
1891
1414
1683
1711
1871
1755
1792
1655
1571
1350
1884
1914
2291
1463
1811
1840
1855
1921
1788
1899
1709
1700
1743
1582
1805
1628
1627
1405
1729
1594
1592
1412
1438
1404
1762

269

Y
2630
2637
2820
2709
2732
2504
2835
2671
2723
2705
2705
2521
2948
2693
2795
2557
2805
2339
2693
3109
2894
2966
3052
2823
2897
2972
2968
3016
2994
2707
2917
2702
2605
2738
2801
2384
2188
2277
2663

Zn
366
226
399
450
185
109
387
281
353
202
0
0
35
439
131
258
189
566
0
364
362
141
55
131
0
305
174
105
0
275
306
471
129
0
168
302
201
391
0

58
328
375
155
334
0
137
156
481
349
197
153
161
412
452
202
356
200
245
304
240
353
486
268
259
636
527
377
480
411
513
487
287
347
161
403
284
292
130

Depth
Te
(cm)
416.5
417
417.5
418
418.5
419
419.5
420
420.5
421
421.5
422
422.5
423
423.5
424
424.5
425
425.5
426
426.5
427
427.5
428
428.5
429
429.5
430
430.5
431

Tl

Tm
0
167
59
75
287
334
384
121
0
252
141
247
114
152
159
156
85
0
126
14
114
48
172
105
49
0
42
186
163
0

V
457
327
333
192
312
251
353
210
215
271
279
387
258
482
394
268
274
161
333
351
221
187
299
267
358
276
264
308
270
125

W
1836
1632
1896
1820
1594
1804
1801
1903
1858
1960
1778
1934
1918
1785
1736
1670
1562
1622
1822
1860
1731
1930
1669
1718
1700
1358
1346
1312
1213
951

270

Y
2829
2758
2811
2900
3045
2808
2875
2935
2773
2935
2642
2846
2933
2752
3081
3102
2931
2767
2821
2925
2852
2834
2919
2871
2840
2354
2091
1711
1978
1841

Zn
142
0
84
167
409
193
509
278
0
312
0
270
369
262
316
342
69
402
344
309
357
187
122
76
746
590
379
188
47
500

302
298
232
497
452
545
416
343
313
456
441
422
362
587
345
451
545
551
481
530
388
538
595
447
410
367
286
271
280
203

Appendix 3: Galang Co age model produced by Bacon® with composite depths vs.
mean age.
Table A 3.1: Galang Co Depth vs. Mean Age (BP) for composite core.
Depth (cm) Mean Age
Depth (cm) Mean Age
(BP)
(BP)
1
-62.9
35
141.9
2
-60.8
36
210.3
3
-58.6
37
277.2
4
-56.5
38
344
5
-54.4
39
410.7
6
-52.6
40
477.8
7
-50.9
41
540.5
8
-49.2
42
604.3
9
-47.4
43
667.8
10
-45.7
44
731
11
-44.1
45
792.7
12
-42.5
46
856.8
13
-40.9
47
920.6
14
-39.2
48
984.3
15
-37.6
49
1047.6
16
-33.5
50
1110.8
17
-29.4
51
1178.4
18
-25.4
52
1246.3
19
-21.3
53
1313.6
20
-17.3
54
1381.2
21
-9.3
55
1448.7
22
-1.3
56
1516
23
6.7
57
1584.8
24
14.7
58
1653
25
22.6
59
1721.1
26
33.9
60
1789.4
27
45
61
1855.3
28
55.9
62
1922.1
29
66.9
63
1988.6
30
77.8
64
2054.9
31
90.9
65
2121
32
103.8
66
2179.8
33
116.4
67
2238.3
34
129.2
68
2297.4

271

Depth (cm)
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107

Mean Age
(BP)
2355.9
2414.3
2485.8
2556.9
2628.8
2700.7
2772.8
2836.3
2900.3
2964.5
3028.6
3091.5
3150.8
3210.9
3271.8
3332.9
3393.6
3433.5
3472.5
3511.3
3550.2
3588.5
3629.3
3669.8
3710.2
3750.5
3791.5
3831.1
3870.6
3910.4
3950.3
3989.9
4036.2
4082.1
4128.2
4172.5
4216.8
4261.9
4306

Depth (cm)
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146

272

Mean Age
(BP)
4351.9
4397.1
4442.2
4485.7
4529.3
4572.7
4616.2
4659.4
4700.6
4741.6
4783
4824.7
4865.5
4905.5
4945.4
4986.1
5026.4
5067.7
5115.2
5163.4
5211
5259
5306.3
5349.4
5392.4
5436.3
5479.9
5524.2
5565.8
5608.4
5650.8
5694.1
5737.4
5764.3
5791.3
5818.2
5845.5
5872.4
5903.2

Depth (cm)
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185

Mean Age
(BP)
5934.8
5966.3
5997.9
6029.6
6081.2
6132.7
6184.2
6235.8
6287.3
6338.1
6389.4
6440.5
6491.5
6542.5
6583.7
6625.9
6667.8
6709.5
6750.9
6781.5
6812.4
6843.3
6873.4
6904.4
6933.1
6961.9
6991.1
7020
7048.5
7075.9
7103.7
7131.1
7158.7
7185.8
7202.6
7219.1
7235.8
7252.6
7269

Depth (cm)
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224

273

Mean Age
(BP)
7285.5
7302.3
7319.1
7335.6
7352.2
7369
7385.9
7402.7
7419.7
7436.7
7453
7469.8
7487.2
7504.6
7521.9
7537.9
7553.9
7569.7
7585.6
7601.5
7616.5
7631.3
7646.2
7661.1
7676.2
7691
7705.9
7720.8
7735.6
7750.4
7765
7779.9
7794.8
7809.6
7824.4
7840
7855.6
7871.4
7886.3

Depth (cm)
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260

Mean Age
(BP)
7901
7917.7
7934.3
7949.6
7964.4
7979.2
8013.5
8047.9
8082.1
8115.8
8148.2
8230.7
8313.5
8393.8
8474
8554.5
8649.3
8743.7
8838.4
8932.7
9027.2
9127.9
9229.7
9332
9433.7
9536.1
9624.1
9713
9801.9
9891.1
9979.8
10072.8
10166.3
10259.6
10352.5
10446.4

Depth (cm)
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295

274

Mean Age
(BP)
10536.9
10629.3
10721.3
10813.7
10904.9
10993.9
11084.6
11176.4
11268.2
11358.6
11422.3
11485.7
11548.9
11610.6
11671.1
11721.9
11772.3
11819.8
11865.6
11671.1
11721.9
11772.3
11819.8
11865.6
11911.7
11958.3
12004.1
12050.3
12096
12141.9
12189.6
12234.2
12279.5
12326.3
12374.4

Appendix 4: Galang Co XRF Geochemistry
Table A 4.1 Galang Co XRF Geochemistry Al – Br
Depth Al
Ag
(cm)
14.25
85
14.75
57
15.25
126
15.75
85
16.25
77
16.75
87
17.25
106
17.75
114
18.25
104
18.75
112
19.25
116
19.75
75
20.25
119
20.75
153
21.25
115
21.75
110
22.25
97
22.75
108
23.25
120
23.75
102
24.25
116
24.75
122
25.25
74
25.75
124
26.25
118
26.75
117
27.25
159
27.75
150
28.25
132
28.75
157
29.25
140
29.75
132
30.25
94
30.75
125
31.25
87
31.75
112

Ar
15491
11980
4181
4350
5519
7979
8086
7361
6597
4813
4437
4040
3913
4623
4632
4676
4905
4260
4100
5041
5515
4496
5041
4530
4755
5269
5164
4972
5964
5569
4498
4799
5557
5153
5753
5620

As

Au
0
0
95
312
463
230
423
321
536
422
405
419
291
473
773
488
358
544
410
548
708
458
483
405
459
716
513
96
112
371
380
445
281
503
316
702

275

Ba
209
215
637
627
681
578
532
692
505
649
671
676
593
464
514
693
561
541
571
857
578
619
732
574
656
620
653
480
570
533
376
507
595
516
431
642

Bi

Br
0
0
351
315
392
118
303
563
366
315
681
351
337
314
640
483
264
249
416
449
468
482
389
194
279
436
369
169
162
293
379
417
480
359
468
383

350
241
865
291
320
550
162
519
447
727
271
387
0
411
150
309
501
373
378
343
413
566
671
270
0
301
467
539
429
545
268
320
636
648
437
581

Depth Al
Ag
(cm)
32.25
110
32.75
112
33.25
143
33.75
144
34.25
53
34.75
86
35.25
103
35.75
138
36.25
112
36.75
76
37.25
103
37.75
155
38.25
116
38.75
141
39.25
146
39.75
175
40.25
100
40.75
77
41.25
104
41.75
129
42.25
137
42.75
47
43.25
164
43.75
173
44.25
116
44.75
149
45.25
136
45.75
126
46.25
171
46.75
108
47.25
105
47.75
132
48.25
98
48.75
131
49.25
95
49.75
128
50.25
141
50.75
69
51.25
116

Ar

As
4908
4697
4799
5173
5015
4576
5035
5010
5339
5565
5850
5444
5323
5645
5205
5000
5215
5305
5249
5443
5513
5167
5652
5569
5518
6250
6187
6166
6112
5946
6451
6459
5967
6295
6345
6115
5963
6323
6233

Au
242
656
340
390
333
436
216
497
431
510
615
570
409
502
531
611
395
384
434
379
567
488
724
730
460
258
625
470
357
347
622
735
580
349
290
589
489
564
408

276

Ba
518
432
366
596
471
665
533
489
596
537
628
728
509
652
698
578
715
395
486
474
548
545
446
653
709
733
442
484
544
374
349
630
370
565
535
514
408
360
411

Bi

Br
335
377
436
347
306
426
103
400
463
331
295
594
516
663
285
424
473
333
273
306
160
271
224
770
191
263
479
280
362
412
599
464
540
340
232
344
556
256
358

165
295
389
507
265
520
67
523
0
640
635
673
322
372
453
299
396
276
223
260
412
205
797
60
338
494
337
68
576
119
75
451
373
661
449
298
259
322
83

Depth Al
Ag
(cm)
51.75
113
52.25
134
52.75
111
53.25
203
53.75
173
54.25
182
54.75
131
55.25
141
55.75
158
56.25
108
56.75
165
57.25
166
57.75
114
58.25
119
58.75
66
59.25
163
59.75
110
60.25
125
60.75
97
61.25
99
61.75
234
62.25
136
62.75
117
63.25
149
63.75
118
64.25
80
64.75
160
65.25
107
65.75
125
66.25
127
66.75
96
67.25
134
67.75
164
68.25
84
68.75
78
69.25
145
69.75
161
70.25
114
70.75
124

Ar

As
6192
6770
6969
6155
7030
7195
6945
7585
7306
7473
7375
7736
7265
7535
7814
7585
7234
7886
7052
7689
7488
7539
7731
8161
8120
8395
7835
8595
8234
8452
8677
8644
8744
8983
9003
8628
9013
8571
8589

Au
330
633
364
183
217
334
274
31
210
349
431
557
248
542
586
296
442
575
563
453
694
346
579
630
339
535
489
691
619
482
409
488
426
306
540
364
362
110
260

277

Ba
496
548
270
227
511
216
396
386
219
659
377
401
483
555
265
429
407
281
517
406
785
408
545
481
448
401
628
180
384
232
684
462
420
484
448
449
285
668
473

Bi

Br
145
208
305
225
175
348
286
325
133
275
171
484
311
455
506
369
187
522
338
259
487
281
351
392
68
337
442
407
443
296
175
486
322
556
410
222
108
201
325

365
245
475
468
240
633
287
233
673
805
492
636
378
357
226
425
324
271
171
0
280
117
213
0
50
26
72
99
253
0
112
158
14
0
161
0
102
285
0

Depth Al
Ag
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
(cm)
71.25
132
8833
407
312
117
0
71.75
134
8936
127
342
328
309
72.25
107
8899
31
587
7
177
72.75
172
9206
316
311
190
469
73.25
113
9240
279
330
204
418
73.75
151
9024
274
448
263
512
74.25
168
9305
436
623
340
447
74.75
116
9359
127
449
262
723
75.25
122
9331
139
726
261
419
75.75
122
9208
185
234
241
465
76.25
134
9267
365
504
134
434
76.75
167
9672
235
560
127
532
77.25
42
9562
156
395
291
577
77.75
86
9439
312
419
60
250
78.25
127
9092
0
508
0
311
78.75
130
9453
197
477
249
420
79.25
127
0
8084
245
347
41
282
180
79.75
135
12
8532
535
429
0
133
514
80.25
131
43
9321
508
502
0
265
435
80.75
87
0
9258
138
317
87
80
459
81.25
121
47
9306
289
452
184
267
353
81.75
158
0
9989
425
602
0
89
896
82.25
90
25
8978
330
580
233
324
639
82.75
175
52
7361
587
516
0
588
506
83.25
142
61
7949
372
737
81
223
499
83.75
158
14
7751
475
531
37
316
718
84.25
171
0
8704
213
538
220
380
983
84.75
151
0
8104
333
404
0
433
712
85.25
119
7
7485
542
568
435
438
713
85.75
158
96
8129
365
554
154
472
584
86.25
131
0
7851
311
542
0
363
593
86.75
106
0
8383
430
377
163
310
518
87.25
145
0
8838
220
496
0
297
551
87.75
176
0
9070
303
377
270
338
834
88.25
103
0
9327
490
551
0
448
914
88.75
167
0
9185
428
215
122
233
809
89.25
71
72
8996
917
623
145
341
720
89.75
175
0
8804
812
835
0
355
844
90.25
159
138
8500
929
536
124
288
321

278

Depth Al
Ag
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
(cm)
90.75
139
103
8982
745
523
0
210
144
91.25
182
420
7904
0
228
162
0
75
91.75
253
503
7902
0
0
0
0
0
92.25
221
372
8107
386
217
0
0
0
92.75
156
420
8353
346
331
58
0
0
93.25
170
219
8695
1005
402
0
134
140
93.75
159
83
8345
785
552
40
237
0
94.25
122
35
8266
784
731
158
424
239
94.75
123
0
8352
953
647
0
548
280
95.25
91
7
8327
521
564
0
126
408
95.75
145
0
8785
572
523
0
492
356
96.25
185
0
9174
553
655
156
284
567
96.75
116
0
8929
689
489
350
421
419
97.25
188
118
8623
344
413
231
388
310
97.75
120
71
8735
620
546
608
562
144
98.25
150
22
8839
429
564
324
368
274
98.75
233
0
8891
307
619
0
395
558
99.25
109
0
8277
620
442
221
221
249
99.75
155
0
7594
404
694
170
360
242
100.25
149
0
7789
641
694
91
302
85
100.75
165
7
7595
701
482
0
408
283
101.25
130
4
7575
758
570
101
572
249
101.75
180
45
7465
585
593
102
416
230
102.25
161
82
7188
408
216
34
219
454
102.75
166
0
7429
448
597
306
237
62
103.25
111
31
7839
332
546
537
186
509
103.75
87
21
7622
632
429
584
237
813
104.25
168
0
7510
389
586
0
359
682
104.75
123
30
7921
175
463
557
187
675
105.25
138
0
8042
497
344
516
249
602
105.75
124
82
7609
195
637
0
497
859
106.25
148
0
8033
213
539
96
356
581
106.75
136
0
8554
408
435
32
427
472
107.25
141
29
8322
357
372
131
270
754
107.75
138
0
7726
333
777
214
369
950
108.25
138
34
8619
462
554
0
151
925
108.75
111
0
8275
95
501
97
225
581
109.25
129
0
8384
289
521
73
241
868
109.75
101
0
8577
619
602
333
372
948

279

Depth Al
Ag
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
(cm)
110.25
127
0
8464
308
413
129
299
679
110.75
122
0
8457
323
363
0
230
525
111.25
125
0
8341
486
670
184
453
880
111.75
129
0
8036
524
525
194
537
1048
112.25
78
50
8546
440
665
571
563
644
112.75
102
0
8426
532
439
559
208
540
113.25
142
0
8584
180
612
0
420
909
113.75
118
0
8537
410
368
188
303
686
114.25
140
17
8328
424
523
436
529
653
114.75
120
25
8655
306
484
627
344
752
115.25
190
0
8610
550
542
499
402
690
115.75
156
0
8212
490
466
308
54
605
116.25
201
0
8412
591
502
234
494
607
116.75
182
31
8082
293
533
0
573
817
117.25
137
0
7746
681
455
68
306
1025
117.75
153
0
8096
440
667
0
357
713
118.25
145
0
7440
582
463
201
276
458
118.75
220
0
7222
402
630
348
399
545
119.25
80
52
7776
382
463
0
275
1057
119.75
99
59
7291
554
487
215
532
883
120.25
123
0
11395
112
423
0
0
1018
120.75
93
0
14257
0
384
0
0
494
121.25
24
0
14437
0
204
6
0
377
121.75
65
0
14991
0
271
49
0
501
122.25
106
0
6721
255
483
19
101
599
122.75
140
0
6396
542
487
255
547
972
123.25
153
0
7544
346
500
163
454
691
123.75
155
30
7278
468
597
186
480
598
124.25
127
0
7757
490
579
1010
278
562
124.75
121
0
8323
405
280
741
309
127
125.25
136
0
8110
366
589
74
5
532
125.75
142
0
7837
303
474
134
334
413
126.25
123
0
8191
292
395
674
148
397
126.75
121
0
8321
557
325
171
440
468
127.25
157
0
8169
636
383
793
285
179
127.75
151
0
8137
517
601
9
444
198
128.25
111
0
9040
518
459
814
307
345
128.75
192
0
8365
188
503
1251
284
97
129.25
147
0
8504
380
288
356
501
759

280

Depth Al
Ag
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
(cm)
129.75
143
0
8225
592
464
235
377
601
130.25
117
0
8085
708
343
825
448
603
130.75
137
0
8379
742
411
490
267
877
131.25
121
0
8701
754
288
144
432
445
131.75
120
0
8445
709
405
214
482
636
132.25
170
0
8372
673
446
0
275
767
132.75
156
0
8802
703
469
539
134
567
133.25
105
0
9230
479
508
0
215
834
133.75
140
85
9277
512
638
0
346
549
134.25
104
0
9598
422
396
226
459
814
134.75
166
0
9645
643
537
0
387
907
135.25
110
151
9421
821
590
0
461
533
135.75
160
6
9310
659
447
392
367
996
136.25
129
25
9194
690
635
122
320
776
136.75
100
0
9463
426
513
0
505
678
137.25
122
0
9880
728
476
0
353
662
137.75
143
25
9409
515
782
0
293
383
138.25
162
150
9334
634
576
0
250
719
138.75
122
0
10042
1044
638
0
348
756
139.25
109
13
9977
847
569
0
208
572
139.75
205
15
9828
584
466
86
219
1176
140.25
146
0
10248
920
537
0
177
917
140.75
156
29
10168
681
654
13
119
486
141.25
131
0
10190
720
592
0
32
784
141.75
179
0
10589
417
509
371
106
379
142.25
99
0
10256
566
730
426
33
429
142.75
172
0
9939
473
346
34
306
543
143.25
100
0
9979
594
395
0
617
305
143.75
131
0
9965
1067
603
54
188
657
144.25
113
0
9898
1205
447
0
539
0
144.75
176
0
9726
1174
517
484
321
119
145.25
196
0
10289
706
684
1122
416
0
145.75
321
0
10038
503
558
2853
221
125
146.25
329
0
10243
724
530
2199
440
18
146.75
310
0
10430
265
466
1987
350
0
147.25
345
0
10445
532
610
2455
450
0
147.75
217
0
10068
746
667
1633
251
460
148.25
137
20
8976
474
353
183
240
879
148.75
113
0
8875
581
446
142
319
1157

281

Depth Al
Ag
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
(cm)
149.25
125
59
8637
711
533
0
24
784
149.75
106
0
8518
737
616
0
524
992
150.25
157
0
8518
424
727
0
513
833
150.75
157
0
8619
721
715
170
393
909
151.25
167
0
8494
503
522
0
358
667
151.75
178
22
8182
723
327
153
459
510
152.25
232
0
8254
715
665
0
473
591
152.75
193
0
8607
760
642
471
273
100
153.25
171
0
8369
975
551
951
528
615
153.75
163
21
8459
743
608
0
441
438
154.25
108
27
8716
838
563
0
586
350
154.75
138
0
10199
450
374
0
269
30
155.25
112
44
12803
0
388
378
0
134
155.75
49
0
14433
0
203
269
0
178
156.25
53
0
16089
0
133
109
0
41
156.75
89
18
15579
0
292
204
0
129
157.25
125
104
7000
392
375
373
120
491
157.75
159
86
6814
465
784
296
539
378
158.25
130
88
7490
348
578
549
589
548
158.75
168
50
7845
313
699
511
346
633
159.25
140
81
7847
214
399
1097
70
102
159.75
107
0
8034
497
592
131
345
502
160.25
111
6
7666
179
481
492
131
203
160.75
158
60
7724
626
618
132
303
517
161.25
137
77
7366
910
631
44
471
323
161.75
108
195
7126
317
516
411
339
155
162.25
150
27
7250
625
430
254
372
570
162.75
176
116
6927
363
874
0
337
354
163.25
149
0
7226
447
746
0
713
339
163.75
127
114
6798
394
845
375
142
949
164.25
99
66
6146
640
791
166
387
95
164.75
157
94
6276
780
893
175
428
52
165.25
107
120
5409
570
723
0
598
602
165.75
127
268
7407
0
542
0
0
1085
166.25
49
66
17079
0
241
0
0
362
166.75
91
57
12136
0
311
79
0
17
167.25
131
48
7229
128
946
132
42
506
167.75
101
43
7506
481
948
57
299
378
168.25
146
83
7119
654
730
65
305
431

282

Depth Al
Ag
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
(cm)
168.75
146
98
7402
601
581
788
576
480
169.25
183
83
7476
536
718
2098
366
318
169.75
131
0
7715
491
564
818
330
0
170.25
140
93
7044
521
358
2028
412
116
170.75
176
35
7016
200
432
4144
385
214
171.25
186
152
7410
575
764
2324
346
398
171.75
118
86
7459
240
663
2114
176
242
172.25
145
0
8776
350
646
1041
451
586
172.75
163
13
9678
435
459
1721
163
427
173.25
128
0
11152
224
324
707
144
369
173.75
113
0
14220
141
444
476
87
69
174.25
112
0
11520
380
449
298
0
0
174.75
156
4
7502
36
614
154
96
396
175.25
170
8191
676
567
727
190
175.75
116
7965
478
599
483
361
176.25
118
7595
798
573
389
226
176.75
117
7172
389
556
409
138
177.25
148
7441
649
630
382
345
177.75
161
7168
712
538
307
446
178.25
131
9396
434
511
308
242
178.75
121
12739
0
440
0
0
179.25
90
13100
13
451
0
0
179.75
53
15612
0
226
0
99
180.25
102
6170
378
680
242
176
180.75
185
7054
345
496
433
362
181.25
174
7373
319
616
696
193
181.75
134
6711
883
870
643
785
182.25
143
6959
272
774
492
658
182.75
117
7283
9
804
493
978
183.25
91
6276
522
707
528
783
183.75
140
7197
216
698
547
866
184.25
85
7201
242
910
716
656
184.75
147
7188
367
836
267
442
185.25
147
6754
486
604
354
804
185.75
133
5652
330
624
207
877
186.25
134
6567
378
850
554
836
186.75
117
6581
800
699
422
268
187.25
100
6365
730
492
435
331
187.75
106
6858
523
576
531
419

