Palmisciano, PaoloHaider, Ali S.Nwagwu, Chibueze D.Wahood, WaseemYu, KennyEne, Chibawanye I.O'Brien, Barbara J.Aoun, Salah G.Cohen-Gadol, Aaron A.El Ahmadieh, Tarek Y.2023-08-112023-08-112021Palmisciano P, Haider AS, Nwagwu CD, et al. The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Leptomeningeal Disease: A Systematic Review. Anticancer Res. 2021;41(11):5333-5342. doi:10.21873/anticanres.15346https://hdl.handle.net/1805/34849Background/aim: Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is a debilitating complication of advanced malignancies. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may alter disease course. We analyzed the role and toxicity of ICIs in LMD. Materials and methods: We systematically reviewed the literature reporting on outcome data of patients with LMD treated with ICIs. Results: We included 14 studies encompassing 61 patients. Lung-cancer (44.3%), breast-cancer (27.9%), and melanoma (23.0%) were the most frequent primary tumors. Median duration of ICI-treatment was 7-months (range=0.5-58.0): pembrolizumab (49.2%), nivolumab (32.8%), ipilimumab (18.0%). Radiological responses included complete response (33.3%), partial response (12.5%), stable disease (33.3%), progressive disease (20.8%). Twenty-two patients developed ICI-related adverse-events, mild (100%) and/or severe (15.6%). Median progression-free and overall survival were 5.1 and 6.3 months, and 12-month survival was 32.1%. Survival correlated with ICI agents (p=0.042), but not with primary tumors (p=0.144). Patients receiving concurrent steroids showed worse survival (p=0.040). Conclusion: ICI therapy is well-tolerated in patients with LMD, but concurrent steroids may worsen survival.en-USPublisher PolicyBrain metastasisCorticosteroidsImmune checkpoint inhibitorsImmunotherapyLeptomeningeal diseaseArticle