Rebok, George W.Ball, KarleneGuey, Lin T.Jones, Richard N.Kim, Hae-YoungKing, Jonathan W.Marsiske, MichaelMorris, John N.Tennstedt, Sharon L.Unverzagt, Frederick W.Willis, Sherry L.ACTIVE Study Group2025-04-242025-04-242014Rebok GW, Ball K, Guey LT, et al. Ten-year effects of the advanced cognitive training for independent and vital elderly cognitive training trial on cognition and everyday functioning in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(1):16-24. doi:10.1111/jgs.12607https://hdl.handle.net/1805/47398Objectives: To determine the effects of cognitive training on cognitive abilities and everyday function over 10 years. Design: Ten-year follow-up of a randomized, controlled single-blind trial (Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE)) with three intervention groups and a no-contact control group. Setting: Six U.S. cities. Participants: A volunteer sample of 2,832 persons (mean baseline age 73.6; 26% African American) living independently. Intervention: Ten training sessions for memory, reasoning, or speed of processing; four sessions of booster training 11 and 35 months after initial training. Measurements: Objectively measured cognitive abilities and self-reported and performance-based measures of everyday function. Results: Participants in each intervention group reported less difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) (memory: effect size = 0.48, 99% confidence interval (CI) = 0.12-0.84; reasoning: effect size = 0.38, 99% CI = 0.02-0.74; speed of processing: effect size = 0.36, 99% CI = 0.01-0.72). At a mean age of 82, approximately 60% of trained participants, versus 50% of controls (P < .05), were at or above their baseline level of self-reported IADL function at 10 years. The reasoning and speed-of-processing interventions maintained their effects on their targeted cognitive abilities at 10 years (reasoning: effect size = 0.23, 99% CI = 0.09-0.38; speed of processing: effect size = 0.66, 99% CI = 0.43-0.88). Memory training effects were no longer maintained for memory performance. Booster training produced additional and durable improvement for the reasoning intervention for reasoning performance (effect size = 0.21, 99% CI = 0.01-0.41) and the speed-of-processing intervention for speed-of-processing performance (effect size = 0.62, 99% CI = 0.31-0.93). Conclusion: Each Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly cognitive intervention resulted in less decline in self-reported IADL compared with the control group. Reasoning and speed, but not memory, training resulted in improved targeted cognitive abilities for 10 years.en-USPublisher PolicyCognitive abilitiesCognitive trainingElderlyEveryday functionTraining maintenanceArticle