283

Depth Al
Ag
(cm)
188.25
204
188.75
151
189.25
104
189.75
71
190.25
137
190.75
134
191.25
124
191.75
145
192.25
165
192.75
85
193.25
178
193.75
134
194.25
135
194.75
127
195.25
158
195.75
169
196.25
162
196.75
183
197.25
63
197.75
126
198.25
153
198.75
141
199.25
66
199.75
124
200.25
154
200.75
162
201.25
156
201.75
83
202.25
83
202.75
62
203.25
87
203.75
101
204.25
156
204.75
106
205.25
122
205.75
163
206.25
121
206.75
149
207.25
163

Ar
7192
7641
8306
8208
8093
8154
9021
8544
8509
8729
8322
7523
7768
7116
7000
7026
6540
6945
7955
7511
8229
9549
8970
9166
9180
7914
8747
11506
16158
15322
14281
7301
7476
7260
6558
7980
8852
8593
7985

As

Au
826
740
332
446
506
731
361
593
853
418
701
464
663
358
611
493
493
321
365
377
657
402
438
496
321
558
287
260
0
0
54
573
423
333
493
496
530
438
782

284

Ba
714
753
524
569
420
707
522
463
583
492
583
416
755
739
625
792
761
559
766
644
414
651
632
376
439
645
659
416
337
90
585
400
491
343
866
616
506
690
690

Bi

Br
316
504
419
512
143
562
410
460
492
592
411
438
399
299
717
95
387
295
331
619
625
336
382
321
231
638
398
0
0
0
27
329
376
529
489
414
250
200
528

482
136
154
630
765
554
965
548
284
415
452
153
378
208
304
583
428
662
591
493
764
441
599
206
164
162
121
19
0
0
235
102
273
120
73
164
700
63
450

Depth Al
Ag
(cm)
207.75
179
208.25
159
208.75
90
209.25
117
209.75
105
210.25
174
210.75
114
211.25
144
211.75
112
212.25
123
212.75
166
213.25
88
213.75
123
214.25
119
214.75
135
215.25
101
215.75
104
216.25
131
216.75
142
217.25
137
217.75
149
218.25
150
218.75
138
219.25
179
219.75
162
220.25
74
220.75
178
221.25
137
221.75
126
222.25
96
222.75
122
223.25
200
223.75
132
224.25
145
224.75
182
225.25
70
225.75
170
226.25
129
226.75
196

Ar
9387
9016
8042
7945
7688
8170
8374
9302
9038
8792
8672
8385
9034
8820
8227
7870
7543
8375
7798
7758
7953
8205
7208
6864
7179
6489
8079
8490
8764
10227
8008
7022
6597
6221
5884
6117
6716
6274
7045

As
525
744
572
891
489
499
237
642
151
423
603
211
442
406
143
415
331
265
331
427
218
570
827
664
9
663
361
402
499
396
324
687
1244
1232
823
512
413
369
240

285

Au

Ba
320
613
680
746
691
624
621
526
463
642
469
461
461
629
677
608
649
916
733
672
789
621
534
856
503
838
660
612
563
546
497
478
421
883
898
612
678
507
733

Bi

Br
288
308
454
539
320
156
291
186
127
464
378
274
429
436
352
264
370
114
634
425
636
265
531
503
410
364
243
736
354
301
462
106
334
463
651
448
538
266
217

56
98
350
434
219
146
317
483
503
421
461
415
209
422
594
521
0
167
479
318
253
294
315
269
638
0
484
930
264
43
145
286
310
197
173
539
135
112
723

Depth Al
Ag
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
(cm)
227.25
122
8567
403
884
268
529
227.75
122
8495
290
850
236
432
228.25
153
8047
829
455
460
288
228.75
180
8509
462
768
496
266
229.25
180
8862
596
493
313
224
229.75
118
8738
545
406
511
0
230.25
120
12550
189
483
0
0
230.75
53
15756
0
317
0
0
231.25
22
15447
0
139
0
0
231.75
117
10948
187
442
371
513
232.25
103
8185
320
590
373
0
232.75
176
8104
515
679
263
205
233.25
129
8507
301
601
161
427
233.75
118
8783
531
500
684
403
234.25
196
7880
845
581
577
438
234.75
144
9105
496
575
389
467
235.25
168
8899
524
529
482
312
235.75
104
7391
488
348
357
0
236.25
163
8349
441
364
412
207
236.75
193
7972
256
451
177
183
237.25
129
8797
216
419
206
217
237.75
115
8379
464
406
525
662
238.25
137
8280
613
649
473
368
238.75
137
8231
390
665
350
0
239.25
125
8026
477
472
463
107
239.75
181
7347
465
783
454
276
240.25
124
8653
453
438
539
485
240.75
133
7822
223
419
214
311
241.25
71
6341
542
585
265
147
241.75
163
6007
482
817
78
831
242.25
58
6016
401
761
401
957
242.75
174
0
7982
307
374
940
496
95
243.25
140
0
7290
304
676
304
254
0
243.75
131
0
8477
303
518
854
393
213
244.25
162
0
8646
0
537
871
507
33
244.75
186
55
8758
689
524
750
210
25
245.25
165
0
8260
852
627
812
401
0
245.75
163
28
7297
33
610
1067
526
0
246.25
133
0
9310
421
456
758
507
299

286

Depth Al
Ag
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
(cm)
246.75
145
0
8164
706
626
551
581
402
247.25
124
0
8870
1002
514
286
641
116
247.75
138
0
8145
402
381
718
681
200
248.25
204
0
8091
523
355
498
532
45
248.75
121
0
8529
770
571
653
611
132
249.25
111
0
9046
776
368
1036
376
180
249.75
157
0
9628
244
445
682
546
331
250.25
151
0
9404
582
475
705
314
223
250.75
155
0
9020
560
427
743
410
12
251.25
205
189
8424
520
591
661
648
427
251.75
125
175
8193
858
208
657
385
86
252.25
154
298
8013
1230
587
520
695
502
252.75
190
19
8123
1400
574
675
568
148
253.25
149
248
7929
1333
509
744
732
512
253.75
151
260
7686
1061
633
754
644
147
254.25
86
229
7721
616
820
496
592
151
254.75
122
194
7645
1158
520
182
710
496
255.25
141
225
8131
1230
389
478
496
294
255.75
168
293
8070
856
429
598
416
13
256.25
95
472
8087
1102
514
338
884
304
256.75
124
129
9422
861
647
467
442
187
257.25
210
33
10616
356
399
413
375
230
257.75
114
46
10800
449
487
577
392
247
258.25
96
0
9379
715
446
28
446
143
258.75
139
0
8444
628
855
484
484
22
259.25
134
0
9689
988
659
221
427
0
259.75
108
0
9145
463
548
356
437
0
260.25
140
0
9971
269
793
332
509
248
260.75
167
0
7399
521
552
499
396
744
261.25
167
0
8925
614
294
627
487
170
261.75
93
0
8993
534
331
898
232
120
262.25
129
269
8562
788
506
555
467
0
262.75
112
161
8100
722
821
630
638
291
263.25
175
288
7211
942
620
369
673
213
263.75
121
203
6600
1159
617
0
520
145
264.25
144
46
7470
662
736
610
676
0
264.75
144
347
7362
1030
637
599
649
143
265.25
131
21
7458
436
499
545
454
0
265.75
118
16
7279
697
596
547
720
237

287

Depth Al
Ag
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
(cm)
266.25
163
226
7529
805
519
264
545
95
266.75
185
260
7768
517
563
342
584
74
267.25
186
33
7947
549
634
796
455
152
267.75
159
0
8020
295
541
367
483
405
268.25
147
0
8595
777
492
779
406
218
268.75
142
0
8566
567
482
506
470
134
269.25
142
0
8072
108
562
766
477
0
269.75
149
0
9326
117
198
1009
198
71
270.25
152
0
8880
0
0
1671
0
155
270.75
137
107
9208
0
239
1241
40
85
271.25
168
269
8476
0
0
710
0
539
271.75
221
404
7598
0
0
655
0
537
272.25
196
484
7930
0
0
596
0
207
272.75
261
617
7694
0
0
578
0
518
273.25
162
272
8413
0
68
487
0
565
273.75
146
299
8441
0
568
548
328
858
274.25
108
414
8391
790
708
285
251
649
274.75
141
0
12651
1013
918
268
331
514
275.25
128
0
12798
310
369
0
15
0
275.75
98
0
13529
644
492
0
142
0
276.25
92
0
12166
405
613
19
57
146
276.75
111
36
9913
1102
405
82
336
0
277.25
126
545
6856
947
649
176
490
19
277.75
142
356
7129
796
858
272
625
410
278.25
178
517
7433
699
607
145
560
163
278.75
147
171
7664
937
724
387
663
273
279.25
185
52
7929
765
739
385
741
251
279.75
156
0
7756
1316
804
359
466
483
280.25
97
0
7130
1249
606
248
491
0
280.75
93
246
7060
1254
606
7
434
89
281.25
154
110
6860
1072
829
0
571
44
281.75
125
148
5992
1206
985
99
420
256
282.25
123
8
6958
1064
792
182
634
460
282.75
173
141
7026
1001
756
62
578
443
283.25
124
270
7497
1111
814
69
800
595
283.75
139
508
6019
1255
726
115
646
0
284.25
168
816
6173
1095
714
136
758
311
284.75
115
823
6635
740
661
132
522
120
285.25
136
397
7143
801
661
0
559
298

288

Depth Al
Ag
Ar
As
Au
Ba
Bi
Br
(cm)
285.75
139
7
7156
762
637
147
486
0
286.25
147
44
7938
1177
550
0
380
574
286.75
145
0
7261
475
896
318
288
385
287.25
166
153
7688
0
308
517
136
633
287.75
266
628
7209
0
0
453
0
484
288.25
190
227
7765
0
0
1291
0
163
288.75
145
0
8521
430
375
1845
131
324
289.25
184
0
8865
527
234
2139
402
418
289.75
128
41
8690
543
419
1863
481
195
290.25
157
0
9378
227
425
766
490
126
290.75
183
0
6279
419
279
1172
359
121
291.25
155
0
8574
348
501
1785
534
475
291.75
159
0
8647
205
450
1406
315
330
292.25
173
0
8377
0
329
1136
461
235
292.75
232
0
9701
113
277
1513
239
359
293.25
137
0
10173
249
413
1198
266
260
293.75
199
46
10271
147
249
1465
384
12

289

Table A 4.2 Galang Co XRF Geochemistry Ca – Hf
Depth Ca
Cl
Co
Cu
Eu
Ga
Ge
Hf
(cm)
14.25
18937
103
517
328
61
400
143
154
14.75
26260
45
361
450
927
472
233
186
15.25
45327
116
851
525
2313
441
476
177
15.75
48633
74
819
640
3657
383
113
177
16.25
56344
19
1282
646
3494
410
87
204
16.75
51547
66
1108
541
3376
210
172
211
17.25
43389
106
1201
637
2891
322
173
207
17.75
44202
37
964
601
3202
587
26
159
18.25
42918
57
1184
762
2077
684
300
181
18.75
46318
90
1025
630
3047
525
368
239
19.25
43096
56
1057
526
3555
785
264
105
19.75
44064
0
1218
629
3281
378
0
217
20.25
44929
90
987
395
4035
647
369
116
20.75
46652
15
1522
460
3129
575
133
162
21.25
46213
55
1304
596
3855
531
6
167
21.75
43905
57
1216
585
3239
596
200
251
22.25
45489
66
1340
617
3846
265
552
164
22.75
43730
18
1239
407
2871
605
239
241
23.25
43602
16
1131
550
3505
609
577
100
23.75
49754
43
1436
497
3863
642
352
317
24.25
47903
95
1575
456
3709
647
429
230
24.75
51304
49
1387
511
3784
551
313
270
25.25
54481
81
1593
488
3402
565
307
188
25.75
52322
49
1439
504
3357
353
286
88
26.25
54949
59
1480
543
3526
480
162
212
26.75
56879
68
1446
651
3880
627
258
211
27.25
56899
63
1392
674
3366
815
155
278
27.75
57889
66
1138
540
3162
606
340
249
28.25
59036
40
1245
375
3105
368
209
277
28.75
54239
56
1046
559
2656
134
98
221
29.25
53139
5
756
589
2284
472
526
247
29.75
55598
38
826
630
2462
541
267
139
30.25
51123
104
788
781
2666
666
447
259
30.75
52365
54
942
790
2605
762
339
229
31.25
54830
53
913
516
2913
357
262
126
31.75
52610
48
1269
686
2692
259
140
398
32.25
54221
63
1126
689
3149
491
263
140
32.75
53089
18
799
741
3277
349
441
182
290

Depth Ca
Cl
(cm)
33.25
53297
33.75
50688
34.25
44459
34.75
46340
35.25
46711
35.75
42804
36.25
45971
36.75
44031
37.25
45213
37.75
44970
38.25
47409
38.75
51414
39.25
52535
39.75
55706
40.25
58763
40.75
60557
41.25
61740
41.75
61526
42.25
56731
42.75
57867
43.25
55396
43.75
53853
44.25
57956
44.75
60781
45.25
61936
45.75
63916
46.25
63609
46.75
64640
47.25
70552
47.75
68747
48.25
65910
48.75
66637
49.25
64400
49.75
63898
50.25
62835
50.75
69343
51.25
69394
51.75
72924
52.25
75811

Co
47
24
15
12
57
13
26
55
35
25
0
14
25
23
52
62
52
77
60
64
38
10
21
85
75
24
47
63
82
82
44
50
29
77
53
47
74
55
81

918
712
793
793
700
912
846
645
1014
1207
1106
1256
1326
1441
1776
1728
1483
1330
1358
1230
1144
1037
947
797
1081
1096
1004
1324
1155
1540
1227
1157
1100
1109
1149
1482
1238
1353
1320

Cu

Eu
343
695
554
700
718
829
760
742
749
524
549
860
682
371
522
540
664
571
706
661
951
592
728
721
598
721
537
609
643
803
708
786
690
765
792
466
428
726
498

291

2872
2873
2492
2813
2867
2319
2226
2853
2345
3204
3625
3659
3459
3640
3427
3564
3194
2796
3273
2807
2360
2107
2539
3288
2850
2748
3362
1965
3223
2600
2763
2684
2588
3380
2869
2976
2694
3020
3150

Ga

Ge
450
716
531
613
236
427
624
262
535
387
216
383
577
578
479
420
383
341
151
593
717
709
545
342
520
503
80
203
396
515
637
708
488
636
322
287
602
409
380

Hf
336
589
539
509
317
550
356
396
339
210
281
0
339
505
108
353
157
286
419
276
537
91
229
17
429
262
478
384
113
422
530
606
426
397
152
365
510
381
106

188
76
325
251
141
205
330
170
307
194
136
53
213
233
219
128
130
266
278
90
299
215
201
233
212
277
246
223
178
267
243
196
260
247
194
249
312
234
238

Depth Ca
Cl
(cm)
52.75
89138
53.25 102910
53.75 102671
54.25 105465
54.75
96442
55.25
94145
55.75
83408
56.25
73891
56.75
58230
57.25
50620
57.75
44880
58.25
44206
58.75
45737
59.25
43215
59.75
39201
60.25
52759
60.75
62287
61.25
59518
61.75
45942
62.25
46641
62.75
53789
63.25
51527
63.75
48707
64.25
43449
64.75
37041
65.25
45545
65.75
45272
66.25
34750
66.75
42461
67.25
42629
67.75
61993
68.25
50396
68.75
40045
69.25
35007
69.75
38827
70.25
38793
70.75
37423
71.25
46071
71.75
39303

Co
73
79
49
72
97
92
77
38
36
66
54
57
0
44
38
69
75
59
28
83
17
60
28
54
61
43
20
39
5
30
65
50
26
0
17
49
33
37
12

1455
988
916
1014
693
809
604
608
635
542
710
921
762
702
829
706
829
907
1411
1183
1248
1057
1285
1340
916
992
1144
910
1069
1020
755
1074
985
1162
1087
935
1082
1193
713

Cu

Eu
640
440
594
478
638
677
478
941
734
820
819
765
532
654
763
565
620
503
718
499
470
617
556
396
663
577
402
937
667
670
742
543
675
651
712
685
466
658
902

292

2085
1955
1203
1486
2241
2467
2109
2683
1936
2476
2173
1997
2780
2616
2634
2754
2719
3099
3318
3880
3143
2647
2829
3692
3610
3424
2981
3629
3839
3478
3292
3236
3687
3508
3056
2791
3098
3203
2656

Ga

Ge
492
533
532
383
874
692
466
671
124
752
221
665
270
517
675
396
362
389
300
324
555
749
300
462
469
581
510
530
459
765
784
258
404
272
487
324
201
555
570

Hf
331
610
222
364
335
0
286
155
597
579
283
422
546
395
490
756
239
148
135
268
425
343
35
353
371
661
640
420
175
296
427
17
404
93
370
204
360
224
129

101
168
218
337
173
130
248
162
289
241
203
292
295
238
230
253
252
234
247
291
398
354
189
193
270
341
206
241
300
424
200
342
352
390
335
261
356
369
152

Depth Ca
Cl
Co
Cu
Eu
Ga
Ge
Hf
(cm)
72.25
54185
46
787
704
2446
198
140
244
72.75
68099
52
961
579
3052
311
287
335
73.25
62539
65
854
458
2648
334
537
463
73.75
42711
46
508
908
2905
615
524
295
74.25
40190
19
387
758
3058
568
677
202
74.75
40957
39
898
781
1971
384
587
361
75.25
40947
77
268
872
2687
507
61
375
75.75
45632
23
515
747
2959
404
326
133
76.25
50611
59
827
674
2855
616
70
266
76.75
53128
57
674
938
2843
560
284
268
77.25
71054
75
927
477
2504
182
464
248
77.75
86706
65
963
594
2505
559
307
298
78.25
88458
21
986
527
2547
435
112
382
78.75
90307
63
1081
336
2920
533
474
375
79.25
80214
107
1032
476
3530
793
404
208
79.75
74335
140
1127
487
2387
328
61
364
80.25
63322
168
907
565
2121
456
270
314
80.75
70152
224
1083
359
1733
415
0
236
81.25
64790
112
1024
602
1991
470
156
287
81.75
62392
122
927
812
2366
516
125
153
82.25
67755
50
1105
699
1590
657
327
374
82.75
85921
58
1358
622
3297
169
278
176
83.25
81513
74
1236
528
2831
90
175
382
83.75
88756
41
1080
582
3341
430
94
271
84.25
91578
95
1134
501
3648
452
283
320
84.75
88114
114
1246
635
3658
481
547
143
85.25
90527
98
962
568
3407
554
224
296
85.75
92446
105
1084
918
3035
874
480
336
86.25
86550
68
749
871
2870
524
328
265
86.75
88303
90
985
647
2518
106
135
160
87.25
86376
67
912
631
2210
297
63
329
87.75
79612
79
801
550
2862
487
454
194
88.25
75794
109
1007
867
2763
146
409
308
88.75
67249
115
985
753
2823
678
505
331
89.25
51774
81
866
651
3160
411
621
353
89.75
47439
74
938
825
3351
624
401
216
90.25
67142
26
942
488
3155
0
227
385
90.75 148962
45
807
472
2036
419
9
328
91.25 509538
227
791
0
1852
0
0
356

293

Depth Ca
Cl
Co
Cu
Eu
Ga
Ge
Hf
(cm)
91.75 620346
210
1114
0
2020
0
0
246
92.25 414909
129
1422
348
2866
367
0
309
92.75 360186
146
1737
110
2264
0
0
190
93.25 167792
81
2011
564
3383
202
0
145
93.75 119978
43
2193
222
4017
51
46
176
94.25
66303
40
1887
542
4286
414
35
142
94.75
42101
52
2018
634
4031
443
163
277
95.25
42274
44
1897
425
3403
529
133
366
95.75
46602
79
1745
770
3965
614
416
135
96.25
51722
46
1737
299
3448
663
124
295
96.75
63190
47
1866
503
2734
242
173
99
97.25
70101
71
1640
639
3462
338
0
175
97.75
75519
91
2205
485
2600
380
180
277
98.25
76635
96
1766
540
3029
685
128
198
98.75
78082
86
2077
392
3341
369
166
222
99.25
68747
75
1786
627
3305
421
363
262
99.75
72375
49
1694
590
3024
451
0
276
100.25
80604
37
1711
671
3387
373
85
174
100.75
81376
104
1652
596
2940
469
245
247
101.25
82034
65
1442
504
2789
440
109
324
101.75
78499
71
1534
578
2977
480
141
225
102.25
81127
105
1416
443
3056
320
263
284
102.75
88112
69
1687
595
3041
212
0
238
103.25
87862
52
1552
556
3031
530
237
221
103.75
89829
70
1677
682
3288
368
225
348
104.25
86263
73
1422
680
3070
248
173
307
104.75
82555
52
1163
788
3304
145
79
102
105.25
82717
28
1238
529
2630
364
471
389
105.75
81953
82
1830
744
2870
537
309
246
106.25
78805
33
1323
611
3454
537
41
207
106.75
82664
71
1147
797
3070
576
0
82
107.25
79942
60
1034
655
2966
433
274
254
107.75
80204
58
1315
813
3199
490
63
201
108.25
78926
51
1076
696
2482
534
184
439
108.75
80008
58
1063
863
2263
444
298
258
109.25
83658
57
968
805
2436
419
364
278
109.75
82529
74
977
606
2407
569
313
132
110.25
80346
54
1014
621
2936
164
280
275
110.75
83515
54
1000
586
2727
184
441
315

