Xiao, ZhilanSingh, ShubhraSingh, Manisha2023-04-142023-04-142021-11-25Xiao Z, Singh S, Singh M. Improving cancer immunotherapy by targeting IL-1. Oncoimmunology. 2021;10(1):2008111. Published 2021 Nov 25. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2021.2008111https://hdl.handle.net/1805/32398Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an inflammatory cytokine associated with tumor invasiveness and metastasis. We recently found that baseline IL-1 in melanomas promoted resistance to immunotherapy by creating an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and that IL-1 produced in response to CD40 agonist also induced resistance to therapy. Here, we discuss how naturally occurring and immunotherapy-induced IL-1 in tumors causes immune suppression and resistance to immunotherapy, and we discuss targeting the IL-1 pathway to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.en-USAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 InternationalInflammationIL-1CancerImmunotherapyArticle