Sparano, Joseph A.O’Neill, AnneGraham, NoahNorthfelt, Donald W.Dang, Chau T.Wolff, Antonio C.Sledge, George W.Miller , Kathy D.2024-05-162024-05-162022-02-08Sparano, J. A., O’Neill, A., Graham, N., Northfelt, D. W., Dang, C. T., Wolff, A. C., Sledge, G. W., & Miller, K. D. (2022). Inflammatory cytokines and distant recurrence in HER2-negative early breast cancer. Npj Breast Cancer, 8(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41523-021-00376-9https://hdl.handle.net/1805/40813Systemic inflammation is believed to contribute to the distant recurrence of breast cancer. We evaluated serum samples obtained at diagnosis from 249 case:control pairs with stage II-III Her2-negative breast cancer with or without subsequent distant recurrence. Conditional logistic regression analysis, with models fit via maximum likelihood, were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and test for associations of cytokines with distant recurrence risk. The only biomarker associated with a significantly increased distant recurrence risk when adjusted for multiple testing was the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 (HR 1.37, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.15, 1.65, p = 0.0006). This prospective-retrospective study provides evidence indicating that higher levels of the cytokine IL-6 at diagnosis are associated with a significantly higher distant recurrence risk.en-USAttribution 4.0 InternationalBreast cancerPrognostic markersArticle