294

Depth Ca
Cl
Co
Cu
Eu
Ga
Ge
Hf
(cm)
111.25
83496
57
1219
639
2488
508
367
386
111.75
81746
47
1035
640
2530
489
394
194
112.25
77994
32
1513
641
1588
409
305
310
112.75
76286
74
1231
555
2588
452
403
226
113.25
84036
111
965
681
3029
346
527
489
113.75
87381
87
989
692
2859
422
289
153
114.25
89090
75
1176
707
2744
641
420
251
114.75
86136
56
1031
806
2751
507
202
318
115.25
78929
47
1149
650
2330
611
368
359
115.75
82416
40
1090
599
2386
355
217
303
116.25
79510
31
1103
723
2666
428
319
282
116.75
75169
86
1022
719
2969
430
475
270
117.25
76238
50
1206
661
2342
500
390
243
117.75
77297
103
1156
565
1903
362
0
194
118.25
81904
6
1175
658
2056
295
255
158
118.75
85497
23
993
624
2696
711
91
265
119.25
84702
51
981
700
3145
515
212
233
119.75
78979
0
1101
708
3217
564
112
203
120.25
54061
33
609
554
586
358
276
327
120.75
26472
35
249
391
0
268
143
218
121.25
18417
41
207
335
0
327
100
228
121.75
18786
9
245
304
49
345
192
104
122.25
39142
20
531
457
1389
485
234
246
122.75
72194
87
1109
591
2989
441
402
163
123.25
79511
52
1521
752
2202
261
211
88
123.75
89135
93
1407
796
2768
682
591
227
124.25 113939
73
1478
625
3084
436
289
345
124.75 108169
95
1691
390
2791
79
352
171
125.25 114750
53
1508
750
2489
308
138
168
125.75 112933
80
1449
530
2158
96
203
149
126.25 115873
76
1399
455
2189
181
225
379
126.75 116965
120
1536
717
2387
474
296
161
127.25 120070
78
1432
579
2416
263
25
83
127.75
96156
81
1686
732
2518
812
156
146
128.25
92365
51
2118
425
2380
899
470
224
128.75 111007
64
1830
754
2143
325
71
60
129.25 114433
75
1265
742
1940
556
401
230
129.75 107232
92
1144
667
2368
405
289
207
130.25
98497
63
1285
719
2076
358
382
211

295

Depth Ca
Cl
Co
Cu
Eu
Ga
Ge
Hf
(cm)
130.75
88829
65
1145
586
2645
497
416
189
131.25
90498
86
1081
701
2156
630
256
273
131.75
82770
52
1227
515
2419
485
197
286
132.25
81580
50
1079
820
2036
373
429
211
132.75
83955
101
1230
785
1874
546
325
142
133.25
98968
52
1210
855
1794
428
487
227
133.75
98969
86
904
715
2485
630
242
393
134.25
92556
67
1253
695
1425
319
311
323
134.75
84917
68
1285
661
2352
553
262
350
135.25
79767
26
1294
725
2148
629
308
319
135.75
81112
54
1202
655
2342
508
182
217
136.25
85151
45
1268
752
2013
324
269
299
136.75
80180
75
1120
774
2701
359
82
273
137.25
76682
41
1303
658
2702
219
446
321
137.75
72843
67
1419
831
2554
566
0
275
138.25
65811
7
1346
687
2168
511
0
278
138.75
62810
18
990
714
2823
458
292
363
139.25
62403
34
1081
738
2891
407
328
324
139.75
63394
0
1286
656
2195
433
155
352
140.25
62112
17
1108
808
2476
360
431
212
140.75
61853
50
1177
661
2991
471
0
213
141.25
62113
8
1624
827
1518
156
207
240
141.75
64599
64
1379
513
2410
352
205
319
142.25
67940
18
1715
687
2229
437
311
344
142.75
68128
73
1354
472
2561
285
90
194
143.25
62568
11
1747
523
2160
494
272
361
143.75
46999
75
1775
722
3161
756
150
313
144.25
44604
36
1967
573
3444
619
307
249
144.75
54038
78
2567
599
2743
459
180
189
145.25
62900
110
2569
405
3403
779
0
272
145.75
88099
154
2823
646
2185
623
249
148
146.25
92803
159
2823
922
1913
503
460
178
146.75 102751
162
2809
774
1960
538
341
235
147.25
91768
113
2651
800
1792
660
329
247
147.75
69466
114
1674
1045
2599
807
149
279
148.25
61535
56
964
743
3066
418
146
207
148.75
60268
47
1135
682
2418
464
390
428
149.25
58104
9
1275
632
2819
221
160
298
149.75
56608
54
1232
782
2864
711
549
401

296

Depth Ca
Cl
(cm)
150.25
52808
150.75
50939
151.25
46844
151.75
49287
152.25
62528
152.75
80540
153.25
61615
153.75
56287
154.25
49407
154.75
45180
155.25
20766
155.75
14451
156.25
7452
156.75
9881
157.25
30413
157.75
48046
158.25
45350
158.75
50508
159.25
52454
159.75
56706
160.25
58273
160.75
52409
161.25
49129
161.75
52760
162.25
48287
162.75
41723
163.25
38022
163.75
43789
164.25
37944
164.75
35946
165.25
32931
165.75
36512
166.25
9850
166.75
16632
167.25
41519
167.75
45318
168.25
52613
168.75
51116
169.25
56682

Co
62
0
37
64
93
69
44
50
68
0
44
40
7
9
40
36
14
5
0
72
31
32
73
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
34
35
23
58
5
20
51
37

1312
1164
1301
1354
1630
1399
1293
1217
1158
843
400
160
85
217
385
771
1027
764
766
942
650
676
736
787
494
394
157
331
310
547
201
251
121
23
261
293
764
877
718

Cu
630
713
512
749
669
616
648
867
880
877
799
463
416
478
616
784
829
983
632
760
745
1045
979
989
1046
784
913
919
1183
932
1112
1061
265
430
1096
1018
849
840
733

297

Eu
2934
3230
3356
2533
2660
2709
2845
2876
2651
1904
0
0
0
0
1381
2648
2438
2283
2330
2328
2522
3304
2769
3092
2229
2171
2194
2493
2174
1769
2139
1729
63
42
2298
2525
2613
2677
2158

Ga

Ge
671
366
377
511
726
296
214
460
451
548
491
452
411
172
241
356
721
175
198
376
185
375
556
431
196
228
309
461
628
726
396
421
194
302
267
478
641
433
476

Hf
299
139
56
171
196
419
287
152
375
452
302
110
268
36
575
209
499
315
528
645
331
426
194
39
318
243
120
285
729
441
317
494
116
72
443
666
434
422
265

296
291
258
300
371
364
134
287
289
260
249
191
187
120
206
348
301
242
332
349
216
329
197
259
110
295
367
384
281
273
321
419
136
233
382
330
351
330
255

Depth Ca
Cl
Co
Cu
Eu
Ga
Ge
Hf
(cm)
169.75
57126
59
990
703
2503
144
331
161
170.25
53845
70
1012
966
1939
829
332
254
170.75
55170
54
925
909
2417
383
330
223
171.25
51324
32
864
947
2388
254
646
380
171.75
53423
38
876
796
2148
315
219
173
172.25
54057
52
750
994
2323
592
183
223
172.75
51590
56
568
580
2626
229
524
300
173.25
43339
36
664
695
1454
556
269
306
173.75
29177
0
570
492
671
602
151
243
174.25
34510
6
385
956
1271
404
136
283
174.75
45540
131
705
620
1571
521
535
315
175.25
49019
0
604
727
3051
671
171
250
175.75
47303
0
757
912
2897
575
441
357
176.25
47297
29
509
966
3482
486
527
275
176.75
45483
6
476
831
3251
330
471
252
177.25
48248
0
572
1034
3353
291
361
249
177.75
45936
7
471
795
3279
129
438
253
178.25
45124
43
564
1020
2492
482
109
290
178.75
19942
79
263
679
117
463
162
203
179.25
20207
64
268
704
286
424
166
319
179.75
13286
46
203
398
0
260
262
179
180.25
37517
24
388
730
2499
686
428
327
180.75
53413
19
549
869
3198
375
271
182
181.25
48303
15
509
1047
3519
306
246
182
181.75
43102
0
287
856
2985
139
567
303
182.25
46032
0
206
1105
2555
497
533
242
182.75
52781
0
466
800
2472
377
320
394
183.25
46760
19
340
854
2205
540
410
357
183.75
49523
9
248
914
2751
442
72
151
184.25
51413
0
219
762
2319
147
465
287
184.75
49618
0
197
944
2502
285
330
258
185.25
49420
7
72
1161
2571
364
434
341
185.75
50589
0
372
970
2099
239
317
278
186.25
58767
0
301
755
3439
524
115
123
186.75
57795
15
587
799
2714
231
522
372
187.25
63556
20
432
761
3576
401
477
244
187.75
63110
0
442
679
3350
292
211
356
188.25
60260
48
415
823
2959
359
503
385
188.75
63400
0
556
917
2956
372
274
183

298

Depth Ca
Cl
Co
Cu
Eu
Ga
Ge
Hf
(cm)
189.25
58620
0
280
793
3658
357
140
350
189.75
60254
0
508
871
2911
425
350
136
190.25
59634
11
433
750
3573
514
688
258
190.75
58838
0
658
1106
3000
650
433
328
191.25
59066
77
495
972
3530
328
491
434
191.75
59498
18
417
1018
2753
671
408
345
192.25
60085
49
470
718
2995
626
541
174
192.75
57643
17
574
823
3208
643
314
202
193.25
58894
38
284
1072
3583
647
539
272
193.75
66668
6
438
678
3083
357
496
192
194.25
62188
0
385
795
2898
319
477
390
194.75
63633
0
444
860
2803
591
218
386
195.25
62492
0
474
650
3329
822
613
269
195.75
51883
0
252
837
3047
447
730
328
196.25
53842
0
161
778
3104
519
346
294
196.75
55546
19
322
939
2881
179
428
330
197.25
60152
12
302
814
2912
111
280
243
197.75
58281
0
368
979
2910
537
273
214
198.25
58994
7
452
844
2700
464
490
408
198.75
54486
0
450
772
3295
437
172
260
199.25
56887
15
335
940
3137
708
577
109
199.75
58281
0
565
933
2661
382
606
358
200.25
60908
23
465
808
3710
108
437
290
200.75
57237
38
373
836
2973
262
347
345
201.25
59241
22
576
814
3322
266
17
329
201.75
49133
51
455
926
1210
534
331
367
202.25
16911
66
212
337
0
562
14
204
202.75
9610
90
204
433
0
304
194
140
203.25
15715
39
87
481
0
243
267
222
203.75
41819
202
192
661
1994
451
532
314
204.25
63698
135
464
994
2481
240
678
193
204.75
65479
61
547
685
3443
428
278
163
205.25
69372
29
362
772
2714
322
404
226
205.75
63066
23
480
762
2968
605
369
350
206.25
63250
25
708
869
2705
453
590
167
206.75
57923
39
530
702
2559
423
213
292
207.25
61613
32
417
874
3106
328
526
255
207.75
57617
65
545
766
3323
260
426
273
208.25
52535
50
310
912
2675
581
286
311

299

Depth Ca
Cl
(cm)
208.75
57211
209.25
61054
209.75
60050
210.25
62384
210.75
63673
211.25
59942
211.75
53966
212.25
65008
212.75
62807
213.25
59733
213.75
56930
214.25
56053
214.75
53362
215.25
51758
215.75
53862
216.25
54441
216.75
54127
217.25
52994
217.75
55213
218.25
53020
218.75
55107
219.25
45880
219.75
45264
220.25
41147
220.75
40018
221.25
39643
221.75
46233
222.25
76340
222.75
64122
223.25
55817
223.75
56746
224.25
50741
224.75
68102
225.25
62018
225.75
75059
226.25
55720
226.75
49494
227.25
51485
227.75
55882

Co
25
7
48
4
37
52
75
64
73
0
13
0
0
0
0
35
41
0
0
0
22
8
0
0
0
0
13
52
85
5
0
0
40
10
53
0
0
0
0

Cu
516
526
555
387
529
309
264
561
496
551
320
218
146
207
54
92
196
164
410
400
327
350
352
261
504
569
259
842
631
351
341
486
310
679
322
333
313
496
192

958
994
727
926
687
1029
738
696
557
945
517
845
890
971
1055
970
1135
1126
1099
990
729
695
881
918
784
1004
748
833
602
674
555
1051
991
883
902
897
1134
1137
833

300

Eu
2366
2624
2805
3291
2892
2524
2362
3629
3698
2542
2670
3090
2200
1611
2131
2035
2019
2266
2850
3058
3180
3347
2753
2777
2643
2974
3819
2887
3559
3187
2721
2180
3168
2659
3068
2362
2181
2857
2962

Ga
551
454
307
403
379
411
476
373
674
638
351
576
137
378
419
622
575
590
524
312
544
619
445
558
544
1038
404
365
242
145
326
434
694
218
544
234
0
392
600

Ge

Hf
379
386
397
201
585
492
498
245
658
689
541
378
376
517
206
229
307
525
605
342
453
587
392
385
539
808
548
343
160
455
517
506
550
596
216
632
360
401
217

284
415
323
364
370
242
282
140
317
353
242
410
400
385
222
416
377
395
233
124
123
330
319
221
331
243
394
248
202
289
234
281
217
192
321
163
106
302
377

Depth Ca
Cl
(cm)
228.25
58827
228.75
50652
229.25
53911
229.75
52565
230.25
40987
230.75
23954
231.25
15512
231.75
36042
232.25
66632
232.75
62194
233.25
63112
233.75
66089
234.25
65384
234.75
73513
235.25
86538
235.75
79983
236.25
74595
236.75
76539
237.25
73503
237.75
75595
238.25
72789
238.75
70698
239.25
58649
239.75
58269
240.25
71600
240.75
80093
241.25
58343
241.75
52799
242.25
50672
242.75
96619
243.25
94526
243.75 104211
244.25
93638
244.75 102767
245.25 105089
245.75 121177
246.25
95192
246.75
65010
247.25
78308

Co
0
12
64
43
13
31
66
18
61
65
44
76
13
80
0
34
45
55
64
0
10
0
0
44
45
78
36
61
4
12
5
32
41
21
36
31
0
0
20

478
519
1056
748
646
224
179
313
591
684
358
471
524
784
632
611
413
415
595
352
440
400
371
511
403
527
387
293
167
1108
1171
1174
1096
1217
1196
1170
754
752
773

Cu
1038
918
985
760
798
523
358
474
824
911
798
781
703
668
680
766
604
826
635
652
865
722
908
1044
903
664
688
956
954
768
832
1018
696
632
657
542
918
1225
1114

301

Eu
2759
4249
3563
4096
755
0
0
1013
2963
2550
3399
3299
3882
3956
2771
2582
2782
2820
3101
3560
2314
3542
3039
3562
3186
2427
2576
2114
2673
3763
4194
3870
3721
4449
3827
3698
3698
3003
4310

Ga

Ge
721
469
532
165
597
427
313
303
377
634
174
469
263
392
367
269
503
451
147
353
595
568
255
582
575
380
465
328
792
511
533
770
259
317
828
750
428
520
852

Hf
366
278
133
231
186
133
104
473
398
174
356
358
526
474
318
610
329
433
291
615
587
64
188
536
411
303
366
578
399
245
358
168
582
525
561
271
807
735
473

257
281
325
273
235
187
111
0
198
423
261
267
198
279
205
297
187
340
197
245
378
253
180
288
309
129
276
266
355
427
532
411
576
558
592
568
419
727
665

Depth Ca
Cl
(cm)
247.75
81838
248.25
70016
248.75
75400
249.25
87246
249.75
87132
250.25
85060
250.75
97800
251.25
90223
251.75
68615
252.25
59695
252.75
53139
253.25
54434
253.75
51747
254.25
50435
254.75
47959
255.25
48255
255.75
49417
256.25
51233
256.75
53216
257.25
64896
257.75
73436
258.25
78871
258.75 104577
259.25
70111
259.75
73056
260.25
87063
260.75
76218
261.25
87800
261.75
75115
262.25
70208
262.75
58863
263.25
53778
263.75
52198
264.25
54100
264.75
56114
265.25
54957
265.75
55781
266.25
60579
266.75
60960

Co
55
0
0
19
0
13
7
12
0
0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
41
0
9
33
0
0
16
53
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

656
719
725
1084
1060
1091
834
999
1357
1031
995
944
1101
965
1295
1047
1178
1217
980
1059
958
651
836
679
702
802
999
889
982
872
1010
842
937
865
957
754
638
721
781

Cu
807
936
950
683
1039
761
621
598
961
1002
973
807
930
1215
832
993
981
1102
1081
824
773
708
816
821
837
926
796
659
719
950
943
825
1012
843
975
1011
1094
735
938

302

Eu
3412
3598
4394
4837
4024
3891
4443
4441
4390
4254
4575
4846
4438
5068
4295
4394
3468
4324
3790
4117
3354
3365
3410
2566
2252
3265
3893
4230
4159
3697
3125
3254
3961
4070
4066
4061
3966
3938
4499

Ga

Ge
565
703
730
706
587
362
344
466
533
454
669
471
781
628
261
592
250
607
743
819
652
698
744
294
445
694
539
359
547
470
796
982
545
628
458
426
775
394
606

Hf
399
898
371
404
163
322
374
420
488
352
422
697
596
456
294
300
386
491
535
379
207
634
455
461
428
499
828
630
235
476
406
880
724
248
485
245
521
501
513

319
696
562
557
492
305
413
563
431
412
427
650
671
275
289
556
394
532
538
374
262
447
515
468
406
505
495
465
515
467
678
541
533
552
587
668
577
683
470

Depth
(cm)
267.25
267.75
268.25
268.75
269.25
269.75
270.25
270.75
271.25
271.75
272.25
272.75
273.25
273.75
274.25
274.75
275.25
275.75
276.25
276.75
277.25
277.75
278.25
278.75
279.25
279.75
280.25
280.75
281.25
281.75
282.25
282.75
283.25
283.75
284.25
284.75
285.25
285.75
286.25

Ca
65490
70555
86239
103293
150261
181437
329379
607306
1016696
1105500
1018303
1236244
916648
506881
223402
91223
53707
43638
42337
60895
86953
80731
71572
67957
66481
65378
63583
63552
64682
59114
58399
60695
65170
66254
69679
78357
84040
84082
101430

Cl

Co
0
0
27
40
0
17
56
40
63
74
79
74
16
25
0
6
15
53
64
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0

968
928
1265
1074
796
1235
1266
1041
852
702
859
895
654
626
793
345
253
225
304
487
648
623
772
803
869
809
937
598
827
631
717
804
869
739
677
721
638
785
776

Cu
1036
1208
718
829
924
542
332
400
0
0
0
0
83
409
791
760
278
563
474
691
1026
935
1073
891
945
1184
1062
925
933
846
956
823
872
887
728
1030
945
850
1043

303

Eu
4756
4520
4171
4434
3881
3915
2959
2878
1644
1656
1286
1007
1558
2585
2763
814
0
0
198
930
3012
3321
3844
3345
3391
2982
2796
3700
3401
3200
3627
3732
2795
3242
3983
3413
3524
2867
2259

Ga

Ge
556
778
541
667
367
653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
155
446
254
333
65
401
793
503
830
572
797
256
566
570
644
890
857
356
590
440
260
301
437
585
797

Hf
574
491
626
169
416
376
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
341
539
152
392
398
308
370
432
343
372
618
720
476
739
485
484
334
791
531
401
495
312
542
596
308
666

401
447
487
449
396
440
260
351
229
312
400
320
325
421
552
232
28
0
88
258
405
443
620
795
753
529
698
526
582
541
682
591
517
544
601
603
523
823
664

Depth Ca
Cl
Co
Cu
Eu
Ga
Ge
Hf
(cm)
286.75
98998
0
723
1036
2874
270
439
636
287.25 476245
0
746
439
3328
11
201
431
287.75 1215259
68
755
0
1376
0
0
323
288.25 828785
100
816
0
1022
0
0
287
288.75 163474
29
1613
630
4134
700
205
356
289.25
93039
99
1952
692
3921
644
265
291
289.75
95706
29
1771
823
4818
556
98
373
290.25
88297
18
1711
635
3460
596
60
393
290.75
88520
34
1546
702
2882
636
485
417
291.25 103402
24
1511
582
3759
664
330
493
291.75 138440
55
1543
399
3258
484
222
395
292.25 135872
36
1576
566
2947
654
302
248
292.75 118498
25
1612
581
2515
478
147
347
293.25 141802
0
1395
627
2733
496
293
241
293.75 148087
0
1361
634
2814
435
149
105

304

Table A 4.3 Galang Co XRF Geochemistry Hg – Mo
Depth Hg
I
(cm)
14.25
0
14.75
25
15.25
118
15.75
533
16.25
573
16.75
247
17.25
401
17.75
588
18.25
161
18.75
223
19.25
467
19.75
662
20.25
620
20.75
517
21.25
836
21.75
416
22.25
297
22.75
357
23.25
388
23.75
406
24.25
273
24.75
351
25.25
371
25.75
465
26.25
921
26.75
548
27.25
582
27.75
409
28.25
151
28.75
491
29.25
334
29.75
525
30.25
339
30.75
376
31.25
263
31.75
457
32.25
360
32.75
293

Ir
247
187
326
360
374
417
429
376
456
316
288
355
354
418
429
354
425
427
383
354
408
301
384
346
415
497
398
422
374
367
283
392
422
389
403
382
403
339

K
72
85
401
667
664
374
413
202
259
394
218
620
410
392
435
269
637
481
347
463
273
538
407
557
582
509
282
371
547
821
603
412
174
387
524
502
228
360

La

3304
4632
10350
11384
11838
10852
9997
9814
9444
11474
9361
9696
9717
10926
10055
9738
9456
9881
8963
10466
10079
11493
12541
11460
11829
12634
12988
13007
13781
11740
11363
12781
12020
12369
12616
12107
12211
13039
305

Mg
533
501
1066
1081
1137
1154
1104
1001
1141
1089
987
1117
1078
1137
1093
1163
1133
1184
1087
1101
1308
1249
1225
1082
1161
1248
1146
1094
1271
1075
1060
1070
1025
1113
1186
1193
1076
1077

Mn
13
25
0
0
0
0
0
24
0
9
5
0
0
82
0
21
0
0
0
0
0
35
0
6
0
8
17
0
22
38
0
56
0
26
0
0
33
44

3898
2738
4279
4581
4115
4578
3474
3358
5453
4725
3341
3995
2904
4873
3110
4240
4328
5506
3806
4183
4039
3696
4407
3755
4634
3657
4175
6878
4806
5537
5195
4442
4782
5530
4955
4894
4754
4447

Mo
0
0
0
0
0
153
0
118
296
32
317
71
0
0
0
175
250
438
215
207
125
63
175
0
53
72
187
159
134
0
57
341
63
119
0
17
0
7

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
33.25
299
33.75
240
34.25
427
34.75
297
35.25
620
35.75
191
36.25
572
36.75
297
37.25
462
37.75
578
38.25
717
38.75
559
39.25
390
39.75
252
40.25
496
40.75
583
41.25
680
41.75
575
42.25
387
42.75
344
43.25
284
43.75
558
44.25
488
44.75
532
45.25
363
45.75
440
46.25
287
46.75
360
47.25
597
47.75
308
48.25
423
48.75
218
49.25
244
49.75
280
50.25
488
50.75
531
51.25
325
51.75
336
52.25
497

Ir
422
449
349
386
335
358
460
413
401
483
364
351
377
383
387
403
452
444
372
398
387
428
353
435
398
376
559
355
419
459
362
388
427
412
476
439
427
437
426

K
479
421
693
290
682
507
367
597
349
551
689
486
537
349
501
533
664
480
839
471
498
376
561
623
547
387
934
577
453
566
425
563
585
367
663
616
448
427
729

La

13064
12716
9706
10957
11340
9913
10558
10081
9808
9524
10777
12384
11815
12873
13277
12612
13778
14723
12518
14207
13813
12331
14600
14707
14964
16087
15182
15245
17367
16183
14886
14620
13891
13405
13954
15821
16228
19093
20669

