Macione, JamesLong, DanielNesbitt, SterlingWentzell, ScottYokota, HirokiPandit, VaibhavKotha, Shiva2016-06-132016-06-132015-08-05Macione, J., Long, D., Nesbitt, S., Wentzell, S., Yokota, H., Pandit, V., & Kotha, S. (2015). Stimulation of osteoblast differentiation with guided ultrasound waves. Journal of Therapeutic Ultrasound, 3, 12. http://doi.org/10.1186/s40349-015-0034-7https://hdl.handle.net/1805/9923BACKGROUND: Ultrasound induces mechanical vibration and heat, causing differentiation and proliferation in osteoblasts. All known in vitro evaluations of ultrasound are, however, performed with longitudinal ultrasound waves. We addressed a question: Do other forms of ultrasound waves, such as guided waves (longitudinal and guided flexural) transduced at a remote location, enhance differentiation of osteoblast cells? METHODS: In this study, we employed guided Lamb waves that were induced in a borosilicate glass slide (cortical bone mimic). An average energy of 10-30 mW/cm(2) for 20 min per day was applied to MC3T3 osteoblast-like cells, which were placed 30-75 mm distant from the transducer. RESULTS: The result revealed that guided waves significantly stimulated the differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3 cells. In particular, guided waves elevated mRNA expression levels of bone formation-related genes such as alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, and bone sialoprotein on days 8 and 16. In addition, the amount of mineralization found via Alizarin red staining was increased by 157 % (p = 0.034). The amount of mineralization was found to be independent of distance from the transducer (p = 0.967). CONCLUSION: We demonstrate herein that ultrasound in a form of guided Lamb waves is capable of inducing osteoblast differentiation in vitro, and it may enable the stimulation of osteoblasts in vivo over a distance from the site of ultrasound application.en-USAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United StatesUltrasoundsOsteoblastsUltrasound wavesArticle