306

Mg
1089
1281
1186
1005
1170
1084
1193
1154
1279
1128
1224
1174
1210
1250
1155
1207
1318
1156
1199
1223
1065
1066
1076
1162
1204
1209
1310
1224
1360
1297
1222
1247
1282
1226
1297
1316
1204
1165
1327

Mn
0
11
55
45
0
72
20
0
63
0
0
25
0
11
22
0
0
26
21
9
0
14
0
0
20
0
17
9
20
0
0
17
35
36
25
0
65
27
0

4375
4256
4409
4593
4256
5811
4881
5192
5456
4620
4366
3921
4264
4070
4114
4683
5098
4554
4294
4781
6322
6745
5704
3901
5301
5612
3452
5758
3757
5787
5348
4994
5961
4582
5008
5355
4546
4816
4519

Mo
417
93
49
96
59
396
0
92
38
0
81
51
175
276
356
230
218
297
0
0
121
0
0
137
0
122
0
292
159
128
152
166
21
0
0
0
272
359
0

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
52.75
442
53.25
159
53.75
314
54.25
258
54.75
367
55.25
376
55.75
176
56.25
295
56.75
216
57.25
0
57.75
241
58.25
242
58.75
269
59.25
286
59.75
271
60.25
0
60.75
437
61.25
418
61.75
403
62.25
404
62.75
123
63.25
407
63.75
415
64.25
459
64.75
254
65.25
97
65.75
45
66.25
339
66.75
544
67.25
426
67.75
486
68.25
440
68.75
309
69.25
452
69.75
286
70.25
204
70.75
488
71.25
450
71.75
212

Ir
399
302
360
312
358
406
434
510
368
389
341
407
262
405
408
457
433
457
360
361
475
447
379
350
405
390
398
431
338
380
482
445
440
361
416
499
350
498
394

K
510
374
491
532
360
353
448
413
829
316
535
368
559
457
392
390
690
544
613
594
431
287
472
382
422
443
476
568
491
331
525
601
425
499
359
429
652
600
339

La

30409
42191
37006
37411
29091
27305
23329
16406
17527
20211
17355
18264
18805
19095
17712
17337
12379
14824
12117
12567
12970
13376
13977
12833
10846
11880
11122
9791
7320
8172
7174
7283
7050
7412
6990
7676
6948
6983
6887

307

Mg
1153
1051
1211
1196
1100
1233
1104
1218
1252
1207
1290
1235
1233
1069
1209
1158
1239
1233
1150
1237
1279
1089
1185
1208
1104
1228
1143
1213
1123
1238
1172
1289
1182
1091
1119
1203
1128
1197
1131

Mn
24
46
0
63
0
0
47
33
34
55
22
11
0
61
0
31
0
0
38
0
0
0
0
0
54
10
60
0
31
11
0
18
24
5
0
72
0
0
9

5155
3378
7160
6014
5100
5095
5008
4307
5762
4184
5535
5487
4202
4356
4132
4407
4977
3425
4734
3125
4387
4094
3642
3297
3592
3285
4131
3959
2745
3683
3533
3823
2926
3733
4161
4277
3566
3507
3756

Mo
160
137
106
179
283
0
459
179
316
0
0
281
66
0
339
531
0
0
82
4
0
0
452
0
0
298
0
200
185
111
0
41
0
0
0
0
434
0
89

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
72.25
243
72.75
149
73.25
119
73.75
149
74.25
32
74.75
23
75.25
425
75.75
72
76.25
240
76.75
309
77.25
106
77.75
441
78.25
479
78.75
270
79.25
499
79.75
572
80.25
339
80.75
407
81.25
399
81.75
338
82.25
145
82.75
500
83.25
759
83.75
593
84.25
457
84.75
210
85.25
322
85.75
461
86.25
451
86.75
347
87.25
521
87.75
187
88.25
177
88.75
166
89.25
144
89.75
403
90.25
474
90.75
404
91.25
252

Ir
338
393
322
372
372
385
373
289
344
413
371
378
349
321
389
472
450
478
486
488
421
540
505
498
523
529
549
506
628
518
535
457
506
533
527
458
478
469
97

K
782
426
409
397
414
551
555
470
314
517
607
483
463
415
153
554
340
324
327
378
252
557
768
552
636
572
541
447
311
740
656
559
683
403
620
399
885
529
791

La

8564
7956
9707
10303
11571
12697
12892
17952
20595
20863
23960
23140
23242
25426
16165
12796
9950
12025
11820
9668
11572
14706
12726
16027
19250
18008
17765
18381
14877
17083
17161
13553
14350
14067
11416
10776
9399
7225
5186

308

Mg
1188
1340
1132
1172
1068
1115
1161
1209
1158
1175
1113
1110
1242
1131
1100
995
912
960
1024
947
992
1252
1331
1322
1293
1347
1238
1255
1295
1325
1259
1146
1254
1359
1285
1178
1275
1208
849

Mn
22
0
26
18
48
7
66
0
44
31
0
0
0
6
23
18
21
0
15
13
6
44
27
0
6
47
32
21
14
0
0
0
35
19
26
10
67
0
0

5016
3578
4437
3131
3519
5480
4027
2872
3783
2959
4084
3562
4539
4384
1117
1879
1675
2427
1131
1319
3299
1453
3103
3335
4335
5587
10719
8099
6042
5673
4521
2079
2832
1917
1421
2138
1563
1173
1453

Mo
255
0
0
142
176
239
397
195
53
545
43
0
0
54
0
142
0
232
121
476
180
0
208
106
0
347
109
162
89
228
253
107
300
396
33
664
656
129
0

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
91.75
548
92.25
685
92.75
635
93.25
809
93.75
721
94.25
757
94.75
604
95.25
671
95.75
548
96.25
470
96.75
455
97.25
618
97.75
647
98.25
543
98.75
574
99.25
411
99.75
802
100.25
742
100.75
601
101.25
759
101.75
615
102.25
478
102.75
840
103.25
422
103.75
566
104.25
597
104.75
559
105.25
258
105.75
537
106.25
610
106.75
636
107.25
473
107.75
496
108.25
601
108.75
374
109.25
350
109.75
316
110.25
338
110.75
380

Ir
302
337
372
572
570
467
503
476
523
507
432
471
400
523
504
546
490
491
599
523
440
473
530
464
603
486
465
519
546
513
558
635
495
499
529
543
500
572
545

K
864
556
795
555
662
533
574
629
452
165
566
614
446
458
469
511
523
586
379
325
525
373
695
659
561
662
798
466
542
556
623
590
552
423
677
734
529
697
674

La

4882
5673
6307
7458
9744
11106
14177
12963
12987
14938
16966
17388
19946
20865
18852
15719
17317
22273
19135
17539
16410
17347
19081
19722
19618
18312
17582
18755
17884
16495
19130
15529
15764
16388
15721
15860
16301
16209
16532

309

Mg
884
1010
1007
1207
1248
1471
1395
1204
1292
1253
1226
1175
1256
1216
1351
1224
1163
1224
1256
1230
1218
1256
1334
1340
1281
1164
1199
1251
1333
1090
1187
1345
1286
1141
1290
1226
1181
1226
1260

Mn
0
27
9
33
0
24
14
25
38
0
0
9
0
0
0
30
29
36
0
0
0
50
0
31
0
0
57
41
0
0
0
0
10
45
34
0
7
11
0

1067
0
1155
737
0
86
681
1833
1595
3131
6755
8433
4438
3569
2671
2019
2382
2379
2926
2392
3214
3573
4566
4516
3726
6169
3070
2074
2562
1067
2991
1594
1421
2314
3123
2971
3070
1130
2388

Mo
0
0
293
0
271
74
327
290
0
281
0
175
105
155
0
67
466
0
92
16
0
235
0
133
19
273
135
304
280
381
267
325
287
323
0
0
313
106
81

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
111.25
438
111.75
348
112.25
440
112.75
403
113.25
228
113.75
298
114.25
465
114.75
276
115.25
110
115.75
532
116.25
351
116.75
19
117.25
342
117.75
492
118.25
644
118.75
678
119.25
351
119.75
546
120.25
300
120.75
20
121.25
81
121.75
0
122.25
327
122.75
237
123.25
587
123.75
324
124.25
575
124.75
433
125.25
444
125.75
574
126.25
387
126.75
267
127.25
730
127.75
434
128.25
342
128.75
531
129.25
236
129.75
415
130.25
351

Ir
637
542
459
549
643
470
538
514
498
558
486
585
539
584
547
549
536
544
320
193
186
134
332
468
484
507
518
493
465
475
520
556
498
595
516
547
607
550
585

K
563
510
510
631
512
583
477
499
498
524
537
447
515
494
518
296
566
489
401
130
136
147
241
444
524
536
699
598
811
553
612
541
691
351
334
518
491
729
636

La

15033
16284
16405
18726
18504
18649
18659
16694
14707
15002
15038
14405
13258
13356
14651
16051
13701
13129
9061
4161
2753
2646
5866
12603
16128
20591
24564
24586
26170
24526
24211
25592
25781
24396
28282
38931
25733
19151
17829

310

Mg
1394
1201
1238
1190
1254
1147
1230
1255
1161
1166
1301
1249
1412
1232
1207
1320
1258
1305
769
416
359
367
713
1145
1211
1156
1298
1184
1159
1107
1198
1254
1206
1194
1181
1266
1237
1260
1399

Mn
0
0
77
6
0
0
19
17
43
24
0
64
20
23
0
66
33
4
0
0
0
32
40
28
0
18
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2953
3555
6110
4082
1732
1942
1947
1277
2392
2257
1551
1672
3619
3567
3721
3425
2209
2165
3253
2078
1550
1455
1714
2046
3743
3064
3850
2694
3077
3019
3183
2708
3319
4167
4341
3193
2161
2819
3815

Mo
269
125
190
0
256
153
285
315
0
78
57
0
0
216
0
138
127
122
129
70
0
122
0
68
87
143
0
0
221
487
77
449
199
201
280
387
281
0
0

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
130.75
370
131.25
518
131.75
307
132.25
358
132.75
248
133.25
252
133.75
447
134.25
359
134.75
463
135.25
555
135.75
281
136.25
462
136.75
371
137.25
374
137.75
771
138.25
519
138.75
471
139.25
446
139.75
232
140.25
375
140.75
713
141.25
508
141.75
481
142.25
573
142.75
349
143.25
560
143.75
416
144.25
429
144.75
626
145.25
831
145.75
709
146.25
694
146.75
699
147.25
552
147.75
421
148.25
560
148.75
278
149.25
414
149.75
437

Ir
596
553
478
489
502
601
537
513
560
495
565
482
655
557
513
449
522
490
398
433
418
470
462
453
433
408
625
486
489
457
336
453
403
381
365
437
526
524
466

K
529
559
178
658
417
787
343
628
454
454
449
670
526
718
466
599
656
459
452
649
592
677
542
628
585
347
320
457
466
67
397
375
367
212
337
537
638
678
500

La

17461
16471
15969
17673
17071
16744
17381
16757
12557
11323
11278
12440
12445
11113
10819
9774
9296
9174
9621
9625
11014
11667
12603
13467
15055
14724
13121
16406
27914
48398
87889
96968
108275
89072
48433
21491
16187
14304
14132

311

Mg
1422
1271
1244
1230
1250
1229
1202
1274
1202
1202
1205
1270
1195
1104
1179
1157
1312
1245
1220
1092
1119
1080
1088
1127
1078
1200
1220
1272
1314
1213
1187
1194
1071
1110
1068
1070
1216
1217
1328

Mn
36
0
8
37
0
0
0
9
0
66
27
14
0
93
0
43
0
16
49
32
21
38
65
56
0
27
8
0
0
0
0
5
0
23
0
0
26
12
60

1877
2218
2308
2823
3360
3907
2118
4434
2699
4107
4234
3239
2129
1967
3014
3795
2506
2073
3506
2470
1824
3218
2807
2648
3420
3066
1344
903
2211
844
2061
2334
1980
2334
2287
2081
3519
2412
3217

Mo
11
0
362
172
64
0
84
0
171
216
211
6
23
0
526
0
173
0
0
183
187
0
0
382
93
44
126
510
285
147
0
99
212
305
168
0
49
153
47

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
150.25
315
150.75
374
151.25
410
151.75
551
152.25
432
152.75
412
153.25
225
153.75
500
154.25
626
154.75
447
155.25
0
155.75
0
156.25
0
156.75
136
157.25
168
157.75
359
158.25
148
158.75
208
159.25
425
159.75
196
160.25
346
160.75
142
161.25
408
161.75
524
162.25
315
162.75
394
163.25
695
163.75
125
164.25
273
164.75
559
165.25
173
165.75
0
166.25
0
166.75
78
167.25
328
167.75
350
168.25
293
168.75
427
169.25
364

Ir
450
527
466
421
475
481
471
493
487
413
147
128
63
103
275
439
413
424
348
504
487
498
464
426
415
493
429
448
461
402
373
393
141
227
441
428
462
573
476

K
495
466
543
498
249
479
669
561
584
440
105
81
0
151
315
455
349
772
629
509
579
621
408
532
508
859
626
570
400
479
342
390
108
230
650
620
324
580
676

La

14604
16701
18127
19808
24369
27431
23061
22331
14739
13632
6312
3182
1475
2321
7386
13549
12352
14191
12929
13931
14611
14000
12033
15202
12489
4327
2506
9193
5188
4212
2291
1496
316
944
4428
7769
15219
14289
15961

312

Mg
1220
1178
1184
1281
1175
1138
1308
1047
1383
1137
458
287
195
257
796
1130
1330
1314
1251
1248
1216
1319
1232
1329
1329
1081
1144
1276
1093
1275
1064
1117
352
495
1141
1204
1190
1239
1301

Mn
10
0
28
12
0
36
0
64
52
18
38
0
0
34
0
13
0
36
27
47
0
0
4
5
27
0
11
65
37
30
61
64
0
0
30
0
46
73
31

2224
2503
2213
2332
1849
2152
1559
1116
2177
3199
3026
2315
2997
1954
2191
1986
2777
2900
3485
3895
1946
1497
1988
1746
3577
3659
3650
3579
2927
3970
3247
2644
1222
1876
2129
2280
1680
2964
2840

Mo
0
0
484
410
148
267
151
162
483
236
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
176
0
0
248
312
459
310
108
165
80
0
104
101
0
0
339
165
331
513
232

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
169.75
487
170.25
534
170.75
382
171.25
106
171.75
448
172.25
59
172.75
23
173.25
173
173.75
72
174.25
362
174.75
279
175.25
518
175.75
307
176.25
508
176.75
281
177.25
570
177.75
121
178.25
342
178.75
0
179.25
291
179.75
75
180.25
311
180.75
396
181.25
412
181.75
260
182.25
117
182.75
366
183.25
240
183.75
294
184.25
121
184.75
345
185.25
307
185.75
233
186.25
219
186.75
509
187.25
229
187.75
317
188.25
219
188.75
531

Ir
487
446
426
411
367
388
406
319
295
339
392
441
369
335
394
464
431
376
236
247
225
368
368
452
439
411
489
485
453
493
421
507
415
390
347
461
414
336
427

K
796
414
537
719
539
248
515
129
114
415
255
431
666
467
641
666
679
538
120
322
98
476
368
672
843
463
603
660
626
634
882
891
732
379
769
679
596
751
680

La

17462
15793
14436
14839
14635
13896
13380
11649
6416
8138
11721
14896
13797
13192
11341
11699
10240
11290
5337
4940
3793
6623
12562
10594
5723
5386
5512
4386
4586
4337
3623
4570
5192
8886
10594
12383
10635
11234
12157

313

Mg
1146
1174
1357
1224
1251
1174
1137
914
676
893
909
1273
1194
1335
1297
1299
1439
1206
521
461
334
1024
1352
1180
1266
1437
1234
1275
1195
1291
1299
1156
1224
1334
1261
1228
1371
1307
1343

Mn
7
86
27
11
32
0
0
14
29
0
93
43
0
0
77
54
0
32
37
0
15
35
80
89
51
0
18
45
0
0
38
23
0
50
29
0
11
62
0

1846
3687
2764
1989
2928
2130
1838
2284
1864
2143
3309
2724
2699
1888
2967
1806
2816
2347
2942
2144
1732
1403
2899
2396
2088
3992
2829
4223
2722
3378
3194
2460
3342
2350
2825
1857
2218
3222
2931

Mo
14
210
50
0
6
273
0
0
0
126
36
32
0
118
184
0
31
0
0
0
0
65
138
390
44
15
99
349
0
0
0
0
39
114
0
111
19
239
175

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
189.25
520
189.75
140
190.25
0
190.75
486
191.25
0
191.75
294
192.25
261
192.75
354
193.25
365
193.75
126
194.25
517
194.75
198
195.25
230
195.75
261
196.25
211
196.75
410
197.25
300
197.75
322
198.25
273
198.75
248
199.25
81
199.75
114
200.25
342
200.75
487
201.25
385
201.75
119
202.25
90
202.75
123
203.25
227
203.75
104
204.25
152
204.75
512
205.25
370
205.75
477
206.25
236
206.75
461
207.25
430
207.75
35
208.25
215

Ir
488
455
520
402
436
444
464
449
437
401
427
477
455
432
467
400
359
400
481
382
482
447
395
408
460
356
211
199
194
315
467
504
419
471
456
382
471
442
363

K
625
530
701
481
785
527
357
356
793
518
660
514
428
676
650
662
644
659
475
534
438
694
861
764
780
443
58
123
304
276
728
366
593
649
587
479
760
555
462

La

12254
11267
10921
11248
11856
11890
11204
11310
11455
12940
13610
13006
12387
9322
7312
7954
10494
9432
9887
9111
8818
10672
13060
11126
12101
9633
3296
1204
1335
7515
12277
12332
12295
13040
15126
11405
8977
11502
12372

314

Mg
1371
1306
1399
1338
1437
1198
1317
1291
1298
1377
1209
1251
1407
1280
1321
1295
1361
1197
1300
1317
1225
1373
1121
1145
1320
915
358
281
361
915
1298
1402
1336
1225
1327
1349
1232
1304
1222

Mn
5
35
18
18
83
0
0
38
24
0
16
22
0
0
10
72
0
10
0
12
0
0
0
60
14
46
0
0
0
0
18
51
43
13
10
0
45
76
25

1730
2464
1449
2100
2258
1955
3092
1967
2243
3459
3164
2168
2615
2167
2811
3262
2745
2517
2670
1416
2597
3485
37
2686
1441
2191
2465
2488
2086
1882
2639
1758
3637
3513
2389
3143
2623
1537
2324

Mo
0
163
0
133
0
181
101
0
0
0
0
85
195
83
144
0
0
145
0
0
278
0
176
329
0
74
0
0
0
226
163
235
223
0
192
122
118
190
0

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
208.75
302
209.25
257
209.75
191
210.25
517
210.75
245
211.25
218
211.75
0
212.25
70
212.75
71
213.25
133
213.75
193
214.25
255
214.75
77
215.25
10
215.75
485
216.25
408
216.75
479
217.25
213
217.75
359
218.25
349
218.75
242
219.25
330
219.75
8
220.25
467
220.75
316
221.25
0
221.75
310
222.25
345
222.75
534
223.25
148
223.75
0
224.25
495
224.75
253
225.25
0
225.75
295
226.25
110
226.75
0
227.25
462
227.75
190

Ir
435
472
508
423
403
453
392
491
415
370
377
423
419
416
427
451
393
401
477
418
394
441
416
400
398
480
500
361
443
462
384
386
405
405
467
435
451
406
452

K
404
692
610
723
500
664
617
475
351
239
444
431
731
588
502
639
713
682
713
586
566
612
297
616
454
240
584
658
618
660
656
720
545
584
342
742
803
801
679

La

10925
9516
11463
11069
11900
11084
12786
12662
12720
11163
10819
9634
6443
6565
4961
5860
4208
5609
6917
9577
12611
8446
9767
8495
7129
8932
8436
14351
16390
8976
5547
5399
11235
11939
8745
5531
6967
7854
8725

315

Mg
1222
1343
1363
1367
1375
1278
1145
1327
1323
1183
1144
1206
1251
1313
1254
1186
1301
1178
1289
1289
1155
1171
1240
1192
1242
1314
1318
1102
1283
1198
1122
1220
1136
1194
1142
1063
1278
1369
1183

Mn
45
71
61
31
16
61
30
0
0
38
0
26
28
44
0
0
38
0
0
23
0
37
29
0
0
113
17
0
0
34
12
18
0
35
22
35
37
12
37

3327
3495
3793
2043
1890
2761
2502
2091
1662
2616
2047
1587
2973
3897
3011
2545
3813
3130
3007
1984
2170
671
2713
1795
2349
1109
503
1575
1221
2238
2305
3899
1845
3066
2815
3039
3566
2219
2482

Mo
0
0
0
142
0
28
8
123
0
454
19
121
0
21
0
0
341
0
0
84
0
270
422
139
495
0
0
25
0
221
15
229
0
170
86
453
0
171
313

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
228.25
290
228.75
465
229.25
582
229.75
521
230.25
342
230.75
51
231.25
0
231.75
0
232.25
611
232.75
424
233.25
206
233.75
194
234.25
0
234.75
150
235.25
207
235.75
322
236.25
227
236.75
374
237.25
100
237.75
114
238.25
241
238.75
664
239.25
483
239.75
387
240.25
412
240.75
225
241.25
430
241.75
174
242.25
250
242.75
369
243.25
380
243.75
254
244.25
473
244.75
310
245.25
375
245.75
476
246.25
226
246.75
277
247.25
493

Ir
358
430
401
359
282
173
170
204
427
489
410
443
536
419
404
410
441
379
431
344
402
439
366
394
349
421
433
476
352
355
339
331
337
368
276
358
382
382
388

K
632
752
539
660
451
118
59
386
499
552
701
518
681
578
406
709
367
392
666
596
563
422
387
619
409
536
713
648
322
318
604
515
661
668
129
347
505
689
329

La

10911
18130
23908
18647
9378
4768
3114
6575
12290
12524
12503
12990
11438
11627
17536
13738
13337
12711
16767
14811
10881
12881
11369
12842
13807
17233
9840
5897
5657
18049
15424
16989
16866
19732
18316
25157
15618
9059
12130

316

Mg
1312
1435
1188
1238
727
429
308
679
1150
1237
1274
1284
1415
1398
1192
1143
1167
1116
1275
1265
1269
1376
1249
1453
1139
1089
1047
1234
1171
1354
1348
1446
1475
1472
1415
1387
1588
1564
1521

Mn
20
26
66
25
17
0
0
0
0
14
12
22
0
0
0
19
0
0
33
87
0
9
0
28
9
0
38
75
0
27
28
0
77
0
54
13
35
23
0

3139
1539
1216
1015
2774
2526
1336
1776
2277
2721
199
2135
1681
1284
2496
2785
3221
2459
2040
1986
3190
1095
2318
1868
1825
3055
3816
3832
3003
1208
951
2244
1815
812
1871
1849
2755
3972
2370

Mo
175
88
0
299
0
0
0
65
0
52
114
0
292
196
0
0
0
0
63
0
0
0
0
327
0
8
0
0
0
318
48
39
536
300
348
325
0
277
12

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
247.75
226
248.25
16
248.75
396
249.25
212
249.75
356
250.25
364
250.75
520
251.25
330
251.75
190
252.25
366
252.75
535
253.25
44
253.75
592
254.25
268
254.75
316
255.25
389
255.75
251
256.25
478
256.75
528
257.25
215
257.75
306
258.25
16
258.75
467
259.25
485
259.75
469
260.25
550
260.75
294
261.25
143
261.75
472
262.25
571
262.75
473
263.25
166
263.75
341
264.25
670
264.75
307
265.25
527
265.75
326
266.25
628
266.75
482

Ir
277
378
353
364
361
273
306
245
358
388
422
367
408
340
338
389
404
346
404
391
361
250
385
241
325
279
405
368
288
337
382
369
377
339
403
408
441
402
395

K
533
430
584
409
543
620
678
473
420
459
381
460
464
412
700
421
823
825
612
253
267
431
523
788
472
640
673
501
413
695
493
305
620
392
703
695
384
572
681

La

17421
7706
9599
16407
14179
18897
18006
21156
16324
14926
13205
13675
13137
12727
12148
12607
13455
11577
10137
14164
16549
8899
7592
4971
5199
5917
13517
17455
20000
15654
12506
7504
8284
9399
11073
8851
9207
8622
13589

317

Mg
1342
1577
1454
1613
1502
1394
1435
1525
1498
1531
1566
1599
1525
1515
1447
1550
1502
1532
1509
1341
1261
1189
1317
1212
1083
1301
1489
1423
1402
1437
1366
1472
1464
1513
1534
1545
1596
1459
1450

Mn
6
98
20
8
15
11
45
83
45
27
50
18
42
14
25
51
8
17
8
31
47
36
23
55
8
0
21
0
41
49
34
64
45
54
41
46
50
44
0

945
2816
1621
897
2304
2797
1813
2110
875
3254
712
1607
2312
715
2282
942
3518
1370
2090
896
1135
1385
2486
1841
2385
1248
2146
1755
1376
2345
3025
3172
2246
1586
2844
1869
1967
2615
2212

Mo
250
0
0
34
105
539
108
346
275
0
359
132
536
638
619
456
619
152
322
237
189
104
82
58
510
341
299
0
418
0
0
424
0
742
444
59
0
0
0

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
267.25
450
267.75
439
268.25
488
268.75
498
269.25
496
269.75
237
270.25
0
270.75
341
271.25
0
271.75
0
272.25
117
272.75
0
273.25
0
273.75
201
274.25
212
274.75
336
275.25
102
275.75
13
276.25
0
276.75
376
277.25
378
277.75
160
278.25
427
278.75
379
279.25
291
279.75
279
280.25
438
280.75
380
281.25
354
281.75
571
282.25
236
282.75
296
283.25
344
283.75
376
284.25
221
284.75
435
285.25
290
285.75
708
286.25
344

Ir
441
438
384
441
355
295
171
119
0
0
0
0
0
87
204
196
80
96
96
206
368
399
359
358
396
400
347
374
351
385
332
440
428
497
595
473
371
365
368

K
605
525
683
429
893
213
557
1084
1247
1296
1414
1474
1192
1228
1088
659
427
319
572
493
356
366
359
565
466
652
573
345
628
649
374
653
449
511
540
688
695
588
403

La

13810
12617
19406
18742
14096
20407
28100
21009
6697
6363
4329
4833
4946
4458
5704
2871
1158
1498
1340
2349
3093
3113
2479
2969
2984
2602
2566
2676
2452
2172
1770
1786
2555
3176
3301
3993
2716
2525
2513

318

Mg
1524
1545
1589
1462
1471
1363
1186
1048
630
574
720
579
769
937
1283
886
453
417
524
760
1315
1316
1352
1436
1366
1244
1387
1297
1426
1285
1405
1419
1342
1384
1386
1401
1407
1383
1285

Mn
8
55
0
0
27
9
0
19
12
0
0
28
0
0
0
0
17
0
10
28
6
0
0
34
0
0
13
0
50
0
40
52
0
71
0
50
53
77
50

1816
2006
2591
2974
2791
1665
3281
2159
2440
2492
3719
3699
3481
2550
3860
3034
3798
1903
1987
2904
2367
3042
2466
2738
3096
3543
3412
1647
3350
2332
1793
3121
3326
3493
1638
2505
2528
3754
4060

Mo
0
148
32
197
349
149
497
258
137
171
109
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
152
1069
1051
1073
645
0
80
272
467
180
73
0
0
0
0
0
654
181
142

Depth Hg
I
(cm)
286.75
369
287.25
86
287.75
0
288.25
109
288.75
407
289.25
324
289.75
508
290.25
536
290.75
301
291.25
451
291.75
442
292.25
248
292.75
349
293.25
331
293.75
312

Ir
422
109
0
0
217
429
361
317
405
277
300
307
241
185
238

K
831
964
1487
1025
569
381
346
551
513
377
402
143
297
566
298

La

3189
5193
6158
12450
36208
42800
45618
42389
32875
33659
32426
32154
49610
41639
36859

319

Mg
1392
1226
430
632
1446
1681
1606
1439
1240
1469
1418
1321
1256
1247
1146

Mn
46
0
0
29
43
38
57
30
0
0
46
18
21
0
0

3495
4604
2940
3137
1974
2162
0
1817
2487
2461
2306
2800
3286
2528
967

Mo
99
297
160
23
356
277
397
271
135
0
233
210
82
0
0

Table A 4.4 Galang Co XRF Geochemistry Ni – Sc
Depth Ni
P
(cm)
14.25
570
14.75
405
15.25
693
15.75
619
16.25
585
16.75
506
17.25
603
17.75
649
18.25
604
18.75
497
19.25
486
19.75
456
20.25
366
20.75
519
21.25
556
21.75
493
22.25
439
22.75
570
23.25
455
23.75
328
24.25
468
24.75
583
25.25
545
25.75
457
26.25
559
26.75
550
27.25
497
27.75
430
28.25
480
28.75
677
29.25
600
29.75
603
30.25
754
30.75
669
31.25
679
31.75
770
32.25
591
32.75
669

Pr
5
0
0
39
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
23
0
0
0
0
0
15
0
18
0
0
7
27
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
0

Pt
398
378
1073
1230
1361
1011
959
1066
1049
1081
1038
1220
1090
1030
1172
1010
1084
1016
1030
1205
941
883
1093
1064
954
999
1014
932
1057
1160
953
989
1050
932
1154
935
971
1179

Rb
315
385
833
967
1015
938
778
951
865
922
1036
914
912
847
951
1020
872
849
768
859
696
860
1050
1109
904
951
866
982
741
764
1005
999
853
777
657
833
748
1023
320

712
662
1253
1189
999
1069
814
825
970
1013
1047
1225
623
1195
1061
793
558
1337
1003
809
839
1376
811
957
1123
984
978
836
683
975
1326
1072
1092
1298
1254
1052
1287
1100

S

Sb
537
649
1197
1272
1543
1394
1149
1192
1081
1256
1160
1284
1204
1295
1295
1206
1202
1150
1231
1336
1224
1350
1523
1436
1294
1410
1350
1348
1388
1224
1110
1227
1144
1141
1175
1110
1314
1157

Sc
163
236
230
298
427
288
297
291
276
234
274
154
312
295
195
278
323
242
244
392
405
404
425
350
341
341
359
404
326
334
338
208
338
350
321
377
464
364

232
200
375
439
417
445
367
397
381
492
383
452
403
468
529
481
392
468
537
381
423
286
358
579
426
460
398
462
519
504
459
539
424
534
548
530
522
557

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
33.25
505
33.75
579
34.25
709
34.75
682
35.25
494
35.75
690
36.25
654
36.75
660
37.25
595
37.75
425
38.25
457
38.75
383
39.25
513
39.75
326
40.25
386
40.75
513
41.25
516
41.75
560
42.25
709
42.75
637
43.25
759
43.75
802
44.25
799
44.75
759
45.25
639
45.75
772
46.25
601
46.75
754
47.25
616
47.75
686
48.25
670
48.75
743
49.25
686
49.75
647
50.25
497
50.75
769
51.25
582
51.75
478
52.25
678

Pr
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
37
43
0
14
0
10
0
5
26
0
0
0
0
6

Pt
1256
1079
1030
1321
1241
1158
1064
1109
974
1174
1341
1092
886
1072
1251
999
953
1001
1067
1059
998
1088
1195
1161
1386
1210
959
1077
915
1023
1015
1035
1326
1113
1142
958
1151
1151
1001

Rb
683
935
1094
991
1088
1076
685
975
952
1001
910
996
1093
696
668
891
699
833
984
748
1069
837
947
997
670
724
583
602
703
1015
727
1012
769
967
708
972
538
658
679

321

1215
956
947
932
652
919
915
1117
905
740
1187
974
1018
1042
1110
1019
1067
1069
1329
1221
924
1139
1277
939
1235
1244
1357
1128
1236
1327
1527
1278
1111
1259
1529
1328
1218
1160
1357

S

Sb
1286
1428
1122
1321
1341
1338
1364
1484
1453
1549
1792
1880
1586
1663
1612
1346
1358
1394
1352
1484
1665
1513
1711
1798
2052
1937
1787
1629
1816
1791
1730
1772
1792
1685
1679
1986
1995
2207
2152

Sc
291
317
264
236
303
250
323
229
219
219
411
333
295
319
428
480
316
425
398
487
458
393
355
452
424
468
462
506
536
490
327
439
383
499
450
478
471
560
500

395
490
447
391
391
382
346
497
418
562
320
438
385
450
445
571
478
571
466
446
578
536
309
606
485
521
440
410
683
469
632
473
496
542
587
401
455
665
550

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
52.75
612
53.25
641
53.75
705
54.25
809
54.75
674
55.25
718
55.75
828
56.25
932
56.75
730
57.25
802
57.75
823
58.25
946
58.75
790
59.25
813
59.75
791
60.25
690
60.75
667
61.25
707
61.75
556
62.25
691
62.75
693
63.25
624
63.75
597
64.25
445
64.75
584
65.25
791
65.75
731
66.25
606
66.75
668
67.25
661
67.75
817
68.25
682
68.75
831
69.25
788
69.75
798
70.25
739
70.75
617
71.25
802
71.75
811

Pr
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
0
12
41
0
0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
0

Pt
1070
1178
1115
989
1234
1270
1191
1069
1055
1069
1146
1096
1196
1189
1172
1002
1134
1293
1010
1034
1004
1214
1209
1214
1183
1153
975
1195
1161
1111
1098
913
1105
1018
1003
869
1048
1183
1124

Rb
854
468
658
748
696
778
535
1172
1170
657
986
900
686
829
976
700
647
750
719
873
813
929
777
716
864
486
722
585
1026
825
802
641
746
735
885
927
859
845
926

322

1731
2486
2429
2235
2628
1994
1546
1531
1166
1585
1277
1495
1764
1413
1407
1178
1439
1095
987
1003
1111
889
1068
1089
1226
846
893
835
815
804
665
710
617
558
593
594
565
555
606

S

Sb
2042
1542
1538
1374
1589
1686
1579
1526
1681
1563
1560
1597
1619
1542
1544
2170
2350
2389
2206
2301
2388
2225
2233
2066
1795
2172
2143
2143
2233
2243
2933
2351
1908
1921
1879
2015
1943
2430
2011

Sc
759
875
785
796
602
730
622
586
496
438
402
336
438
308
376
175
454
387
348
227
381
346
388
261
212
360
353
194
263
212
363
332
219
180
257
249
268
246
271

717
751
648
749
726
631
604
455
540
482
633
512
564
460
417
323
407
688
470
521
528
504
491
470
465
588
455
399
421
538
421
639
437
371
355
471
398
449
347

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
72.25
798
72.75
802
73.25
751
73.75
630
74.25
725
74.75
910
75.25
821
75.75
643
76.25
682
76.75
756
77.25
865
77.75
813
78.25
697
78.75
659
79.25
570
79.75
810
80.25
585
80.75
624
81.25
655
81.75
711
82.25
672
82.75
594
83.25
716
83.75
623
84.25
766
84.75
594
85.25
685
85.75
614
86.25
833
86.75
807
87.25
829
87.75
641
88.25
792
88.75
929
89.25
855
89.75
800
90.25
666
90.75
693
91.25
757

Pr
0
0
0
0
0
19
38
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
0
33
0
0
0
0
0
17
0
0
0
27
0
15
0
0
14
15
0
0
0

Pt
1052
916
984
1121
1139
1154
1203
1113
1046
1007
1181
1102
943
1091
1107
1132
991
1011
805
963
819
1301
1195
1239
1145
1089
1185
1370
1117
1240
1220
1306
1092
1254
1108
1420
1143
1019
1093

Rb
963
822
778
964
665
965
915
437
785
907
669
570
834
633
530
854
706
470
735
759
984
556
1102
693
841
742
687
663
901
675
724
571
962
801
1002
1055
955
698
361

323

879
670
795
1077
688
1117
1259
1518
1558
1671
1715
1459
1501
1894
1394
1085
1232
1280
1225
1029
875
1116
752
1146
1157
1231
1069
1331
1256
1309
1222
1038
952
831
769
1010
873
902
511

S

Sb
2233
2646
2742
1968
1574
1603
1473
1344
1350
1303
1376
1408
1456
1433
926
892
796
722
744
922
1021
1372
1506
1492
1484
1406
1425
1414
1439
1479
1475
1447
1566
1473
1463
1848
2947
5553
18468

Sc
312
371
430
231
307
360
254
389
344
415
556
586
512
626
476
382
490
330
333
364
294
483
313
426
462
377
337
494
482
492
318
564
395
190
348
276
341
463
1440

524
477
599
416
470
428
399
436
512
485
542
566
653
635
754
585
651
712
465
434
506
803
591
618
792
784
689
642
703
638
764
697
672
665
529
256
465
874
2336

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
91.75
719
92.25
567
92.75
684
93.25
530
93.75
508
94.25
590
94.75
504
95.25
746
95.75
445
96.25
580
96.75
687
97.25
685
97.75
659
98.25
566
98.75
535
99.25
548
99.75
638
100.25
614
100.75
602
101.25
555
101.75
686
102.25
571
102.75
558
103.25
645
103.75
650
104.25
721
104.75
633
105.25
652
105.75
719
106.25
557
106.75
753
107.25
548
107.75
657
108.25
780
108.75
825
109.25
837
109.75
603
110.25
715
110.75
729

Pr
0
0
0
0
0
4
45
37
57
16
63
46
110
67
124
50
104
27
41
0
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
0
0
51
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Pt
886
979
1072
1150
1088
1119
1217
1222
1106
1036
1157
1339
1309
1136
1074
1260
1330
1052
1279
1270
1207
965
1041
1031
992
1341
1282
1113
1195
1138
1216
913
1220
1235
899
1392
1273
1002
1204

Rb
280
295
774
685
603
911
866
849
718
789
744
622
791
831
727
791
719
874
510
907
764
620
733
737
864
880
793
893
616
824
765
789
747
1021
1076
955
757
1040
825

324

684
698
528
712
670
639
915
597
981
614
1093
1139
1501
1223
1337
1013
966
1541
1433
1210
1208
1180
1054
1389
1270
1455
1310
1283
1312
1323
1435
1035
983
862
783
678
1273
1195
1049

S

Sb
21825
14677
14812
6885
4800
2741
1592
1486
1440
1428
1383
1412
1557
1620
1519
1268
1335
1422
1271
1375
1449
1307
1373
1387
1316
1219
1035
1135
1207
1062
1223
1163
1373
1420
1212
1207
1224
1192
1164

Sc
1538
1273
1002
608
339
311
199
240
265
252
377
393
408
336
489
289
556
369
418
593
471
446
408
383
398
431
423
388
442
348
403
467
331
495
449
436
465
348
371

3279
2004
1673
1130
627
501
412
444
511
515
567
545
471
685
749
704
672
605
642
767
679
631
731
721
742
767
559
605
753
585
663
665
694
752
624
729
612
702
586

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
111.25
876
111.75
655
112.25
766
112.75
671
113.25
818
113.75
654
114.25
695
114.75
758
115.25
892
115.75
784
116.25
686
116.75
652
117.25
868
117.75
910
118.25
797
118.75
635
119.25
778
119.75
953
120.25
830
120.75
769
121.25
730
121.75
592
122.25
793
122.75
651
123.25
764
123.75
669
124.25
658
124.75
463
125.25
586
125.75
665
126.25
684
126.75
594
127.25
496
127.75
574
128.25
446
128.75
627
129.25
824
129.75
833
130.25
727

Pr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
0
0
42
0
15
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Pt
1061
1209
1154
1072
1199
1183
1331
1204
1232
1155
1037
1281
1025
1087
1182
1178
1242
1077
843
340
348
358
723
1197
1251
1127
1338
1044
1179
1119
1365
1189
1329
1324
1036
1205
1151
949
963

Rb
877
823
762
804
1011
719
783
846
658
942
725
693
865
742
817
950
990
749
799
541
286
446
709
584
903
739
974
630
665
829
573
516
707
786
672
882
704
582
747

325

754
1140
1227
1444
1289
1253
1027
1007
998
1135
1069
1111
948
1183
871
895
1151
967
810
317
387
410
602
778
1141
1064
1403
1597
1274
1607
1434
1510
1508
1353
1678
2206
1638
928
1169

S

Sb
1128
1154
1044
1227
1399
1314
1355
1341
1436
1332
1253
1385
1265
1413
1298
1243
1569
1626
1132
609
359
385
823
1777
1416
1272
1471
1414
1394
1317
1249
1469
1723
1261
1132
1312
1436
1689
1840

Sc
386
491
346
447
427
394
450
406
439
443
347
344
320
313
458
300
378
266
300
176
188
136
170
374
442
396
633
655
654
517
668
622
584
593
474
776
685
578
515

631
714
664
546
711
684
730
698
553
649
664
644
641
656
702
569
620
873
419
244
216
179
305
566
672
492
801
896
943
780
958
1065
729
890
673
917
724
852
658

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
130.75
737
131.25
800
131.75
793
132.25
810
132.75
743
133.25
843
133.75
809
134.25
866
134.75
746
135.25
740
135.75
687
136.25
778
136.75
772
137.25
773
137.75
795
138.25
757
138.75
887
139.25
734
139.75
630
140.25
630
140.75
693
141.25
745
141.75
679
142.25
754
142.75
617
143.25
852
143.75
592
144.25
553
144.75
443
145.25
348
145.75
500
146.25
500
146.75
565
147.25
641
147.75
810
148.25
791
148.75
778
149.25
660
149.75
830

Pr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
52
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
8
0
0
12
53
0
0
0
0

Pt
1009
965
1078
1183
1094
1074
1161
1240
1173
1020
1049
1029
1063
1057
956
1161
1017
1040
900
940
1185
1029
998
1148
1017
887
941
1062
1248
1184
1312
1336
1476
1443
1518
1313
1110
1150
1187

Rb
686
532
603
825
724
973
737
965
692
751
802
1080
712
827
1245
831
975
757
932
909
1100
917
692
1042
782
605
874
621
920
544
604
519
465
415
719
962
1017
931
978

326

924
1049
1314
1005
1204
1391
1141
990
971
706
1034
865
776
515
875
757
576
592
405
366
580
834
606
720
1092
840
585
794
1231
2349
3608
4080
4593
4324
2555
1428
927
887
871

S

Sb
1727
1679
1512
1660
1813
1779
1723
1543
1813
1824
1683
1651
1623
1824
2075
1890
1646
1511
1484
1756
1849
1935
1677
1912
1646
1643
1713
1557
1548
1175
995
826
611
812
1024
1308
1453
1456
1255

Sc
357
313
388
585
435
563
464
353
413
466
336
411
212
309
313
308
303
263
290
227
260
299
265
148
379
296
228
301
289
394
733
698
749
720
629
299
271
293
343

641
661
590
734
399
923
711
620
693
628
670
668
667
584
598
582
481
452
586
327
415
450
622
564
645
605
422
477
546
831
745
787
865
797
720
495
472
472
483

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
150.25
820
150.75
755
151.25
777
151.75
684
152.25
702
152.75
799
153.25
655
153.75
814
154.25
1001
154.75
969
155.25
944
155.75
809
156.25
874
156.75
649
157.25
808
157.75
606
158.25
689
158.75
790
159.25
854
159.75
689
160.25
801
160.75
744
161.25
771
161.75
656
162.25
887
162.75
845
163.25
913
163.75
889
164.25
833
164.75
1208
165.25
1034
165.75
931
166.25
448
166.75
797
167.25
866
167.75
859
168.25
811
168.75
826
169.25
992

Pr
0
8
0
0
63
0
0
0
0
0
23
16
38
35
0
0
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
15
0
0
0
42
0
0
0
0
27
0

Pt
1165
1164
1288
1316
1409
1204
965
1310
1229
1198
339
309
106
248
766
971
1067
967
1233
1079
1052
1263
1101
1071
1042
1156
1095
1030
1139
1060
1198
1068
99
427
1184
1191
1287
1124
948

Rb
874
983
821
760
732
837
858
979
730
730
744
635
328
435
781
1014
807
1024
1000
978
1064
989
1014
1082
862
973
922
1325
1010
1364
1308
830
270
581
924
1202
966
1190
919

327

1078
1189
988
1380
1583
1611
1736
1735
877
1096
815
883
599
667
614
1150
1326
922
835
1119
1054
1197
1131
1395
823
70
179
469
382
0
373
0
0
0
355
396
934
1293
1033

S

Sb
1243
1290
1157
1264
1653
2353
2023
1788
1612
1697
842
557
242
322
984
1667
1517
1713
1764
1907
1909
1758
1517
1639
1456
1457
1266
1418
1242
1322
1301
1372
374
444
1087
1251
1381
1336
1559

Sc
114
294
178
320
338
431
363
338
148
351
198
176
149
145
137
186
269
306
274
236
288
264
288
251
183
270
193
145
150
256
224
218
59
80
95
96
353
381
311

422
453
458
518
611
623
451
592
497
412
115
86
80
89
343
464
543
490
467
491
475
504
628
495
443
440
409
347
311
433
342
287
154
183
372
296
406
655
575

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
169.75
714
170.25
824
170.75
874
171.25
868
171.75
789
172.25
704
172.75
837
173.25
848
173.75
786
174.25
723
174.75
760
175.25
755
175.75
836
176.25
817
176.75
683
177.25
721
177.75
824
178.25
863
178.75
799
179.25
829
179.75
588
180.25
832
180.75
735
181.25
821
181.75
976
182.25
1089
182.75
974
183.25
888
183.75
854
184.25
932
184.75
945
185.25
937
185.75
961
186.25
755
186.75
930
187.25
908
187.75
935
188.25
892
188.75
836

Pr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
31
0
0
0
0
0
37
0
38
42
11
0
21
0
0
0
20
0
21
0
0
7
9
0
0
0
0
0
0

Pt
1053
1124
1072
1238
937
1120
1017
862
594
722
860
1132
1094
1158
1214
1398
1118
982
470
530
376
1006
1171
1247
1361
1067
1319
1067
1295
1243
1254
1240
1152
1220
1154
1061
1276
1288
1068

Rb
825
916
1248
936
812
921
742
723
510
812
659
833
1058
871
1093
1081
881
899
691
579
443
927
947
946
1127
1216
1176
1428
936
945
1193
1144
1254
1200
1328
886
1114
957
883

328

1487
1105
1291
1435
1510
1325
1091
1124
769
1020
929
1322
898
1230
1095
1214
1110
1194
915
1007
484
884
1229
997
523
288
402
527
161
319
249
208
489
747
751
1084
1161
777
1034

S

Sb
1379
1388
1396
1320
1390
1413
1234
973
651
742
1001
1311
1219
1491
1181
1336
1350
1260
564
562
353
899
1553
1718
1662
1727
2330
1639
1826
1801
1664
1663
1726
1741
1689
1659
1635
1693
1688

Sc
362
330
357
334
289
285
277
160
220
107
329
256
280
375
214
329
265
312
124
192
160
291
269
232
199
135
184
244
199
151
169
215
286
309
204
327
321
418
230

546
595
601
584
429
457
650
446
329
370
460
433
478
441
572
480
291
401
301
245
151
412
438
510
538
486
478
326
346
271
437
315
309
391
501
523
757
426
460

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
189.25
711
189.75
827
190.25
870
190.75
910
191.25
914
191.75
812
192.25
788
192.75
879
193.25
812
193.75
960
194.25
885
194.75
864
195.25
828
195.75
757
196.25
937
196.75
904
197.25
955
197.75
692
198.25
930
198.75
756
199.25
727
199.75
902
200.25
721
200.75
739
201.25
914
201.75
963
202.25
735
202.75
810
203.25
690
203.75
814
204.25
833
204.75
648
205.25
722
205.75
912
206.25
754
206.75
978
207.25
890
207.75
737
208.25
886

Pr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
0
31
27
19
39
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Pt
1208
1258
1017
1195
1130
1093
1174
1277
1218
1056
1200
1096
1006
1129
1053
1289
1094
1441
1276
1011
994
1055
1162
1204
1034
849
322
206
324
874
1354
1177
1173
1041
1283
1137
1395
1132
1058

Rb
878
877
768
1161
1181
1146
1068
975
919
743
1121
1089
840
1124
909
1197
961
920
1035
1101
928
745
753
786
949
739
361
477
631
946
673
796
1135
1001
976
967
1003
683
699

329

980
670
995
954
1112
982
1369
731
1134
844
926
1439
1163
967
408
867
688
692
882
826
760
1310
992
1274
1013
829
832
736
415
835
1203
1423
1183
1167
1394
1254
1008
1103
1177

S

Sb
1454
1712
1581
1449
1533
1588
1471
1350
1391
1591
1429
1479
1529
1219
1426
1268
1323
1231
1357
1246
1191
1211
1252
1170
1212
890
316
207
294
842
1366
1357
1407
1399
1342
1144
1168
1199
1024

Sc
329
207
113
203
336
204
179
313
348
464
360
155
265
280
207
331
245
386
207
233
172
215
374
271
334
173
225
190
157
219
297
347
330
199
285
337
343
325
237

574
594
537
447
546
467
468
448
405
524
464
574
642
336
356
508
644
473
516
383
462
509
525
460
640
316
167
130
203
406
519
598
484
719
402
716
609
476
437

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
208.75
858
209.25
905
209.75
809
210.25
921
210.75
873
211.25
751
211.75
813
212.25
697
212.75
873
213.25
893
213.75
717
214.25
923
214.75
1017
215.25
1039
215.75
1159
216.25
1070
216.75
996
217.25
986
217.75
908
218.25
874
218.75
708
219.25
763
219.75
782
220.25
817
220.75
1017
221.25
934
221.75
833
222.25
757
222.75
795
223.25
835
223.75
734
224.25
834
224.75
665
225.25
532
225.75
857
226.25
850
226.75
944
227.25
1088
227.75
923

Pr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0

Pt
976
1171
1162
1060
1126
1082
991
1107
1055
1335
1128
1273
993
1001
1125
1225
1158
1354
1289
1155
1110
1343
886
1090
1049
1177
1140
1095
1142
1057
1056
1017
1201
1300
1077
1115
1062
1232
1359

Rb
1116
1249
1061
1050
1198
1062
658
785
869
1015
746
863
1101
1088
1249
1293
1214
1135
984
1058
816
1189
1039
1023
1192
775
870
760
679
749
835
1029
904
989
888
935
1369
1037
1098

330

934
1133
989
812
923
907
679
1312
1328
1240
323
687
220
207
337
132
655
229
499
1096
1384
483
622
660
377
496
844
1325
1446
727
260
678
1175
1247
985
516
316
418
666

S

Sb
1201
1313
1376
1366
1304
1206
1213
1269
1357
1370
1246
1300
1414
1440
1425
1465
1390
1377
1516
1481
1304
1281
1432
1453
1554
1566
1818
2470
1952
2116
2319
2119
1972
1633
2527
1964
1689
1826
1901

Sc
266
218
281
314
293
253
240
409
245
351
362
96
126
150
161
157
111
288
254
235
246
132
260
246
181
229
183
315
328
377
228
244
448
215
386
243
230
207
330

512
582
471
325
510
569
416
633
615
529
400
366
215
317
452
367
346
391
587
314
350
369
381
516
434
397
361
530
494
444
306
407
525
422
424
356
413
433
491

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
228.25
1010
228.75
802
229.25
812
229.75
730
230.25
908
230.75
802
231.25
727
231.75
522
232.25
655
232.75
933
233.25
744
233.75
710
234.25
859
234.75
787
235.25
754
235.75
726
236.25
725
236.75
690
237.25
648
237.75
617
238.25
941
238.75
812
239.25
648
239.75
857
240.25
811
240.75
726
241.25
665
241.75
814
242.25
930
242.75
942
243.25
911
243.75
949
244.25
935
244.75
866
245.25
930
245.75
807
246.25
1067
246.75
1231
247.25
1169

Pr
0
18
0
0
0
10
33
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Pt
1203
1134
1331
1358
831
266
326
572
1340
839
1275
1090
1092
1214
1269
1024
1122
1037
1022
1269
1096
1099
1357
1074
1280
1175
1096
1115
1188
536
633
780
627
618
493
451
328
472
554

Rb
1175
941
1173
855
683
548
427
613
835
918
754
672
771
924
774
912
964
830
811
798
1088
1038
883
1236
867
583
891
1412
1353
712
768
764
642
649
645
650
783
829
724

331

1017
1071
1712
1607
1238
815
322
488
995
947
1415
1377
872
1194
1302
926
870
1224
1503
1436
1057
970
1199
1615
1352
1247
945
453
324
1453
1159
1466
1228
1314
1557
1919
1386
356
736

S

Sb
1977
1604
1733
2009
1180
569
284
828
1633
1266
1405
1479
1995
2691
1745
1578
1398
1623
1458
1395
1365
1488
1173
1479
1446
1382
1437
1832
1530
1464
1328
1381
1501
1779
1476
1674
1437
1599
1557

Sc
342
315
522
506
187
176
163
191
343
348
467
283
227
430
437
496
381
247
264
317
437
249
268
247
344
408
208
279
119
831
674
691
742
630
900
916
655
531
407

508
565
695
528
244
212
192
240
484
470
593
605
505
606
645
530
553
433
759
674
639
545
513
491
454
617
498
536
378
578
695
691
513
580
701
714
605
498
520

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
247.75
991
248.25
1223
248.75
986
249.25
860
249.75
951
250.25
856
250.75
984
251.25
1101
251.75
965
252.25
986
252.75
986
253.25
932
253.75
1059
254.25
1022
254.75
953
255.25
853
255.75
1145
256.25
976
256.75
1118
257.25
926
257.75
759
258.25
825
258.75
1052
259.25
946
259.75
906
260.25
959
260.75
1080
261.25
921
261.75
934
262.25
1125
262.75
1066
263.25
1172
263.75
1096
264.25
1197
264.75
1201
265.25
1206
265.75
1237
266.25
1049
266.75
1152

Pr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Pt
276
468
622
419
587
699
596
612
732
510
549
411
612
457
518
650
725
549
620
444
475
527
449
273
276
510
422
598
558
455
388
488
650
671
599
643
417
484
555

Rb
1047
693
607
819
760
706
855
711
783
870
919
686
641
848
639
772
893
868
909
859
705
347
739
1002
746
1002
484
427
838
864
1008
949
770
715
920
559
850
921
865

332

762
532
1159
1682
1332
1423
1557
1312
1348
1096
1267
1087
1335
1153
1168
1422
1134
1231
1345
1348
1347
600
512
433
324
880
728
1424
1373
1269
804
244
1042
1070
1318
840
1079
922
1150

S

Sb
1207
1307
1582
1826
1746
1673
1754
1732
1635
1808
1928
1922
1921
1849
1820
1858
1913
1876
1745
1778
1779
1841
2500
1701
1430
1965
1774
1903
1591
1790
1641
1732
1695
1654
1691
1678
1757
1722
1717

Sc
608
459
508
648
630
651
743
893
453
273
426
352
334
377
366
276
325
315
345
406
519
667
917
570
451
655
535
739
494
673
481
361
330
467
409
461
397
608
482

426
462
441
546
604
641
587
534
409
351
221
382
332
422
420
447
336
448
448
202
482
557
652
366
446
519
704
593
462
399
440
413
409
392
459
373
484
517
531

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
267.25
1044
267.75
1017
268.25
1034
268.75
905
269.25
945
269.75
813
270.25
801
270.75
1022
271.25
1937
271.75
1851
272.25
1878
272.75
2292
273.25
1664
273.75
1090
274.25
1069
274.75
853
275.25
636
275.75
774
276.25
787
276.75
855
277.25
920
277.75
1061
278.25
1083
278.75
1231
279.25
1179
279.75
1199
280.25
1209
280.75
918
281.25
1386
281.75
1150
282.25
1073
282.75
1095
283.25
1091
283.75
1162
284.25
1072
284.75
1009
285.25
1175
285.75
1206
286.25
1307

Pr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
0
0
0
0
0

Pt
486
511
474
722
367
550
722
505
607
542
406
500
471
663
498
132
179
219
173
298
537
506
539
473
777
648
513
712
468
575
536
342
620
487
706
601
613
428
477

Rb
997
943
609
602
796
120
186
400
266
440
233
475
448
960
964
878
417
465
655
610
976
1070
735
788
903
905
1141
826
912
1252
696
1014
1146
650
1090
1140
925
886
597

333

1574
974
1280
1633
1034
1340
1810
1005
147
0
0
0
281
532
520
0
0
217
336
424
817
992
835
544
451
253
221
341
613
633
6
485
1068
1062
1294
1330
267
304
247

S

Sb
1810
2012
2695
1803
1752
1854
1849
1971
1717
1583
1452
1450
1535
1602
2387
1570
1086
853
898
1281
1805
1878
1959
1806
1950
1789
1942
1971
1918
1750
1640
1546
1869
1810
1736
1845
2196
1848
2046

Sc
499
421
689
766
1265
1402
2582
4874
7783
8610
8168
9271
7539
4345
2040
805
499
401
317
528
543
605
570
576
511
461
506
583
465
423
440
448
578
638
471
647
644
649
871

571
629
416
683
712
887
1305
2490
4309
4175
4408
5440
3921
1925
942
481
314
254
223
416
486
505
611
417
467
493
346
503
433
380
399
363
586
500
463
673
449
471
669

Depth Ni
P
(cm)
286.75
1051
287.25
1213
287.75
2102
288.25
1624
288.75
649
289.25
894
289.75
775
290.25
799
290.75
834
291.25
785
291.75
899
292.25
828
292.75
714
293.25
659
293.75
570

Pr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0

Pt
594
513
641
526
710
586
557
576
587
560
565
592
731
530
549

Rb
1076
633
246
140
419
739
617
660
867
734
496
358
560
444
387

334

379
478
406
1036
2527
2639
2710
2212
2462
2203
2099
2209
2022
2097
2035

S

Sb
1862
1977
1836
1550
2574
3318
3685
3436
2352
2423
2672
2133
2681
2267
2516

Sc
762
3591
9535
6569
1304
929
813
702
620
786
1148
974
943
1095
1200

728
1936
5039
2603
841
583
529
758
564
572
796
833
649
920
888

Table A 4.5 Galang Co XRF Geochemistry Se – U
Depth Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Tm
U
(cm)
14.25
0
260
1080
783
662
50
98
14.75
176
254
1104
655
791
407
316
15.25
318
647
1407
1479
1657
553
575
15.75
143
738
1423
1680
2123
606
612
16.25
180
743
1503
1612
2246
535
576
16.75
101
606
828
1441
1869
622
752
17.25
183
584
1303
1305
1654
632
684
17.75
331
598
897
1325
1939
516
702
18.25
217
660
782
1392
1676
426
528
18.75
410
697
979
1401
1918
685
684
19.25
226
655
1227
1436
1872
526
686
19.75
242
655
1167
1439
2012
523
482
20.25
10
633
965
1505
2004
576
628
20.75
401
727
999
1444
2144
504
789
21.25
287
671
1169
1497
2110
367
792
21.75
25
676
942
1515
2130
475
650
22.25
85
613
1055
1505
2300
434
598
22.75
169
547
959
1376
1947
490
671
23.25
203
623
1115
1462
1976
395
630
23.75
61
578
764
1463
2445
604
803
24.25
253
519
1158
1330
2374
522
827
24.75
277
558
1157
1297
2230
752
841
25.25
34
623
1236
1468
2252
733
739
25.75
0
618
1328
1262
2101
343
635
26.25
140
606
1239
1436
2359
517
658
26.75
0
698
1519
1277
2304
555
803
27.25
421
762
1092
1401
2012
396
562
27.75
378
711
1258
1503
2419
589
666
28.25
280
868
1043
1700
2299
491
465
28.75
377
753
1146
1737
1573
521
500
29.25
112
910
1501
1626
1498
527
532
29.75
121
1030
1565
1607
1479
523
446
30.25
430
880
1461
1483
1795
531
569
30.75
472
913
1353
1557
1809
406
618
31.25
363
954
1375
1554
1822
521
531
31.75
296
772
1922
1463
1680
471
536
32.25
198
864
1404
1485
1730
432
637
32.75
34
988
1410
1610
1858
491
509
335

Depth Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Tm
U
(cm)
33.25
89
1150
1372
1735
1878
531
645
33.75
78
1181
1043
1583
1801
651
570
34.25
0
963
1054
1702
1573
449
523
34.75
420
1182
1161
1489
1508
474
543
35.25
301
1329
733
1866
1639
381
444
35.75
152
1348
883
1689
1419
360
474
36.25
13
1429
1109
1543
1595
398
556
36.75
298
1326
1263
1921
1627
388
590
37.25
84
1158
1144
1780
1902
534
586
37.75
283
964
1149
1716
1990
331
783
38.25
122
872
998
1712
2413
623
556
38.75
257
873
1394
1388
2550
587
716
39.25
229
693
1347
1251
1952
705
718
39.75
0
775
1300
1666
2538
563
517
40.25
0
785
1235
1449
2510
588
607
40.75
0
763
1048
1297
2092
381
885
41.25
319
741
1119
1379
1995
596
543
41.75
207
795
1301
1658
2219
450
460
42.25
213
737
992
1709
2036
674
560
42.75
379
801
1556
1727
1854
592
666
43.25
284
710
1362
1616
1846
312
392
43.75
540
799
1562
1583
1680
486
585
44.25
713
1041
1160
1791
1371
697
508
44.75
400
949
1567
1752
1976
378
613
45.25
0
983
1386
1660
1879
597
629
45.75
381
1099
1497
1622
1789
653
684
46.25
196
1018
1283
1902
2235
405
576
46.75
413
979
1618
1753
1921
561
539
47.25
261
859
1551
1587
2306
473
494
47.75
0
803
1672
1510
2325
532
568
48.25
172
787
1498
1386
2223
488
593
48.75
72
809
1334
1393
2023
586
628
49.25
291
735
1748
1662
2147
656
558
49.75
330
731
1409
1453
1934
579
706
50.25
523
731
1747
1707
2121
463
494
50.75
271
744
1533
1653
2010
726
480
51.25
118
938
1630
1474
2035
526
639
51.75
100
991
1515
1508
2216
486
529
52.25
82
1046
1883
1568
1892
500
691

336

Depth Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Tm
U
(cm)
52.75
163
1648
2472
1362
1859
399
572
53.25
140
2521
3558
1264
1515
421
441
53.75
273
2186
2874
1279
1569
447
422
54.25
157
2192
3003
1284
1420
695
532
54.75
0
1721
3031
1374
1618
716
519
55.25
0
1510
2733
1435
1657
809
508
55.75
328
1291
2399
1787
1345
534
368
56.25
116
940
1771
1524
1532
624
542
56.75
30
905
1909
1822
1420
437
481
57.25
441
1244
2424
1663
1320
442
472
57.75
61
958
1431
1763
1356
259
436
58.25
305
947
1817
1745
1377
337
716
58.75
35
983
1734
1993
1740
303
460
59.25
340
1083
1554
1661
1559
288
639
59.75
447
786
1669
1588
1367
140
520
60.25
129
813
1303
1737
1592
616
737
60.75
32
489
1228
1490
1956
603
646
61.25
254
628
1253
1717
1873
458
575
61.75
381
545
1410
1485
2381
472
679
62.25
135
502
1105
1469
2217
580
841
62.75
222
490
1183
1422
2228
400
704
63.25
10
703
1585
1295
2115
512
749
63.75
355
615
1271
1545
2028
528
589
64.25
0
614
1423
1591
2160
270
821
64.75
150
473
1157
1591
1948
390
662
65.25
297
785
1232
1672
1656
316
644
65.75
34
573
1305
1690
2007
367
804
66.25
152
524
645
1726
2064
282
600
66.75
15
499
967
1444
2232
605
713
67.25
321
570
1073
1625
1972
521
729
67.75
184
579
973
1682
1782
1008
681
68.25
136
593
1040
1575
2044
540
736
68.75
46
632
656
1626
1794
426
594
69.25
224
639
362
1605
2243
354
762
69.75
435
637
890
1546
1814
440
648
70.25
455
679
799
1580
1645
185
633
70.75
185
734
584
1689
2024
435
766
71.25
187
740
906
1604
2012
536
802
71.75
367
810
542
1467
1569
477
532

337

Depth Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Tm
U
(cm)
72.25
144
750
925
1596
1639
758
700
72.75
350
663
905
1601
1526
1138
727
73.25
130
747
970
1711
1274
696
523
73.75
326
825
865
1549
1603
643
657
74.25
120
741
1266
1671
1531
260
505
74.75
348
792
1307
1738
1301
413
560
75.25
405
886
979
1675
1296
398
452
75.75
73
895
1842
1517
1656
441
428
76.25
181
1025
1604
1371
1548
443
649
76.75
154
919
2096
1369
1543
380
615
77.25
122
1160
2092
1455
1653
658
566
77.75
233
1230
2017
1630
1453
768
611
78.25
181
1124
1996
1493
1512
781
580
78.75
0
1224
2496
1486
1385
896
515
79.25
317
561
1853
1320
1412
595
602
129
79.75
176
444
1554
1416
1390
658
604
9
80.25
260
186
1633
1373
1293
335
430
31
80.75
200
295
1704
1528
1349
343
540
62
81.25
164
290
1558
1146
1304
364
524
106
81.75
184
416
1245
1109
1323
374
476
47
82.25
0
506
1597
1106
1107
433
560
201
82.75
220
677
1521
1767
1681
345
543
0
83.25
0
562
1177
1643
1607
653
898
207
83.75
601
710
1688
1595
1910
491
616
64
84.25
354
937
1784
1650
1264
278
581
344
84.75
432
808
1655
1612
1265
367
627
17
85.25
264
763
1762
1639
1557
482
636
251
85.75
241
853
1780
1379
1202
620
583
200
86.25
223
746
1358
1467
1519
367
533
0
86.75
186
845
1530
1961
1212
426
469
133
87.25
448
868
1666
1944
938
445
437
145
87.75
358
775
1638
1752
1425
247
594
23
88.25
38
737
1429
1696
1440
459
401
184
88.75
362
741
1188
1797
1357
428
567
0
89.25
203
634
1379
2020
1629
228
442
31
89.75
427
568
995
1487
1584
308
715
0
90.25
159
584
635
1960
1460
450
528
182
90.75
481
375
560
1471
1383
1216
538
323
91.25
0
376
1176
1059
1115
3341
713
462

338

Depth Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Tm
U
(cm)
91.75
0
343
944
759
1109
3113
602
239
92.25
137
438
666
880
1666
2395
631
208
92.75
0
555
842
1131
1912
2184
813
17
93.25
45
443
673
1301
2506
892
633
105
93.75
28
376
305
1471
2983
740
727
53
94.25
0
355
658
1228
3086
537
753
239
94.75
0
525
765
1283
2361
265
756
17
95.25
515
509
694
1456
2121
222
821
253
95.75
211
579
727
1291
2405
130
814
26
96.25
425
602
1005
1438
2271
376
719
0
96.75
330
787
1066
1334
2445
454
708
8
97.25
477
784
1136
1420
2210
393
446
189
97.75
321
857
1571
1605
1901
499
721
0
98.25
0
985
1325
1299
1983
371
766
132
98.75
159
854
1253
1286
1949
207
820
0
99.25
0
677
1217
1471
1989
367
648
76
99.75
412
800
1463
1389
2279
136
640
36
100.25
146
959
1596
1395
1895
347
609
57
100.75
165
846
1470
1325
1995
168
452
0
101.25
331
697
1252
1441
2261
116
795
0
101.75
326
741
1206
1532
1782
501
660
102
102.25
62
820
1107
1634
1895
377
492
0
102.75
319
868
1376
1515
1573
469
507
0
103.25
526
993
1507
1420
2067
667
754
170
103.75
21
954
1588
1316
1832
582
586
75
104.25
364
980
1310
1560
1697
461
462
0
104.75
129
1087
1610
1568
1501
556
575
0
105.25
18
1168
1312
1578
1692
402
500
79
105.75
135
940
1459
1409
1948
472
741
206
106.25
124
1079
1238
1315
1568
435
732
0
106.75
0
973
1454
1519
1750
423
699
67
107.25
215
759
1407
1546
1670
309
585
117
107.75
394
709
1472
1535
1560
518
651
0
108.25
132
747
1505
1592
1662
262
521
0
108.75
132
732
1194
1536
1459
179
604
0
109.25
0
738
1235
1747
1508
310
497
21
109.75
139
902
1344
1686
1351
317
606
0
110.25
9
1011
1446
1683
1090
402
610
0
110.75
257
901
1286
1978
1379
395
372
0

339

Depth Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Tm
U
(cm)
111.25
219
859
1358
1782
1572
185
594
147
111.75
0
829
1541
1763
1653
312
456
173
112.25
248
891
1661
1569
1654
387
642
164
112.75
208
1204
1555
1505
1451
305
629
0
113.25
122
1056
1221
1471
1649
343
698
96
113.75
179
838
1462
1384
1442
581
498
126
114.25
335
833
1814
1778
1324
468
570
70
114.75
318
740
1667
1692
1525
449
591
77
115.25
176
556
1350
1722
1481
498
600
0
115.75
0
516
1200
1879
1554
279
549
103
116.25
305
543
1406
1667
1531
347
594
87
116.75
205
631
1239
1359
1592
396
485
297
117.25
441
511
1474
1682
1637
324
687
208
117.75
231
500
1557
1637
1574
330
519
322
118.25
169
595
1119
1937
1583
207
415
143
118.75
122
606
1316
1562
1421
543
669
110
119.25
58
498
1243
1679
1818
545
508
245
119.75
203
488
1149
1988
1481
229
598
247
120.25
299
384
1208
1498
1372
149
367
0
120.75
0
230
773
799
689
63
173
147
121.25
53
87
1038
716
467
35
109
196
121.75
41
152
563
620
493
73
93
66
122.25
154
339
561
1372
720
158
348
157
122.75
300
777
1296
1782
1664
635
465
0
123.25
171
938
1051
1399
1736
403
501
0
123.75
82
1356
1772
1361
1600
289
501
14
124.25
209
1175
2088
1281
1626
436
806
119
124.75
181
1258
2317
1465
1421
404
576
176
125.25
407
1342
2146
1545
1416
453
461
163
125.75
156
1203
2252
1583
1386
559
433
8
126.25
339
1369
2040
1673
1522
195
442
80
126.75
154
1276
2286
1352
1565
337
526
116
127.25
172
1144
1854
1371
1837
460
403
0
127.75
229
1392
1866
1063
1776
0
545
0
128.25
69
1566
1554
1080
2345
362
720
0
128.75
0
1669
2064
1036
1115
0
474
0
129.25
285
990
2131
1215
1763
409
585
9
129.75
255
933
1803
1622
1577
436
542
46
130.25
161
833
1776
1648
1328
386
555
224

340

Depth Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Tm
U
(cm)
130.75
128
921
1571
1734
1353
287
485
0
131.25
258
841
1543
1590
1570
562
474
235
131.75
302
949
1608
1883
1513
528
606
92
132.25
134
1258
1369
1599
1575
58
503
298
132.75
179
1260
1529
1669
1463
480
272
50
133.25
103
1025
1589
1538
1498
243
586
215
133.75
475
760
1320
1610
1404
396
536
0
134.25
0
599
1205
1789
1119
646
583
0
134.75
412
433
1116
1699
1152
320
608
22
135.25
483
482
1024
1727
1469
218
563
87
135.75
83
519
1114
1675
1390
423
529
638
136.25
197
541
1285
1636
1641
492
661
148
136.75
228
365
1120
1827
1588
414
513
291
137.25
239
455
1271
1691
1442
166
606
346
137.75
135
419
799
1314
1607
428
755
270
138.25
170
328
586
1833
1900
516
398
255
138.75
91
351
842
1732
1961
304
695
291
139.25
110
413
723
1569
1782
444
642
162
139.75
37
361
699
1785
1326
389
572
387
140.25
229
361
855
1511
1774
578
495
278
140.75
114
419
908
1431
1788
329
671
125
141.25
140
430
814
1522
1913
324
611
125
141.75
246
530
1325
1557
1723
373
583
362
142.25
206
587
1116
1418
1994
408
649
0
142.75
0
685
1374
1427
1913
232
553
192
143.25
246
638
1275
1546
1910
205
636
249
143.75
0
484
683
1308
1861
129
614
306
144.25
4
710
556
1159
2426
96
793
0
144.75
45
967
577
1063
2558
125
593
96
145.25
23
1913
970
982
2069
0
736
105
145.75
15
4100
1507
594
1596
0
547
0
146.25
150
4760
2053
679
1348
0
307
0
146.75
208
5479
1944
955
1309
0
416
92
147.25
180
4143
1895
851
1660
0
626
102
147.75
329
1985
1524
1065
1697
0
655
69
148.25
0
747
864
1729
1575
303
577
25
148.75
274
506
1141
1745
1246
323
612
92
149.25
169
497
722
1763
1766
301
473
31
149.75
175
510
969
1585
1851
0
779
41

341

Depth Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Tm
U
(cm)
150.25
257
507
1162
1647
1822
463
666
197
150.75
86
596
1238
1516
1983
276
725
178
151.25
347
590
919
1743
1879
283
750
84
151.75
254
767
942
1547
1819
235
526
123
152.25
409
997
966
1666
1720
411
635
328
152.75
131
991
1021
1522
1893
370
554
318
153.25
83
825
1193
1376
1675
382
679
166
153.75
283
815
919
1731
1632
205
626
182
154.25
284
587
710
2102
1496
351
374
614
154.75
0
643
917
1905
1343
84
416
762
155.25
118
291
1024
928
710
72
75
701
155.75
58
105
790
719
332
0
89
614
156.25
203
110
866
590
329
0
0
620
156.75
175
122
448
586
369
18
92
457
157.25
35
375
663
1672
944
184
215
850
157.75
140
527
890
1757
1330
290
510
599
158.25
622
431
818
1866
1181
225
448
689
158.75
352
731
563
1734
1596
256
489
499
159.25
374
560
577
2133
1437
391
441
802
159.75
246
673
791
1934
1384
294
548
721
160.25
500
642
836
1678
1340
383
543
700
160.75
532
586
715
1848
1366
336
530
927
161.25
106
582
1187
1869
1237
336
524
878
161.75
179
744
1093
1955
1471
628
484
784
162.25
457
492
1112
2098
1397
574
379
834
162.75
635
241
35
2293
1148
224
505
1009
163.25
709
157
400
2516
1133
213
399
892
163.75
549
383
636
2067
1357
389
422
947
164.25
372
184
681
2031
1179
196
437
746
164.75
67
146
146
2234
891
253
560
697
165.25
455
121
356
2139
910
170
393
550
165.75
615
101
158
2458
844
257
316
722
166.25
95
50
210
554
207
0
101
182
166.75
138
5
242
967
463
219
131
413
167.25
716
158
398
2120
1070
398
344
703
167.75
323
283
553
2221
1288
476
472
770
168.25
288
728
542
1939
1395
213
481
612
168.75
176
694
898
1818
1180
141
531
959
169.25
443
718
888
1947
1142
214
370
865

342

Depth Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Tm
U
(cm)
169.75
339
780
1117
1721
1518
229
658
834
170.25
351
674
1074
1642
1341
58
635
897
170.75
278
586
853
1666
1385
292
543
875
171.25
96
614
1140
1826
1313
165
386
818
171.75
266
710
920
1891
1371
384
364
888
172.25
457
583
905
1637
1385
220
320
737
172.75
182
536
1122
1749
1356
239
510
510
173.25
385
405
1035
1507
1019
297
390
554
173.75
171
292
695
1140
859
16
323
458
174.25
0
299
1062
1162
908
171
344
516
174.75
259
534
923
1630
878
172
382
610
175.25
291
734
1021
1921
1411
460
393
175.75
161
653
1045
1726
1190
394
554
176.25
445
577
853
2043
1291
468
482
176.75
412
453
756
2085
1421
376
555
177.25
36
467
900
1978
1409
372
530
177.75
400
459
576
2013
1310
733
545
178.25
299
547
801
1829
1152
498
485
178.75
87
244
972
1019
202
250
146
179.25
203
237
882
1127
159
169
227
179.75
213
223
630
653
169
135
106
180.25
452
275
736
1467
922
374
555
180.75
557
454
1133
1878
1289
621
509
181.25
194
448
995
2010
1366
469
465
181.75
269
254
486
2331
1223
440
629
182.25
403
225
747
2204
1143
505
496
182.75
572
185
533
2401
1116
602
560
183.25
399
117
45
2167
1138
628
452
183.75
552
169
772
2336
1197
681
474
184.25
251
146
158
2415
1171
800
430
184.75
630
101
637
2344
1099
605
356
185.25
671
218
617
1976
1192
497
393
185.75
654
185
431
2209
1014
795
423
186.25
389
336
954
1874
1291
815
605
186.75
365
476
981
1921
1106
757
574
187.25
239
524
1103
1876
1248
548
507
187.75
633
380
733
1997
1317
516
512
188.25
31
515
654
2146
1338
674
564
188.75
526
561
1210
2173
1213
618
490

343

Depth Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Tm
U
(cm)
189.25
549
582
865
2050
1194
338
416
189.75
428
335
1344
2024
1268
459
437
190.25
279
431
1140
1925
1449
661
627
190.75
315
436
808
1739
1268
638
594
191.25
276
514
1302
1844
1408
615
709
191.75
261
447
1200
1837
1386
711
435
192.25
0
474
1249
1878
1292
631
580
192.75
511
458
1127
1916
1388
670
517
193.25
374
537
1076
1943
1236
722
543
193.75
516
689
781
2193
1574
509
422
194.25
306
625
906
2048
1248
531
566
194.75
380
601
1002
1910
1332
683
393
195.25
148
490
866
1917
1505
612
666
195.75
440
296
872
2119
1152
564
443
196.25
814
254
309
2421
1262
658
465
196.75
451
363
764
2153
1072
646
461
197.25
500
508
736
2151
1218
695
526
197.75
725
439
786
2209
1239
585
359
198.25
716
401
1122
2107
1283
652
641
198.75
268
492
1084
1746
1152
742
631
199.25
431
353
1045
1877
1279
600
496
199.75
355
474
1148
1885
1152
573
511
200.25
766
613
1040
1924
1250
579
386
200.75
420
403
1385
2016
1395
692
518
201.25
71
555
1498
1667
1305
594
586
201.75
259
458
1418
1535
570
443
276
202.25
64
221
1223
715
0
95
37
202.75
0
64
1243
613
0
119
0
203.25
408
88
447
875
74
126
68
203.75
458
322
960
1661
767
507
262
204.25
681
604
1000
2050
1307
514
261
204.75
591
583
1277
2053
1349
644
530
205.25
0
589
1361
2014
1396
648
330
205.75
671
567
1060
1781
1488
521
621
206.25
490
660
1201
1729
1337
658
469
206.75
298
462
1279
1997
1232
470
465
207.25
461
404
928
2248
1176
632
423
207.75
224
580
1046
2124
1129
527
495
208.25
330
453
1233
1787
1290
585
550

344

Depth Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Tm
U
(cm)
208.75
382
497
756
1594
1067
582
641
209.25
613
487
1014
2083
1247
587
426
209.75
324
538
957
1889
1458
750
634
210.25
401
632
971
2114
1367
635
505
210.75
476
669
986
1985
1236
717
532
211.25
393
645
647
1800
1207
562
542
211.75
204
686
956
1917
1189
484
363
212.25
356
556
1427
1819
1317
552
613
212.75
461
626
973
1864
1349
738
654
213.25
409
479
1279
1818
1077
707
313
213.75
366
612
772
2210
1099
630
356
214.25
781
392
1079
1979
928
896
485
214.75
644
283
630
2420
868
818
303
215.25
422
365
95
2250
964
770
425
215.75
377
186
642
2348
860
643
280
216.25
405
181
683
2164
972
724
428
216.75
776
164
1012
2080
947
859
518
217.25
427
198
630
2236
971
760
435
217.75
369
265
857
2138
1092
524
503
218.25
379
348
1038
2138
1208
768
516
218.75
333
823
1658
1773
1200
617
479
219.25
483
326
777
2095
1275
602
427
219.75
448
468
580
2016
1229
484
431
220.25
868
338
430
2022
1161
410
485
220.75
243
238
145
2133
1264
482
568
221.25
832
289
481
1900
1147
310
574
221.75
432
325
704
2076
1387
424
572
222.25
459
736
1036
1797
1026
792
417
222.75
507
928
1925
1845
1345
493
578
223.25
538
517
1004
2030
1292
539
505
223.75
584
302
230
2337
1281
842
401
224.25
391
192
574
1944
1218
537
428
224.75
454
636
785
1685
1176
595
413
225.25
230
540
1121
1558
1103
643
379
225.75
532
295
680
1810
1101
911
586
226.25
532
201
618
2152
997
732
397
226.75
378
260
391
2002
1050
354
374
227.25
719
246
283
2184
1089
705
383
227.75
683
301
402
2163
1262
368
561

345

Depth Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Tm
U
(cm)
228.25
248
356
618
2064
1201
595
451
228.75
680
513
765
2041
1518
378
533
229.25
100
746
922
1631
1249
191
602
229.75
235
573
1089
1891
1357
281
669
230.25
74
478
872
1327
505
454
386
230.75
0
378
908
785
72
209
43
231.25
0
251
863
519
15
49
46
231.75
311
310
840
1291
499
362
54
232.25
293
674
936
1751
1167
713
430
232.75
252
567
1109
1826
1103
586
454
233.25
488
600
1373
2019
1337
676
466
233.75
553
534
1498
1801
1363
683
679
234.25
344
480
1324
2016
1527
860
533
234.75
665
669
1360
1676
1420
841
714
235.25
364
1129
1456
1891
1192
894
510
235.75
352
769
931
1900
1111
781
449
236.25
451
749
1007
2012
1339
592
465
236.75
424
658
1081
1796
1215
1050
502
237.25
125
936
1569
1475
1469
681
601
237.75
299
652
1580
1896
1409
517
550
238.25
653
594
1122
1988
1068
661
343
238.75
416
669
1263
1987
1076
846
494
239.25
765
463
1010
2033
1099
647
419
239.75
880
435
897
1884
1236
538
605
240.25
383
731
1312
1724
1165
823
397
240.75
567
1099
1678
1699
1199
576
477
241.25
412
366
1028
1964
1216
650
577
241.75
322
191
775
2178
1072
593
435
242.25
661
183
834
2054
1143
512
415
242.75
557
1002
1434
1619
1705
450
756
233
243.25
0
762
1777
1383
1603
543
886
162
243.75
206
688
1322
1497
1434
804
659
335
244.25
655
825
1458
1834
1702
687
672
529
244.75
285
1001
1551
1837
1676
990
816
257
245.25
0
1075
1605
1487
1444
574
764
779
245.75
0
1391
2455
1387
1582
651
812
81
246.25
0
802
1790
1995
1500
618
642
650
246.75
326
392
394
2282
1230
491
684
520
247.25
365
473
1610
2060
1467
709
806
257

346

Depth Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Tm
U
(cm)
247.75
303
1032
1440
1671
1418
560
771
95
248.25
123
234
867
2087
1203
545
833
0
248.75
496
419
1000
1902
1606
581
846
10
249.25
0
691
1542
1757
1916
389
882
352
249.75
305
734
1473
1767
1774
527
720
677
250.25
218
990
1509
1661
1847
393
727
151
250.75
0
968
1785
1810
1822
494
814
807
251.25
0
1163
1588
1849
1860
577
911
776
251.75
150
727
1239
1833
1784
562
812
1531
252.25
467
590
901
2163
1795
514
669
2571
252.75
387
602
855
1883
2055
504
977
2248
253.25
271
500
781
2076
1781
493
642
2811
253.75
393
486
913
2205
1615
400
875
2520
254.25
17
486
726
1694
1844
402
801
2223
254.75
280
357
645
2087
1908
353
1026
2888
255.25
284
366
687
1952
1798
200
882
2474
255.75
179
416
499
1884
1712
478
692
2646
256.25
520
417
843
1948
1762
436
838
2280
256.75
181
342
995
1888
1578
467
864
2741
257.25
65
818
1377
1337
1525
464
901
1037
257.75
201
945
1312
1241
1391
332
651
430
258.25
158
570
1076
1743
1362
279
486
226
258.75
403
398
743
2092
1400
414
615
70
259.25
262
360
923
1605
915
387
647
8
259.75
246
247
410
1914
1039
621
548
0
260.25
193
317
891
1945
1219
633
793
715
260.75
327
572
923
1865
1592
350
942
657
261.25
165
828
1394
1812
2012
262
894
944
261.75
0
968
1137
1624
1820
709
752
1153
262.25
285
717
787
2062
1871
413
665
1633
262.75
456
581
622
2014
1306
108
675
1849
263.25
385
259
704
2193
1323
408
741
1856
263.75
510
249
658
2114
1449
621
768
1989
264.25
35
290
671
2273
1774
465
767
2479
264.75
552
362
1244
2166
1757
508
812
1797
265.25
236
296
904
2460
1479
440
704
1754
265.75
402
285
460
2097
1531
374
915
1793
266.25
356
252
598
2357
1524
356
798
2212
266.75
41
411
733
2179
1840
436
764
2574

347

Depth Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Tm
U
(cm)
267.25
180
409
1034
2010
1879
365
852
1480
267.75
542
436
592
1860
1746
255
951
1588
268.25
547
842
941
1807
1940
659
802
1377
268.75
0
825
1563
1727
1944
412
715
719
269.25
346
636
1251
1812
1478
791
763
443
269.75
207
1318
1958
1446
1718
641
798
92
270.25
0
2022
2429
1378
1587
735
761
0
270.75
106
988
2478
1017
1177
1289
722
305
271.25
0
375
2010
752
546
1629
818
173
271.75
0
346
1664
856
506
1164
887
144
272.25
6
185
1737
1028
575
1774
747
0
272.75
0
202
2052
828
319
1432
912
324
273.25
0
173
1804
919
713
1006
753
346
273.75
63
168
1355
1773
943
1051
682
980
274.25
553
272
1060
2130
1119
923
670
2069
274.75
131
122
882
1440
557
154
254
1531
275.25
0
50
625
1131
102
120
42
1860
275.75
0
46
307
937
184
190
55
2893
276.25
77
71
530
1119
288
167
187
3007
276.75
366
91
76
1403
510
215
370
2442
277.25
0
70
874
1860
1213
500
723
3742
277.75
56
89
152
2106
1110
549
606
5491
278.25
465
136
595
2268
1340
266
679
4190
278.75
711
18
565
2269
1429
574
935
2120
279.25
403
61
353
2238
1374
682
842
879
279.75
479
63
524
2076
1518
385
820
1006
280.25
175
63
704
2310
1207
407
658
1230
280.75
362
77
101
2272
1421
309
694
1363
281.25
318
70
158
2370
1092
392
807
1713
281.75
67
24
407
2085
1274
375
799
1407
282.25
583
33
230
2233
1419
398
760
2155
282.75
158
92
524
2283
1409
479
775
3363
283.25
186
76
556
2284
1368
397
769
5789
283.75
400
107
502
2298
1413
380
739
6239
284.25
173
116
401
2100
1359
494
920
8290
284.75
250
143
395
2286
1247
438
781
7267
285.25
286
104
452
2221
1477
609
827
3265
285.75
374
80
369
2305
1055
713
743
2155
286.25
384
49
398
2308
1057
743
655
1315

348

Depth Se
Si
Sr
Ta
Tb
Te
Tm
U
(cm)
286.75
182
127
474
2156
1212
663
793
1112
287.25
91
148
1547
1599
1213
1952
705
905
287.75
0
317
1994
552
515
1326
1017
218
288.25
81
572
1731
1071
612
757
559
143
288.75
266
1299
1852
1423
2022
677
872
455
289.25
221
1610
1737
1359
2446
65
941
477
289.75
0
1750
1859
1346
2522
427
719
716
290.25
108
1877
1776
1451
2035
0
626
500
290.75
171
1331
1797
1239
1905
198
733
136
291.25
304
1302
1538
1512
1874
526
753
148
291.75
0
1678
1837
1386
1886
616
834
206
292.25
0
1371
2154
1379
1803
501
768
326
292.75
24
2550
2265
1310
1822
466
487
251
293.25
223
2225
2204
1259
1678
320
498
495
293.75
169
2100
2042
1121
1631
259
380
473

349

Table A 4.6 Galang Co XRF Geochemistry V – Zn
Depth
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
14.25
787
1157
541
314
14.75
1022
1402
638
243
15.25
1809
2542
608
395
15.75
1950
2672
484
304
16.25
1910
2728
169
257
16.75
1946
2352
341
141
17.25
1742
2391
307
433
17.75
1818
2385
44
283
18.25
1671
2494
139
382
18.75
1889
2747
81
495
19.25
1767
2419
256
462
19.75
1547
2678
208
292
20.25
1818
2443
0
398
20.75
2186
2611
194
409
21.25
1775
2679
0
403
21.75
2021
2657
262
396
22.25
1861
2477
249
451
22.75
1998
2589
90
510
23.25
1924
2553
206
315
23.75
1838
2569
0
333
24.25
2033
2599
406
402
24.75
2096
2633
397
399
25.25
1985
2400
0
405
25.75
1886
2358
208
171
26.25
2129
2605
324
435
26.75
2087
2694
128
308
27.25
1947
2500
0
450
27.75
2159
2551
240
394
28.25
2189
2449
39
315
28.75
1837
2617
299
293
29.25
1967
2838
387
307
29.75
1950
2753
492
215
30.25
2101
2780
419
490
30.75
2008
2758
238
533
31.25
1915
2795
283
318
31.75
2182
2657
452
402
32.25
1911
2720
140
337
32.75
1979
2869
310
349
350

Depth
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
33.25
1772
2848
200
340
33.75
2131
2900
220
268
34.25
1891
2987
87
490
34.75
1667
2850
238
360
35.25
1791
2918
0
85
35.75
1841
3099
179
481
36.25
1888
2885
327
341
36.75
2150
2927
0
377
37.25
2246
2723
91
452
37.75
2010
2682
425
321
38.25
2040
2763
37
288
38.75
2233
2619
542
211
39.25
2121
2565
206
283
39.75
2223
2596
177
464
40.25
2015
2531
200
338
40.75
2164
2423
16
380
41.25
2444
2698
72
468
41.75
2199
2688
0
346
42.25
2186
2747
0
387
42.75
2160
2662
36
437
43.25
2161
2979
219
722
43.75
2002
2771
130
497
44.25
1991
2864
0
413
44.75
2207
2773
88
456
45.25
1756
2852
258
289
45.75
2104
2836
0
530
46.25
2346
2853
280
503
46.75
2192
2615
456
444
47.25
2534
2845
276
458
47.75
2631
2923
0
525
48.25
2246
2697
219
480
48.75
2240
2705
0
507
49.25
2005
2616
0
336
49.75
2234
2867
113
383
50.25
2154
2799
219
375
50.75
2361
2847
348
358
51.25
2009
2613
0
461
51.75
2203
2778
197
365
52.25
2322
2789
329
644

351

Depth
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
52.75
2056
3042
151
527
53.25
1958
2979
189
692
53.75
1978
2695
51
729
54.25
2195
3126
447
640
54.75
1902
2905
85
602
55.25
1875
2954
291
741
55.75
1721
2944
473
1139
56.25
1959
3207
384
1107
56.75
1986
3011
188
526
57.25
2102
2910
86
392
57.75
2044
3048
526
308
58.25
2165
2880
573
449
58.75
2223
3079
153
200
59.25
1907
2894
297
371
59.75
1863
2910
401
345
60.25
2268
2984
331
328
60.75
2024
2648
266
0
61.25
1785
2732
276
146
61.75
2181
2533
396
418
62.25
2276
2662
172
331
62.75
2341
2672
17
285
63.25
2080
2596
178
204
63.75
2166
2606
290
59
64.25
2520
2427
265
146
64.75
2213
2491
257
250
65.25
2240
2787
334
174
65.75
2605
2755
116
333
66.25
2427
2648
300
64
66.75
2948
2537
208
88
67.25
2611
2777
118
247
67.75
2647
2786
396
251
68.25
2444
2616
688
0
68.75
2350
2601
423
242
69.25
2387
2728
335
248
69.75
2782
2618
136
99
70.25
2431
2633
424
0
70.75
2392
2542
310
91
71.25
2351
2642
99
273
71.75
2040
2770
481
64

352

Depth
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
72.25
2247
2709
28
4
72.75
2609
2770
950
126
73.25
2178
2806
263
70
73.75
2124
2696
166
139
74.25
2146
2525
434
94
74.75
1978
2969
428
228
75.25
1691
2584
214
425
75.75
2080
2731
241
202
76.25
2170
2644
551
466
76.75
2430
2722
351
736
77.25
1781
2606
438
948
77.75
1768
2702
358
1349
78.25
2398
2740
241
1105
78.75
2063
2742
293
891
79.25
2233
2477
365
79.75
1998
2670
258
80.25
1967
2199
410
80.75
1870
2446
412
81.25
1768
2140
342
81.75
1743
2365
303
82.25
1999
2210
360
82.75
2443
2861
436
83.25
2435
2754
375
83.75
2625
2616
138
84.25
2571
2760
394
84.75
2593
2758
172
85.25
2635
2698
546
85.75
2409
3014
501
86.25
2163
2945
368
86.75
2343
2938
274
87.25
2173
2880
496
87.75
2406
2740
500
88.25
2388
2692
555
88.75
2208
2790
551
89.25
2441
2879
352
89.75
2524
2602
225
90.25
2900
2810
86
90.75
2494
2433
0
91.25
1833
2030
0

353

Depth
V
W
Y
(cm)
91.75
1667
1828
92.25
2118
1923
92.75
2359
2024
93.25
2739
2252
93.75
3134
2359
94.25
3030
2401
94.75
2873
2376
95.25
2488
2622
95.75
2780
2370
96.25
2890
2431
96.75
2508
2526
97.25
2530
2511
97.75
2305
2526
98.25
2312
2367
98.75
2247
2318
99.25
2187
2477
99.75
1924
2471
100.25
2486
2643
100.75
1989
2399
101.25
2092
2462
101.75
2085
2368
102.25
2241
2487
102.75
2388
2573
103.25
2562
2809
103.75
2188
2689
104.25
2306
2603
104.75
2224
2679
105.25
2240
2854
105.75
2247
2669
106.25
2533
2707
106.75
2267
2878
107.25
2438
2520
107.75
2084
2644
108.25
2213
2726
108.75
2319
2652
109.25
2219
2822
109.75
2163
2747
110.25
2306
2861
110.75
2025
2926

Zn
0
0
0
0
0
276
379
262
465
440
459
590
554
599
345
568
522
709
472
537
508
220
509
358
509
547
427
648
346
443
387
593
457
609
291
460
305
344
249

354

Depth
V
W
Y
(cm)
111.25
2248
2719
111.75
2368
2869
112.25
2225
2661
112.75
2265
2735
113.25
2253
2810
113.75
2176
2735
114.25
2200
2859
114.75
2049
2733
115.25
2430
2698
115.75
2060
2800
116.25
2245
2715
116.75
2339
2487
117.25
2437
2871
117.75
2295
2664
118.25
2215
2822
118.75
2261
2610
119.25
2252
2663
119.75
2468
2812
120.25
1577
2147
120.75
897
1200
121.25
630
1198
121.75
644
962
122.25
1287
2295
122.75
2149
2598
123.25
2215
2459
123.75
2209
2639
124.25
2366
2817
124.75
2486
2581
125.25
2553
2616
125.75
2538
2780
126.25
2118
2694
126.75
2149
2797
127.25
2213
2598
127.75
2034
2510
128.25
2412
2419
128.75
2388
2436
129.25
2290
2578
129.75
2456
2842
130.25
2671
2819

Zn
490
286
526
521
549
433
317
557
490
272
474
249
444
195
317
472
463
328
428
281
329
233
486
337
406
567
761
505
594
493
450
501
522
534
468
802
645
531
478

355

Depth
V
W
Y
(cm)
130.75
2379
2769
131.25
2730
2754
131.75
2485
2768
132.25
2313
2756
132.75
2388
2648
133.25
2195
2956
133.75
2262
2742
134.25
2342
2757
134.75
2377
2506
135.25
2429
2521
135.75
2565
2622
136.25
2587
2487
136.75
2419
2614
137.25
2408
2608
137.75
2676
2561
138.25
2708
2566
138.75
2495
2594
139.25
2307
2483
139.75
2504
2675
140.25
2532
2435
140.75
2485
2325
141.25
2536
2406
141.75
2436
2354
142.25
2155
2421
142.75
2365
2418
143.25
2434
2458
143.75
2817
2177
144.25
2653
2102
144.75
2325
2253
145.25
2603
1846
145.75
2702
2030
146.25
2466
2079
146.75
2750
2499
147.25
2396
2182
147.75
1746
2434
148.25
2029
2704
148.75
2141
2802
149.25
2492
2563
149.75
2357
2816

Zn
453
375
428
470
417
534
577
612
355
456
384
462
369
435
319
395
395
167
226
326
277
504
226
640
414
433
268
300
576
796
1234
1658
1699
1678
988
379
351
318
481

356

Depth
V
W
Y
(cm)
150.25
2124
2353
150.75
2312
2660
151.25
2430
2518
151.75
2230
2675
152.25
2065
2576
152.75
2049
2381
153.25
2534
2394
153.75
2121
2720
154.25
2206
2597
154.75
1861
2590
155.25
968
1529
155.75
567
1222
156.25
446
922
156.75
473
868
157.25
1318
2243
157.75
2595
2783
158.25
2021
2764
158.75
2223
2760
159.25
2426
2812
159.75
2214
2708
160.25
2115
2842
160.75
1954
2973
161.25
2204
2824
161.75
2284
2984
162.25
2156
3039
162.75
2178
3162
163.25
2193
3423
163.75
2422
3205
164.25
2206
3132
164.75
2102
3307
165.25
1924
3244
165.75
2018
3486
166.25
663
799
166.75
894
1395
167.25
1903
2792
167.75
1854
2985
168.25
1949
2900
168.75
2004
2856
169.25
2513
2807

Zn
403
356
336
546
792
662
446
426
272
242
475
285
275
228
76
234
299
85
286
257
220
317
193
342
247
0
0
66
0
0
0
111
9
54
18
0
439
337
371

357

Depth
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
169.75
2486
2712
323
170.25
2315
2753
345
170.75
2355
2978
438
171.25
1841
2597
320
171.75
2261
2793
325
172.25
1937
2559
257
172.75
1888
2665
256
173.25
1785
2317
247
173.75
1353
1694
140
174.25
1561
2006
521
174.75
1719
2368
164
175.25
2291
2970
176
195
175.75
2218
2764
0
295
176.25
2241
2907
199
340
176.75
2128
2916
228
350
177.25
1990
2870
254
480
177.75
2397
2966
66
97
178.25
2050
2905
472
86
178.75
1003
1587
727
144
179.25
924
1733
431
235
179.75
500
998
525
162
180.25
1288
2417
13
324
180.75
2332
2771
168
143
181.25
2510
3023
61
40
181.75
1809
2914
351
0
182.25
2014
2913
281
12
182.75
1824
3032
166
145
183.25
2006
3044
0
0
183.75
2058
2858
259
0
184.25
1721
2952
139
28
184.75
1903
3003
177
51
185.25
1832
3009
256
0
185.75
2086
3073
0
40
186.25
2137
2683
61
0
186.75
1954
3065
245
135
187.25
2542
2916
169
353
187.75
2200
3162
444
75
188.25
2198
2877
293
79
188.75
2262
2795
155
26

358

Depth
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
189.25
2044
2937
228
105
189.75
1932
2827
332
232
190.25
2257
2918
141
181
190.75
2224
2993
293
198
191.25
2100
2985
362
169
191.75
2315
2975
0
327
192.25
2245
2886
417
206
192.75
2115
2832
411
61
193.25
2136
3008
302
333
193.75
2407
2990
128
94
194.25
2080
2811
0
341
194.75
2169
2808
0
212
195.25
2287
2955
375
325
195.75
2071
2960
0
137
196.25
2295
3089
0
36
196.75
2183
3026
0
99
197.25
2206
2891
0
153
197.75
2079
3081
49
86
198.25
2089
3163
287
5
198.75
2033
2938
0
0
199.25
2229
2814
95
9
199.75
2205
2827
477
247
200.25
2070
2818
361
100
200.75
2249
2934
251
433
201.25
2310
2694
228
133
201.75
1674
2299
584
333
202.25
408
1025
1114
134
202.75
366
976
808
166
203.25
679
1180
416
156
203.75
1479
2472
180
0
204.25
1980
2929
298
175
204.75
2286
2929
0
317
205.25
2147
2778
155
52
205.75
2369
3006
0
144
206.25
1963
2818
0
246
206.75
1995
2763
0
281
207.25
1970
3034
63
93
207.75
2148
2822
250
149
208.25
2143
2814
414
181

359

Depth
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
208.75
2205
2740
88
98
209.25
1907
2972
0
286
209.75
2244
2818
22
223
210.25
2089
3110
93
66
210.75
2372
2770
141
298
211.25
2035
2915
168
69
211.75
1949
2502
234
164
212.25
2053
2546
333
118
212.75
2126
2899
95
74
213.25
1850
2744
233
112
213.75
2155
2755
419
103
214.25
1932
2765
493
18
214.75
1800
3082
439
35
215.25
1765
3117
431
76
215.75
1773
2970
161
73
216.25
1673
2931
140
0
216.75
1819
3220
390
8
217.25
1791
3119
0
104
217.75
2126
2945
60
44
218.25
2080
3011
0
0
218.75
2288
2930
126
147
219.25
1794
2980
404
32
219.75
2058
2979
0
0
220.25
1779
2714
0
42
220.75
1995
2897
219
165
221.25
1981
2851
301
55
221.75
1769
2896
0
0
222.25
2037
2524
520
219
222.75
2258
2810
425
311
223.25
2062
2962
357
14
223.75
1730
2852
0
0
224.25
1756
2930
162
0
224.75
1967
2663
150
50
225.25
2033
2770
168
244
225.75
1783
2817
139
142
226.25
1928
2836
69
0
226.75
2043
2973
22
0
227.25
2139
3029
0
170
227.75
1853
2909
0
157

360

Depth
V
W
Y
Zn
(cm)
228.25
2248
2936
238
187
228.75
2655
2845
222
298
229.25
2261
2738
598
603
229.75
2293
2611
177
341
230.25
1369
1968
476
269
230.75
737
1176
704
218
231.25
538
940
674
187
231.75
1109
1872
348
0
232.25
1879
2560
50
96
232.75
2311
2821
48
200
233.25
2126
2755
583
0
233.75
2143
2697
316
53
234.25
2375
3083
528
162
234.75
2073
2666
0
232
235.25
1976
2920
0
196
235.75
1998
3065
175
140
236.25
2190
3143
34
74
236.75
2249
2640
0
0
237.25
2218
2740
164
66
237.75
2378
2787
137
0
238.25
2171
2923
178
302
238.75
2049
2675
0
263
239.25
1755
2978
69
159
239.75
1988
2886
0
174
240.25
1814
2800
183
286
240.75
1782
2682
0
68
241.25
2171
2792
306
200
241.75
1860
2869
0
0
242.25
1757
2942
114
34
242.75
3055
2888
408
243.25
3117
2773
731
243.75
2931
2996
522
244.25
2610
3107
580
244.75
3043
2856
344
245.25
3001
3108
446
245.75
2720
2790
379
246.25
2760
3053
282
246.75
2561
3307
198
247.25
2790
3215
351

361

Depth
V
W
Y
(cm)
247.75
2248
2991
248.25
2395
3508
248.75
2654
3061
249.25
3147
3267
249.75
2846
3203
250.25
2859
2764
250.75
3046
3155
251.25
3007
3132
251.75
2918
2996
252.25
2921
3011
252.75
2575
3118
253.25
2729
3086
253.75
2727
3223
254.25
2833
2811
254.75
2620
2994
255.25
2605
2951
255.75
2563
2861
256.25
2860
3010
256.75
2707
2927
257.25
2662
2859
257.75
2445
2455
258.25
2077
2435
258.75
2382
2846
259.25
2178
2590
259.75
2325
2530
260.25
2655
2870
260.75
2913
2995
261.25
2943
3145
261.75
2804
2818
262.25
3181
3163
262.75
2799
2847
263.25
2402
3010
263.75
2383
3212
264.25
2727
2898
264.75
3032
3236
265.25
2506
3175
265.75
2788
3172
266.25
2540
3347
266.75
2767
2924

Zn
300
216
321
424
393
366
592
564
313
405
281
198
373
79
160
266
257
495
252
98
303
120
143
290
194
434
408
546
446
647
382
119
198
292
562
332
396
267
498

362

Depth
V
W
Y
(cm)
267.25
2684
3035
267.75
2882
3045
268.25
3032
2852
268.75
2846
2915
269.25
2841
2801
269.75
2915
2691
270.25
2418
2722
270.75
2493
2185
271.25
1907
2004
271.75
2005
2111
272.25
2163
2082
272.75
1989
1847
273.25
2221
2188
273.75
2568
2579
274.25
3433
3152
274.75
2139
2109
275.25
1291
1403
275.75
1126
1358
276.25
1274
1552
276.75
1685
2302
277.25
2646
3373
277.75
2772
3300
278.25
2883
3323
278.75
2907
3192
279.25
2640
3138
279.75
2596
3093
280.25
2648
3196
280.75
2742
3236
281.25
3050
3406
281.75
2886
3186
282.25
3215
3261
282.75
3531
3016
283.25
4243
3258
283.75
4597
3245
284.25
4876
3276
284.75
5532
3181
285.25
4911
3166
285.75
4226
3320
286.25
3734
3105

Zn
503
494
551
433
242
201
142
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
182
12
0
0
182
43
0
49
0
71
24
7
0
0
29
29
0
149
0
59
0
86
155
82
298

363

Depth
V
W
Y
(cm)
286.75
3265
2882
287.25
3317
2611
287.75
2032
1696
288.25
1838
1840
288.75
3301
2819
289.25
3122
2957
289.75
3195
2782
290.25
2860
2879
290.75
2683
2667
291.25
2811
2776
291.75
2486
2560
292.25
2658
2739
292.75
2419
2540
293.25
2265
2263
293.75
1904
2257

Zn
372
0
0
0
865
1155
962
1201
1139
1215
898
554
759
576
533

364

CURRICULUM VITAE
Melanie Marie Perello
Education
December 2020 Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Earth Sciences
Indiana University degree, earned at Indiana University-Purdue University
Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN
Dissertation: Reconstructing Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon
Variability using High Resolution Sediments from the Southeastern Tibet
Ph.D. Minor: Geographic Information Science
Advisor: Dr. Broxton Bird
June 2016

Master of Science in Environmental Science and Policy
Center for the Environment, Plymouth State University (PSU), NH
Master’s Thesis: Linking the Effects of Land Use vs Climate Change on
Water Quality in Northern New England lakes (Defended May 2015)
Advisor: Dr. Lisa Doner

May 2013

Bachelor of Science in Biology with All-College Honors
Westminster College, New Wilmington, PA
Thesis: The Behavior of Silver Nanoparticles in a Freshwater Tritrophic
System
Advisor: Dr. Ann Throckmorton

Publications
Perello MM, Kane DD, Golnick P, Hughes MC, Thomas MA, Conroy JD. 2017. Effects
of local weather variation on water-column stratification and hypoxia in the
western, Sandusky and central basins of Lake Erie. Water 9(4): 279.
Bird B, Lei Y, Perello M, Polissar PJ, Yao T, Finney B, Bain D, Pompeani D, Thompson
LG. 2017. Late Holocene Indian summer monsoon variability revealed from a

3,300-year-long lake sediment record from Nir’pa Co, southeastern Tibet. The
Holocene 27(4): 541-552.
Perello M, Simon TP, Thompson H, Kane D. 2014. Feeding ecology the invasive round
goby, Appolonia melanostomus (Pallas 1811), in the Western basin of Lake Erie.
Journal of Aquatic Invasions 10(4): 463-474.
Middleton S, Perello M, Simon TP 2013. Length-weight relationships of the Mimic
Shiner Notropis volucellus (Cope 1865) in the Western Basin of Lake Erie. The
Ohio Journal of Science, 112 (2): 44-50.
Perello M, Throckmorton A. 2013. Effects of direct and dietary exposure to silver
nanoparticles on a tritrophic system. Proceedings of the National Conference for
Undergraduate Research 2013: 117-124.
Relevant Research & Work Experience
2019 – pres.

NOAA Coastal Management Fellow, Minnesota’s Lake Superior Coastal
Program, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources

2015 – 2019

Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Earth Sciences, IUPUI

2014- 2015

Student Lab Supervisor, Watershed Sensing Lab, PSU

2014 - 2015

Graduate Assistant, Pathways Project, PSU

2013 - 2015

Graduate Research Assistant, Center for the Environment, PSU

2013

Field Technician, Westminster College Field Station

2011 - 2013

All-College Honors Program Honors Program, Westminster College

2012

Undergraduate Researcher, F.T. Stone Laboratory, The Ohio State
University

Teaching Experience
2018-2019

Lab Instructor, Environmental Geology, Department of Earth
Sciences, IUPUI

2018

Teacher’s Assistant, Earth Materials, Department of Earth Sciences,
IUPUI

2015

Graduate Co-Instructor, Environmental Science & Policy Capstone,
Environmental Science & Policy Department, PSU

2013

Teacher’s Assistant, Molecular Genetics & Heredity Lab, Biology
Department, Westminster College

2012

Teacher’s Assistant, Recombinant DNA & Biotechnology Lab,
Biology Department, Westminster College

Community Involvement & Outreach Experience
2019

Mentor, Center for Earth and Environmental Science, IUPUI

2018

Mentor, Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute, IUPUI

2018 - 2019

Earth Sciences Representative, School of Science Multidisciplinary
Committee, IUPUI

2017 - 2020

Graduate Student Representative, Global Environmental Change
Section, American Geophysical Union

2015

Student Researcher, U.S. State Department Diplomacy Lab, Department
of Earth Sciences, IUPUI

2015

Mentor, K-12 Science Education Outreach, Environmental Science &
Policy Department, PSU

2015

Workshop Assistant, K-12 Science Education, Outreach, Center for the
Environment, PSU

2014

Researcher, Environmental Economics, Environmental Science & Policy
Department, PSU & The Nature Conservancy

2014

Researcher, Community Reports on Water Resources, Environmental
Science & Policy Department, PSU

2014

Web Designer, Community Outreach, Environmental Science & Policy
Department, PSU

2014

Facilitator, Community Forum, Plymouth NH

2011-2012

Youth Mentor, Transformers Robotics Program, Westminster College

2011-2013

Scholar-in-Service to Pennsylvania, AmeriCorps

Presentations
Perello, M, Bird, B, Lei, Y, Pollisar P, Thompson, L, Yao, T. 2018. Holocene Indian
Summer Monsoon Across a Transect of Lakes in Southeastern Tibet. American
Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, Washington DC.
Perello, M, Bird, B, Lei, Y, Pollisar P, Thompson, L, Yao, T. 2018. Holocene Monsoon
Rainfall and Lake Levels in Galang Co, Southeastern Tibet. Geological Society of
America Annual Meeting, Indianapolis IN.
Perello, M, Bird, B, Lei, Y, Pollisar P, Thompson, L, Yao, T. 2018. Inferred Holocene
Monsoon Rainfall and Lake Levels in Eastern Tibet. Geological Society of
America North-Central Section Meeting, Ames IA.
Perello, M, Bird, B, Lei, Y, Pollisar P, Thompson, L, Yao, T. 2017. Measuring Holocene
Indian Summer Monsoon Precipitation through Lake Sedimentary Proxies,
Eastern Tibet. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, New Orleans LA.
Perello, M, Smythe, R, Borre, L, Baumert, K, Weirich, C, Bartlett, S, Klug, J, Johnson,
D, Kimirei, I, and Perillo, G. 2017. Differences and similarities in perceived
threats to North American lakes by scientists, managers, and stakeholders.
GLEON 19, Lake Mohonk NY.
Perello, M, Bird, B, Lei, Y, Pollisar P, Thompson, L, Yao, T. 2017. Changing Indian
Summer Monsoon Intensity throughout the Holocene at Galang Co, Southeastern
Tibet. GLEON 19, Lake Mohonk NY.
Perello, M, Bird, B, Lei Y, Pollisar, P, Thompson, L, Yao, T. 2017. Tracking Changes in
Indian Summer Monsoon Intensity using Precipitation and Lake Level Proxies
from Eastern Tibet. GSA North-East and North-Central Joint Meeting, Pittsburgh
PA.
Perello, M, Bird, B, Lei Y, Yao T, Thompson, L. 2015. Monitoring the Indian Summer
Monsoon using lake sediments in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. GLEON 17,
Chuncheon South Korea.
Professional Societies
2019-20

American Meteorological Society

2017-18

North American Lake Management Society

2016-20

American Geophysical Union

2016-20

International Paleolimnological Association

2014-20

Global Lakes Ecological Observation Network

2014-20

Geological Society of America

2014-15

International Phycological Society

2014-17

Phycological Society of America

2013-14

Ohio Academy of Science

2012-14

Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography

Academic Societies
2018-19

Earth Sciences Representative, School of Science Multidisciplinary
Committee, IUPUI

2017-19

Preparing Future Faculty and Professionals (PFFP), IUPUI

2017-19

Earth Sciences Representative, Graduate Student Council, School of
Science

2016-17

Representative, Graduate and Professional Student Government, IUPUI

2014-15

Graduate Research Society, PSU

2012-13

Member, Pi Sigma Pi, Westminster College

2010-13

President, Beta Beta Beta, Westminster College

2010-11

Member, Lambda Sigma, Westminster College

2009-13

Vice-President, Secretary, Omicron Kappa Sigma, Westminster College

Honors & Awards
2016

GSA NC Section Graduate Student Poster (Honorable Mention)

2013, 2014

Pamela Marrapese Keep NH Lakes Clear Scholarship, PSU

2012

Thomas V. and Margaret Mansell Scholarship, Westminster College

2012

Allen P. Splete Leadership and Service Award, Westminster College

2011, 2012

Nathan & E. Lucille Beerbower Frey Scholarship Biology Department
Award, Westminster College

2010-2013

Dean’s List, seven semesters, Westminster College

2009

Vance Honors Scholarship, Westminster College

Research Grants
2015

Sigma XI Grants in Aid of Research Grant

2015

GSA Graduate Student Research Grant

2015

Paul C. Silva Student Grant, International Phycological Society

2014

Student Research Advisory Council (SRAC) Student Research Grant, PSU

2012

Undergraduate Research Grant - Drinko Center for Experiential Learning,
Westminster College